Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals,personal care products,and endocrine-disrupting compounds in Chinese surface waters

The continuous and rapid increase of chemical pollution in surface waters has become a pressing and widely recognized global concern.As emerging contaminants(ECs)in surface waters,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),and endocrine-disrupting compounds(EDCs)have attracted considerable attention due to their wide occurrence and potential threat to human health.Therefore,a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence and risks of ECs in Chinese surface waters is urgently required.This study summarizes and assesses the environmental occurrence concentrations and ecological risks of 42 pharmaceuticals,15 personal care products(PCPs),and 20 EDCs frequently detected in Chinese surface waters.The ECs were primarily detected in China’s densely populated and highly industrialized regions.Most detected PPCPs and EDCs had concentrations between ng/L toμg/L,whereas norfloxacin,caffeine,and erythromycin had relatively high contamination levels,even exceeding 2000 ng/L.Risk evaluation based on the risk quotient method revealed that 34 PPCPs and EDCs in Chinese surface waters did not pose a significant risk,whereas 4-nonylphenol,4-tert-octylphenol,17α-ethinyl estradiol,17β-estradiol,and triclocarban did.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the occurrence and associated hazards of typical PPCPs and EDCs in Chinese surface waters over the past decade,and will aid in the regulation and control of these ECs in Chinese surface waters。

四种PPCPs在氯化消毒工艺中生成N-亚硝胺类消毒副产物的实验研究

目的实验观察药物及个人护理用品(PPCPs)进入水环境后,经氯化消毒工艺氧化后,对含氮消毒副产物N-亚硝胺生成势(NAs FP)的影响。方法选定雷尼替丁、尼扎替丁、氯苯那敏及多西拉敏四种常用药物作为前驱物,分别以次氯酸钠、一氯胺、二氯胺为消毒剂,模拟水处理工艺中的加氯程序。分析N-二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA)、N-二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)、N-甲基乙基亚硝胺(NMEA)、N-二丙基亚硝胺(NDPA)、N-二丁基亚硝胺(NDBA)N-亚硝基吗啉(NMOR)、N-亚硝基哌啶(NPIP)、N-亚硝基吡咯烷(NPYR)8种NAs FP。结果四种药物在氯化消毒工艺中以NDMA为主要生成物质,同时伴有NMEA、NDEA、NMOR及NPIP生成,且经一氯胺消毒后NDMA生成势最高。雷尼替丁无论经次氯酸钠还是氯胺消毒,均呈现出最高的NDMA生成势。雷尼替丁经次氯酸钠氧化后还可以生成NPIP,其本身结构特征使其成为具有较高NAs FP的前驱物。结论四种PPCPs在氯化消毒工艺中均为生成NAs的前驱物,从源头上控制向环境中排放PPCPs或优化消毒处理工艺可有效控制NAs的生成。

我国地表水和沉积物PPCPs赋存与交互迁移影响因素

药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)作为一类典型的新型污染物,由于被广泛使用和存在“假持久性”,在水环境中经常被检测到,引起全球的广泛关注。沉积物是PPCPs重要的环境蓄积库,被污染的沉积物可成为长期污染源对上覆水造成污染。综述了近年来国内外研究成果,分析了PPCPs在中国七大地区典型地表水和沉积物中的赋存现状,归纳总结了PPCPs自身性质、沉积物组分和环境因素对PPCPs在水-沉积物体系交互迁移的影响。结果表明:1)我国地表水中检测到的PPCPs浓度为未检出(ND)~9 785 ng/L,检出率和浓度较高的PPCPs有20种,浓度最高的为非抗生素类药物的咖啡因(CAF),其次为红霉素(ETM)和磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)。我国七大地区地表水中浓度最高的PPCPs是非抗生素类药物兴奋剂,其在华北、华南、西南和西北地区污染程度较高;其次是抗生素类药物中的大环内酯类和磺胺类,其在东北、华东和华中地区污染程度较高。华北地区地表水中PPCPs污染程度最高,其次为华东地区。2)我国水体沉积物中检测到的PPCPs浓度为ND~3 440 ng/g,检出率和浓度较高的PPCPs有18种,其中浓度最高的是三氯卡班(TCC),其次是土霉素(OTC)和诺氟沙星(NOR)。我国七大地区沉积物中浓度最高的PPCPs是个人护理品抗菌剂,其在华南地区污染程度最高;其次是四环素类和喹诺酮类,其中四环素类在华东、华中和东北地区污染程度较高,喹诺酮类在华北、西北和西南地区污染程度较高。华南地区沉积物中PPCPs污染程度最高,其次为华东地区。3)我国地表水和沉积物中PPCPs浓度在世界范围内处于较高水平。水-沉积物体系的交互迁移主要受PPCPs自身性质和沉积物组分的影响,需要进一步明确沉积物组分和水环境条件等多因素耦合作用下的PPCPs交互迁移机制。

