A review on cocrystal of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine

In the development of new drugs products,especially the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients,solubility and oral bioavailability are the main factors which are restricting the development of new drugs,whereas the physicochemical properties of active ingredients are the key element to affecting these factors.Pharmaceutical cocrystal provides an excellent opportunity to develop new drugs with excellent physical and chemical properties such as melting point,solubility,stability and bioavailability while retaining the pharmacological properties of individuals active pharmaceutical ingredients among pharmaceutical cocrystal compounds.Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has the characteristics of multiple pathways and multiple targets,mainly because it contains many active ingredients,like cocrystals thereof with many components.The active ingredients extracted from traditional Chinese herbal medicine have a wide range of pharmacological activities,but most of the active ingredients affect the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients due to their physical and chemical properties such as solubility.Traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystals can not only improve the physical and chemical properties of drugs without changing the internal structure of drugs,so as to provide a new scheme for the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients.This paper reviews the research progress of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystal.The preparation methods of cocrystals are summarized and the advantages of cocrystals are illustrated with examples.

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Zizania latifolia to Traditional Chinese Medicine Wastewater

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater treatment on the physiological and biochemical indexes( such as TTC,Pro,GSH,MDA,SOD,POD,CAT,and PAL) of Zizania latifolia were investigated under four concentrations of medicine wastewater. The results showed that under the stress of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater,the contents of GSH,MDA and Pro had different degrees of increase,which would promote the increasing of superoxide anion. Meanwhile,the activities of root,SOD,POD,CAT and PAL also increased with the concentration of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater. Therefore,Z. latifolia had very strong anti-adversity abilities and tolerances to traditional Chinese medicine wastewater and can be used as one of the constructed wetland plants treating medicine wastewater.

Treatment of Chinese Traditional Medicine Wastewater by Photosynthetic Bacteria

The influence factors treating wastewater of Chinese traditional medicine extraction by photosynthetic bacteria are tested and discussed. The results indicate that the method of photosynthetic bacteria can eliminate COD and BOD from wastewater in high efficiency. And it also has high load shock resistance. On the conditions of slight aerobic and semi-darkness, treating wastewater of Chinese traditional medicine extraction, the method has better efficiency to eliminate COD and BOD from the wastewater than those by anaerobic illumination and aerobic darkness treatments. After pretreatment of hydrolytic acidization, the removal rate of COD in the wastewater reached more than 85 %, and that rate of BOD reached more than 90% in the treating system of photosynthetic bacteria. It may be more feasible and advantageous than traditional anaerobic biological process to treat organic wastewater using PSB system.

Treatment of Chinese traditional medicine wastewater in a submerged membrane bioreactor

A pilot scale test was conducted in a submerged membrane bioreactor SMBR with capacity of 10.0 m3/d for 120 days to treat high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. Performance of the SMBR was investigated with a sludge retention time (TSR) of 50 days, a hydraulic retention time (THR) of 8.0 h, membrane flux of 8.0 L/(m2·h) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 2.0-3.0 mg/L, respectively. It was observed that the SMBR had high capacity of COD and suspended solid (SS) removal. The influent COD concentration was fluctuated between 1 000 and 5 000 mg/L, while the averaged effluent COD concentration was only 44.6 mg/L. The influent SS concentration was fluctuated between 1 000 and 1 600 mg/L, while little effluent SS was detected. It was found that the COD remove rate increased with mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and organic loading rate (ROL). In order to obtain good-quality effluent, the operational conditions of the SMBR were suggested as follows: the temperature was controlled above 10 ℃, MLSS about 7000 mg/L, ROL under 24.76 kg/(m3·d), low vacuum value and constant water flux.