水环境中PPCPs的识别·风险评价与控制技术综述

药物和个人护理用品(pharmaceutical and personal care products, PPCPs)作为一类新兴的污染物,在环境中的存在、迁移已引起特别关注,成为环境领域热点研究方向。综述液相色谱-质谱联用、气相色谱-质谱联用两类分析检测技术的选择、应用和发展,风险评价重难点和风险评价方法的选择,活性污泥法、膜处理工艺、碳吸附法等常用控制技术的研究进展。指出水环境中PPCPs污染物识别的标准体系不完善、方法不统一,风险评价无法全面、客观与准确地反映PPCPs的生态影响,控制技术还需进一步加强和提升。

水环境中药物与个人护理品(PPCPs)的环境水平及降解行为研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)是一种存在于各种介质中的新污染物,具有生物富集、致癌致畸性,近年来在水环境中被广泛检出,其种类和浓度也有逐渐增多和加重的趋势,加之与人类生活密切相关,可以通过家庭垃圾、医院废水、垃圾填埋场、污水处理厂等方式直接污染地表水,并进一步污染孔隙水、地下水等,致使生态环境和人体健康存在风险。因此,广泛了解PPCPs在各种环境介质中的浓度水平对于防范生态健康风险具有重要意义。近年来,对PPCPs浓度的调查研究取得了较大进展,自1976年美国堪萨斯城首次报道药物以来,各国陆续报道了不同介质中PPCPs的存在,弥补了各研究区污染物及浓度的空白,有利于开展综合治理工作。PPCPs在水环境中常见的降解方式有水解、光解及生物降解,同时在降解过程还会受到pH、温度、共存离子等影响,而且在各种降解过程中生成的产物也有所不同。污水处理厂因为去除工艺的限制,使得地表水中许多PPCPs虽然经过了废水的生物降解环境,但是光降解仍然可能比暴露在阳光下的生物降解更强。其中,抗生素在水环境中主要发生光降解;布洛芬、碘普罗胺、咖啡因等更易发生生物降解;而自然界中PPCPs发生水解的概率较低,酯类和酰胺类是其中最常见的易水解的官能团,除此之外,四环素类等因为吸附到沉积物中,也会发生水解反应。目前,对于PPCPs浓度水平的研究很多集中在单一水体,而海水、雨水等介质缺乏监测和分析,同时对于降解行为的研究大都没有关注到降解过程和降解产物,使得一些降解产物的高毒性被低估。因此,全面了解各种水环境介质中PPCPs浓度可以较为准确、系统地获知各地区PPCPs的污染情况,对于PPCPs治理与削减工作具有重要的现实意义;而探究PPCPs在水环境中的降解行为,有利于了解其在环境中的残留和代谢情况,厘清中间产物和最终产物的性质,以便针对性地对PPCPs的环境生态效应进行评估分析,降低风险。

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in water:The benefit of isotope dilution

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging and nonpersistent contaminants.In this study,27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction(SPE),and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards(ILSs)were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river,effluent and influent sewage.The corrected recoveries were 73%-122%with the relative standard deviation(RSD)<16%,except for acetaminophen.The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22%and the method quantitation limits(MQLs)were 0.45-8.6 ng/L.The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples.The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days,and the ILSscorrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences.The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%-140%with the recovery variation<37%in all cases.The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.

北极地区水环境中PPCPs的污染现状研究进展

药物及个人护理产品(PPCPs)是一种国内外广泛关注的新污染物,其在北极地区水环境中的出现引起了多国政府与环保组织的高度重视。通过归纳北极地区水环境中PPCPs的来源、浓度、分布及归趋,发现近北极地区的河流输送、大气与海洋长距离传输、废液的直接排放和污水处理厂排放是PPCPs进入北极地区水环境的主要途径。北极地区水环境中典型的PPCPs为抗癫痫药、非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)、抗抑郁药、兴奋剂和增塑剂,其具有“假性持久性”,相似于非北极地区水环境中PPCPs的环境行为。目前,有关北极地区PPCPs污染控制技术、北极地区淡水环境中PPCPs污染水平的调查、北极地区水环境中PPCPs的性质以及环境行为等方面的研究有待加强。

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.

农村污水PPCPs赋存及处理技术研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,农村地区药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的使用量不断增加。残留的PPCPs进入到水体中会对生态环境和人类健康造成威胁。文中对农村污水中PPCPs的来源以及赋存情况进行了分析。结果表明,人类用药、生活洗护和养殖用药是农村污水中PPCPs的主要来源;农村污水中检出的PPCPs成分包括抗生素、类固醇类激素以及杀生剂等;农村地区的消费模式、季节变化以及土地利用方式对于污水中PPCPs的组成有很大影响。此外,对污水中PPCPs的研究现状进行了文献计量,通过关键词的聚类分析明确了吸附、人工湿地以及膜生物反应器等PPCPs关键去除技术是目前研究的热点。在此基础上,介绍了以上技术对污水中PPCPs去除的反应机理,并探讨了其在农村地区的适用情况。最后,分析了使用微藻技术实现农村污水PPCPs去除的可行性,以实现污水处理过程的低碳排放。

典型药物与个人护理品(PPCPs)的厌氧降解转化研究进展

药物与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)的污染和环境归趋问题备受关注。其中厌氧降解转化作为疏水性PPCPs在自然环境介质中的主要消解方式尤为重要。本文以典型PPCPs为例,分析了城市污水处理厌氧工艺对PPCPs的去除情况,主要包括污泥吸附和厌氧生物转化;总结了化学结构、微生物、碳源和氧化还原电位等多种因素对PPCPs厌氧降解转化效率的影响,其中氧化还原电位发挥重要作用,因其与氧化还原酶密切相关;同时,重点归纳了磺胺甲噁唑、苯并三唑和三氯生等3种典型PPCPs在不同氧化还原电位下的厌氧降解转化途径,并对PPCPs厌氧微生物降解的未来研究重点和发展方向进行展望:(1)强化PPCPs的有机质-厌氧微生物共代谢降解机制研究;(2)聚焦PPCPs厌氧降解菌群筛选及其功能研究;(3)深入开展厌氧降解菌群培养体系构建和原位厌氧降解研究。本研究相关结果有望为PPCPs的污染防治提供科学依据。

Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™MS

There is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants(ECs)in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)to assess their potential impact when released into the environment.The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in WWTP influents and effluents and receiving river waters in Pretoria,South Africa.Targeted screening and identification of PPCPs in the samples was done using liquid chromatography(LC)coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)Orbitrap™HRMS,after clean-up and preconcentration with Waters Oasis®hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced(HLB)solid phase extraction(SPE)cartridges.Of the 156 target analytes screened in the study,120 could be satisfactorily determined under the study conditions,with 71 and 73 compounds being detected and quantified in the influent and effluent samples,respectively.Concentrations in the influents ranged from<ILOQ-14.2 mgL^-1and those in the effluent from<ILOQ-2.45 mgL^-1.It was found that 84%of the quantified compounds belonged to various classes of pharmaceuticals.Ibuprofen,caffeine,paracetamol and estradiol were the major individual contaminants in influent samples with average concentrations of 14.2,8.68,4.79 and 1.02 mgL^-1,respectively.In the effluent samples,the highest concentrations were recorded for estradiol(2.45 mgL^-1),ibuprofen(1.03 mgL^-1)and efavirenz(0.58 mgL^-1).The highest mean concentrations(above 0.5 mgL^-1)recorded in the river water samples were for ibuprofen,(4.14 mgL^-1downstream;3.19 mgL^-1upstream),caffeine(2.98 mgL^-1downstream;1.42 mgL^-1upstream),paraxanthine(1.22 mgL^-1downstream;0.798 mgL^-1upstream).Analysis of river water samples also revealed that PPCP contamination in the river system cannot be solely attributed to the WWTP effluents.Twenty-four compounds presented in this study are reported for the first time in South African surface waters.