Integrating traditional Chinese (herbal) medicines into risk based regulation-With focus on non-clinical requirements to demonstrate safety

Within the public health sector of Hong Kong(China),there is a consensus around the important role of traditional Chinese medicines.For Hong Kong(China)to play a bridging role to bring Chinese medicines to the global market requires a concerted effort from the government,academic institutes and industries.The release of the final version of the European Medicines Agencies guidance document,which details the acceptance of minimum requirements to nonclinical package in bibliographical applications,grants the opportunity for well-established and traditional herbal medicines to demonstrate an‘acceptable safe’status for registration in the European Union.It is anticipated that this minimum nonclinical package can be applied to demonstrate the safe use of many traditional Chinese medicines regardless of their eligibility to be registered under the simplified procedure within the European Union.This paper conceptualizes an integration of a simplified evaluation route for eligible proprietary Chinese medicines(pCm)with long history of use into the existing drug regulatory framework in Hong Kong(China).Such integration utilizing the minimum nonclinical package,based on bibliographical data or expert report,as proof of evidence to demonstrate safety for pCm with long history of use requires less demand in scientific resources.With Hong Kong(China)conducting‘first hand’review for eligible pCm,it provides an option for overseas and local pharmaceutical companies to register their products in Hong Kong(China)without the need to rely on issuance of Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product from other countries.This could bring eligible pCm with long history of use to reach international risk-based standard and to be marketed globally as‘medicines’to reach their full therapeutic potential.An important process to positioning Hong Kong(China)to compete with other countries in promoting importation and exportation of pCm to better serve the global health.

Research of Quality Standards for Stachydrine Hydrochloride in Chinese Medicine TJF Granule

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was applied to the determination of stachydrine hydrochloride concentration in TJF granule (Chinese name: Tiao-Jing-Fang), using a mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) by the Agilent Kromasi NH2 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, S/N: 22N25110). Detection wavelength was 201 nm. The result revealed good linearity of stachydrine hydrochloride and was obtained within the range of 0.20 - 1.98 μg/mL (R = 0.9995). The average recovery was 97.01%;the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.19%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report dedicated to the determination of stachydrine hydrochloride by the evaporative light scattering detector-high-performance liquid chromatographic (ELSD-HPLC) method.

中药智慧药学服务的实践与技术分析

目的 分析中药智慧药房的发展现状,总结中药智慧药学服务实践经验,概述其技术要求和发展方向。方法 成都中医药大学附属医院自2018年1月启动智慧中药房项目,建立中药智慧药房,承担门诊中药饮片调剂、煎药、配送等药学服务业务。结果 截至2023年5月已完成中药饮片代煎配送557.2万副,2022年度共服务患者23.14万人次。服务环节更简单,无需等候取药,无需二次到院取药,服务效率高,改善了患者就医体验。结论 中药智慧药学服务发展迅速,未来将依托技术进步建立全程化智慧服务体系。

正交偏最小二乘法探析大承气汤治疗急性胰腺炎多成分多药效关系

目的/意义分析大承气汤治疗急性胰腺炎实验数据,证实多成分多药效关系。方法/过程运用正交偏最小二乘法,分别探析配伍药味、煎煮液的药物成分、血液的药物成分与药效指标的关系。结果/结论配伍药味与药效指标之间、煎煮液的药物成分与药效指标之间、血液的药物成分与药效指标之间均存在一对多、多对一、多对多的作用关系。实验分析结果表明大承气汤治疗急性胰腺炎呈现多成分多药效的特点。

一流课程建设背景下中药制药工艺学课程的建设与探讨

中药制药工艺学作为中药制药专业的专业核心课程,在中药制剂开发和生产中极为重要。在一流本科课程建设背景下,本文结合当前中药制药工艺学课程建设中存在的问题,从突出中医药思维培养、优化教学内容、加大综合性实验课程开设、强化讨论式教学、思政引领—制药工程与设备相结合的教学模式等方面进行中药制药工艺学课程建设探讨,有望为中药制药工艺学课程建设提供参考。

浅议仲景方之煎服法

东汉张仲景作《伤寒杂病论》,其条文论述精当,理、法、方、药具备,开后世中医辨证论治之先河。针对疾病和患病个体,辨证施治,立法选方而作仲景方,精简不杂、立意明确、疗效突出。并详细叙述了相应方剂的剂型、煎药溶媒、煎煮方法、给药方式、服药频次、服药时间、药后调理方法等,对疾病的治疗效果及预后调护亦发挥了重要作用。文章对仲景方的煎服法进行归纳及总结。