典型PPCPs类污染物的毒作用及污染物去除方法概述

经济社会的持续发展及检测、监测手段的不断进步,使得环境中越来越多的PPCPs类污染物被检测出来,由此所带来的环境问题及健康危害问题日益受到关注和重视。重点对消耗量及环境检出量较高的典型PPCPs类污染物三氯生、四环素、染发剂、布洛芬、水杨酸、杀菌剂以及二甲双胍的有害影响及毒作用机制进行了综述,并对PPCPs类污染物的去除方法进行了简要介绍,以期加深公众对PPCPs类污染物健康效应的了解,并为进一步的科学研究提供参考。

Facile in situ growth of highly dispersed palladium on phosphotungstic-acid-encapsulated MIL-IOO（Fe） for the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products under visible light

A simple, facile in situ reduction approach is reported for the synthesis of Pd- nanoparticle-decorated phosphotungstic acid （PTA）-MIL-100（Fe） nanocomposites （Pd-H3PW12040-MIL-100（Fe）, denoted Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe））. During the in situ synthesis, PTA is encapsulated into the matrix of MIL-100（Fe） and serves as a UV-switchable reducing agent, resulting in highly dispersed Pd NPs. Using the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as model reactions, the ternary Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe） hybrids exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with their foundation matrices, the binary PTA-MIL-100（Fe） nanocomposite. Based on photoelectrochemical analyses, the improved photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the well-known electronic conductivity of the Pd NPs, the fast electron transport of PTA, the intense visible-light absorption of MIL-100（Fe）, and the matched energy levels of the three components： MIL-100（Fe）, PTA, and Pd NPs. Importantly, almost no Fe and W ions were leached from the samples during the reaction, demonstrating the photostability of the Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe） composite. In addition, possible photocatalytic reactions mechanisms have also been investigated.

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity.They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients(K_(ow))and different ionization constants(pK_(a))resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency.A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances.This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years:from sampling to instrumental methods.Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation.A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required.Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_(ow)(-7.53 to 10.80)were summed up.High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products,which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution.Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail.The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review,including sample matrix,target compounds characteristics,extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent.This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.

An efficient resin for solid-phase extraction and determination by UPLCMS/MS of 44 pharmaceutical personal care products in environmental waters

In this study,a hydrophilic resin named GCHM was fabricated based on poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-codivinylbenzene),characterized,and applied as a solid-phase extraction(SPE)material.Up to 44 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)belonging to 10 classes were recovered in environmental water samples.Different variables affecting extraction,such as adsorbent amount,sample pH,and loading speed,were optimized.Under optimal conditions,the average absolute recovgy of 44 PPCPs was 75.6%using GCHM,indicating a better performance than the commercial Oasis^HLB.SPE with home-made hydrophilic polymeric sorbent followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was validated,and the method achieved good linearity(r2>0.991,for all analytes).In addition,the method detection limits of target compounds ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 ng/L.The developed method was applied to determine PPCPs in 10 environmental water samples taken from the Yangtze River,Huaihe River,and Taihu Lake,1 groundwater sample from Changzhou in Jiangsu Province,1 wastewater sample from Xiamen and 2 seawater samples from the Jiulong River in Fujian Province,China.In these samples,22 compounds were determined at levels ranging from 0.5 to 1590 ng/L.