北京中医医院用药咨询服务五年回顾性分析与展望

目的回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京中医医院五年用药咨询服务情况,发现用药问题规律,分享服务经验,提高服务质量。方法回顾北京中医医院用药咨询中心2015年—2019年的所有用药咨询记录,对咨询问题分类并采用帕累托图法进行统计和分析。结果北京中医医院五年用药咨询服务人数呈上升趋势,共计解答咨询问题61759例次,日均服务50例次。将咨询问题类型分为5类,分别为复杂用药问题(4283例,占6.93%)、简单用药指导(4892例,占7.92%)、非用药问题(6422例,占10.40%)、药品库存咨询(16291例,占26.38%)、中药煎服指导(29871例,占48.37%)。结论通过对门诊用药咨询记录的分类统计,可以看出咨询问题类型及比例相对稳定,帕累托分析有助于发现患者的主要需求,并促进药学部门不断进行改进,保障患者合理用药。

Non-thermal plasma treatment of Radix aconiti wastewater generated by traditional Chinese medicine processing

The wastewater effluent from Radix aconiti processing, an important step in the production processes of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）, is a type of toxic wastewater and difficult to treat. Plasma oxidation methods have emerged as feasible techniques for effective decomposition of toxic organic pollutants. This study examined the performance of a plasma reactor operated in a dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） to degrade the effluent from R. aconiti processing. The effects of treatment time, discharge voltage, initial pH value and the feeding gas for the reactor on the degradation of this TCM wastewater were investigated. A bacterium bioluminescence assay was adopted in this study to test the toxicity of the TCM wastewater after non-thermal plasma treatment. The degradation ratio of the main toxic component was 87.77% after 60 min treatment with oxygen used as feed gas and it was 99.59% when the initial p H value was 8.0. High discharge voltage and alkaline solution environment were beneficial for improving the degradation ratio. The treatment process was found to be capable of reducing the toxicity of the wastewater to a low level or even render it non-toxic. These experimental results suggested that the DBD plasma method may be a competitive technology for primary decomposition of biologically undegradable toxic organic pollutants in TCM wastewater.

基于“超滤——正渗透——膜蒸馏”工艺的中药废水利用研究

本文提出了基于“超滤—正渗透—膜蒸馏”(UF-FO-MD)耦合工艺的中药废水利用研究。通过设计模拟FO有效物质回收实验与UF-FO-MD耦合工艺处理实验,对比2组实验数据,验证该耦合工艺在实际中药废水处理中的应用效果。实验结果表明,经UF-FO-MD耦合工艺处理,实际中药生产废水中的回收效率明显提升。由此说明,该耦合工艺可有效回收中药废水中的有效物质和水资源,可在处理废水的同时,缓解中药生产的用水压力,可提高废水资源化利用的经济可行性,为中药生产废水资源化利用提供了创新方法。

中药渣在废水处理及土壤修复中的应用

随着中草药的普及和医药行业的不断发展,我国每年都会产生大量的中药渣。这些中药渣主要来源于药用动植物。传统的中药渣处置方法有焚烧法、堆放法和埋填法。这些方法不仅造成中药渣的极大浪费,而且污染环境。因此,中药渣的有效处理成为我国制药企业亟待解决的问题。近年来,中药渣在废水处理、土壤修复中的应用价值引起了广泛关注。本文将对中药渣在去除废水中重金属、抗生素、亚甲蓝及其他离子,及在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用进行综述,并对中药渣再利用中存在的问题和今后的发展进行探讨,为中药渣的可持续利用提供新的方向。

Effect of nutritional bio-stimulants(NBS)on the biological treatment of the wastewater from traditional Chinese medicine production