Occurrence, sources and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the groundwater: A review

The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水中11大类145种药品和个人护理品

药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)在水环境中频繁检出,是一类受到国内外环保部门普遍关注的新污染物。准确掌握水环境中PPCPs存在的种类及浓度水平,获取水环境中各类PPCPs的基础污染数据,是环境管理部门进行新污染物管控的重要基础。为此,必须开发准确灵敏、方便快捷且能实现高通量筛查及定量分析的检测方法。本研究采用大体积直接进样-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水环境中11大类(抗生素、降压药、降糖药、抗病毒药、β-受体激动剂、硝基咪唑类药物、H2受体拮抗剂、精神麻醉类药物、降血脂药、非甾体抗炎药及其他类药物和杀菌剂类个人护理品)145种PPCPs。水样经0.22μm的再生纤维素滤膜过滤,加入乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na2EDTA)并调节pH值至6.0~8.0,加入内标混匀后,采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18柱(50 mm×3 mm,2.6μm)进行色谱分离,以含5 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为正离子扫描模式下的流动相、5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液-乙腈为负离子扫描模式下的流动相,分别进行梯度洗脱,质谱智能化分时间段-多反应选择离子监测(Schedule-MRM)模式检测,内标法定量。145种PPCPs在一定的范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.015~5.515 ng/L,在低、中、高3个加标水平下的回收率为80.4%~128%,相对标准偏差为0.6%~15.6%。将该方法应用于11份地表水样品和6份饮用水样品的检测,结果显示,145种PPCPs中共检出93种化合物,地表水中PPCPs总含量为276.9~2705.7 ng/L,其中抗病毒药、降糖药和精神麻醉类药品的检出率为100%且含量占比最大;饮用水中检出的PPCPs总含量为140.5~211.5 ng/L,主要检出抗生素、抗病毒药和降糖药。该方法简单快捷,可实现上百种PPCPs的同时测定,适用于环境水体中多种PPCPs残留的测定。

Occurrence,seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water,groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State,Nigeria

The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.

Occurrence and discharge of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in dewatered sludge from WWTPs in Beijing and Shenzhen

This study mainly focused on the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in sewage dewatered sludge and their discharges through sludge disposal from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).The data were obtained and calculated from seven PPCPs in dewatered sludge collected from 12WWTPs in two typical cities,Beijing and Shenzhen in China.Four of seven PPCPs,diclofenac acid,carbamazepine,mefenamic acid and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide were detectable in dewatered sludge from Beijing and Shenzhen with concentration up to 4240,11,060,92 and 219μg/kg respectively.While,the other three compounds,trimethoprim,chloramphenicol and bezafibrate were not detected in collected samples from these two cities.The highest discharge of diclofenac acid and carbamazepine were 1023 g/d and 494 g/d respectively.In addition,the total discharge of these four detected PPCPs from each plant ranged from 5 to 1092 g/d in Beijing and 4e497 g/d in Shenzhen.Thus,PPCP discharge through sludge disposal cannot be neglected,and further research on transfer of PPCPs during sludge disposal onto agriculture land and influence of sludge application is required and essential.

Discharge inventory of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Beijing,China

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are emerging environmental contaminants,whose potential risk for the ecological environment has caused wide attention in recent years.In China,quite a large amount of PPCPs were annually emitted into the environment.Their existence in different matrix has been reported frequently,including river water,sediment and soil.However,the contribution from different sources was seldom reported and still unclear in China.Wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)was usually considered to be the main source to the urban river,but livestock and aquaculture farms were also reported as significant pollution sources of PPCPs due to poor environmental management in China.This study summarized environmental discharges of different PPCPs from various sources and obtained the discharge data through different environment media in Beijing,the statistical source of PPCPs was analyzed in detail.The sources comprised WWTPs,excess sludge,hospital wastewater,municipal untreated wastewater,aquaculture wastewater and landfill leachate.This article helps understand the general situation and the potential risk of PPCPs in Beijing.