Nutritional bio-stimulant(NBS)technology is an attractive method to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of wastewater by stimulating the microbial growth and increasing species diversity.In this study,a commercial NBS,which consisted of organic acids,absorbable nitrogen and phosphorus and trace elements,was applied as a nutrient supplement to replace conventional chemical fertilizer(CCF)in aerobic biological treatment of a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)wastewater.A mill trials was carried out in a commercial scale TCM wastewater treatment system for 41 days.The process performance and active sludge characteristics were continuously monitored when the CCF was replaced with NBS gradually in the system.It was found that the chemical oxygen demand(COD)of the effluent decreased from 118 to 89 mg·L^(-1),well below the 100 mg·L^(-1)wastewater discharge limit,when the CCF was replaced with NBS completely.More importantly,the ammonia concentration of the effluent stayed constantly low in the NBS stage of the trial,indicating that the added NBS was completely utilized by the microorganisms.In contrast,the effluent ammonia concentration was gradually increasing and exceeded the limit in the CCF stage of the trial,indicating that the CCF was not fully utilized by the microbes.The improved perfromance of the aerobic wastewater treatment system was attributed to the fact that the NBS nutrients were more bio-available than the CCF to the microorganisms.

智能化中药栓剂灌装设备研制与试验

针对中药制药装备普遍存在的高耗能、低效率、非标准化等问题,研制基于柱塞泵工作原理的中药栓剂自动化灌装设备,以提高栓剂产品质量与生产效率,实现高效灌装。以灌装效率、药膏温度控制、定量精度为指标开展试验。结果表明:研制的智能化中药栓剂灌装设备能够保证产品质量,实现高效灌装,减少人工,灌注速率可达360支/min,定量误差约为±0.8%。

清热润湿方联合医用射线防护喷剂对放射性皮损防治的药学评价与药学监护

目的评价清热润湿方联合医用射线防护喷剂对放射性皮损的疗效及药学监护的实施与评价。方法选取本院放射性皮损患者57例,随机分为对照组与中药治疗组,对患者的创面修复疗效、疼痛缓解、舒适度进行评价,并进行药学监护与评价。结果清热润湿方联合医用射线防护喷剂对放射性皮损的疗效显著,可以改善创面(P<0.05)、缓解疼痛(P<0.01),提高患者舒适度(P<0.01),且药学监护可以提高患者湿敷的疗效。结论清热润湿方联合医用射线防护喷剂可以有效治疗放射性皮损,药学监护起重要作用。

运用《辅行诀》所载“汤液经法图”理论开展中药治疗痹证的药学监护及干预1例

《辅行诀》所载“汤液经法图”展示了一套以五脏虚实辨证结合五味补泻治疗为基础的辨证论治体系,体现了中医组方配伍的根本原理,可用于中药饮片处方审核和临床药师药学会诊。本文记载1例中药临床药师运用“汤液经法图”开展药学监护并进行药学干预的案例。患者老年女性,主因反复腰痛5余年,加重伴右下肢麻木2个月入住院。医师请药师采用“汤液经法图”进行联合会诊分析。药师运用“汤液经法图”理论体系,判定该患者为肝虚合并肾虚,虚实夹杂,处方应以补肝补肾为主,补泻兼施,药味以辛、苦为主,酸、甘为辅,并与医师联合拟定中药饮片处方一首,患者用药后治疗效果满意,出院后药学随访效果满意。此案例提示,临床药师运用“汤液经法图”开展中药饮片处方的药学评价和药学监护是可行的和有效的。

中药长效制剂的制备技术研究进展及其在驱杀外寄生虫方面的应用

长效制剂是一种疗效持久的药物制剂,具有给药次数少、用药剂量小、毒副作用低等优点。中药长效制剂是在传统中药制药技术的基础上,通过特殊的制剂工艺,将中药有效成分与载体材料相结合,形成一种能够持续释放药物的制剂。对中药长效制剂的研究进展及其在驱杀外寄生虫方面的应用进行综述,以期为抗虫中药长效制剂的进一步研究和临床应用提供参考。