Clinical pharmacists’ involvement in carbapenem antibiotics management at Wenzhou Integrated Hospital

BACKGROUND Carbapenem antibiotics are a pivotal solution for severe infections,particularly in hospital settings.The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria owing to the irrational and extensive use of carbapenems underscores the need for meticulous management and rational use.Clinical pharmacists,with their specialized training and extensive knowledge,play a substantial role in ensuring the judicious use of carbapenem.This study aimed to elucidate the patterns of carbapenem use and shed light on the integral role played by clinical pharmacists in managing and promoting the rational use of carbapenem antibiotics at Wenzhou Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital.AIM To analyze carbapenem use patterns in our hospital and role of clinical pharmacists in managing and promoting their rational use.METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of carbapenem use at our hospital between January 2019 and December 2021.Several key indicators,including the drug utilization index,defined daily doses(DDDs),proportion of antimicrobial drug costs to total hospitalization expenses,antibiotic utilization density,and utilization rates in different clinical departments were comprehensively analyzed.RESULTS Between 2019 and 2021,there was a consistent decline in the consumption and sales of imipenem-cilastatin sodium,meropenem(0.3 g),and meropenem(0.5 g).Conversely,the DDDs of imipenem-cilastatin sodium for injection increased in 2020 and 2021 vs 2019,with a B/A value of 0.67,indicating a relatively higher drug cost.The DDDs of meropenem for injection(0.3 g)exhibited an overall upward trend,indicating an increasing clinical preference.However,the B/A values for 2020 and 2021 were both>1,suggesting a relatively lower drug cost.The DDDs of meropenem for injection(0.5 g)demonstrated a progressive increase annually and consistently ranked first,indicating a high clinical preference with a B/A value of 1,signifying good alignment between economic and social benefits.CONCLUSION Carbapenem use in our hospital was generally reasonable with a downward trend in consumption and sales over time.Clinical pharmacists play a pivotal role in promoting appropriate use of carbapenems.

Perception of Physicians to the Role of Clinical Pharmacists in United Arab Emirates (UAE)

The present study aims to investigate the perceptions and experience of physicians regarding the clinical role of the pharmacists. This is an observational study that was conducted during the period of September 2013 through March 2014. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to be distributed by personal interview to the physicians. The questionnaire population consisted of randomly selected physicians practicing in UAE. The questionnaire was piloted by 10 physicians for face and understandability. Demographic data, frequencies and cross tabulation between different variables were calculated. The Chi-square test was used to determine the significance of association between categorical variables (gender, length of medical practice, and specialty) and the perception of physicians. A total of 285 filled questionnaires were returned representing 285 physicians, with a male dominance (65.3%). The average age of the physician screened was 32.4 (SD = 10.38) years with a minimum one year experience and up to 24 years. General practitioners consumed the widest sector (21.8%) followed by cardiologists (15.8%), then internal medicine (10.1%). In the current study, two thirds of the physicians believed that pharmacists could act as a reliable source of general drug information and play an important role in discovering clinical related problems. It was found that the physicians who had fewer years in practice (less than 10 years) and recently graduated had more acceptances to the clinical role of the pharmacist and believed that there should be a clinical pharmacy services in their hospitals (p-value < 0.05). No other statistically significant differences were found from analyzing the data. In conclusion, results suggest that physicians in UAE appear comfortable with pharmacists providing the broad range of services but appear somewhat less comfortable with pharmacists’ provision of direct patient care.

The Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Interventions on Drug and Antibiotic Prescribing in a Teaching Hospital in Cairo

Background: The present study was undertaken to investigate the patterns of drug and antibiotics prescribing in a teaching hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Aim: to determine the impact of interventions on such trends in an attempt to rationalize drug use. Method: 1200 prescriptions and patients' records covering the months of January to December, 2011. Prescribing patterns were analyzed using WHO guidelines with regard to prescribing, patient care and health facility indicators. The same parame-ters were again assessed after distributing antibiotic guidelines and holding workshops activities directed towards rational drug use. Results: The number of hospital visits resulting in a prescription was significantly reduced from 94% to 86% (P-value <0.05) and in both cases none of the en-counters contained a generic drug. The average number of drugs per encounter was 2.7 and did not decrease significantly after intervention. A significant reduction was achieved in the number of prescriptions with antibiotics whereas reduction in encounters with injectable drugs was not statis-tically significant. Penicillins was the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics and amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic. A significant reduction was observed in both en-counters with penicillin and the total of those with antibiotics. Analysis of prescriptions with anti-biotics revealed that penicillins, cephalosporins and erythromycin comprised 94% and 97% of all antibiotics prescribed before and after interventions respectively. Conclusion: The present results clearly indicated that interventions including distribution of antibiotic guidelines and running workshops and seminars on rational drug use to prescribers can lead to significant improvement in prescribing behavior.

Training of clinical pharmacists in psychiatric pharmacy services during the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

A series of pharmacy services of clinical pharmacists at the Wuhan Mental Health Center during the prevention and treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),such as participation in the formulation of COVID-19 prevention and treatment plans suitable for psychiatric departments,popular science of pharmacy,medical order review,real-time intervention,and medication education are summarized here.Due to the sudden public health incident,the service model of psychiatric clinical pharmacists should be addressed,as clinical pharmacists are an important part of the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric diseases.Among the majors currently available in the clinical pharmacy training base curriculum,no psychiatry major has been set up in China yet;therefore,in this paper,we provide guidance in psychiatry pharmacy for those who wish to integrate clinical teams.

Effectiveness of Clinical Pharmacist Directed-Diabetes Management

Objective: The main aim of the study is predominately utilizing clinical pharmacist in the provision of continuing diabetic education programs to emphasize and re-emphasize the importance of risk factors, prevention, adherence to medication and behavioral changes to prevent recurrences of the disease, their progression, and ultimately minimize hospitalization. Specific goals are to improve clinical outcomes for patients with diabetes—to maintain optimal plasma glucose concentrations Fasting, Postprandial Plasma Glucose, and Glycated Hemoglobin. Study design: A prospective interventional study in the Outpatient General Medicine Department, for a period of six months from October 2018 to March 2019. Results: HbA1c levels were reduced from baseline by &minus;1.107 ± 0.8634, Fasting Plasma Glucose levels and Postprandial blood glucose levels were reduced from baseline by &minus;24.2218 ± 5.70352 and &minus;30.1891 ± 1.40592 respectively. Conclusion: A trained clinical pharmacist by providing diabetes education and care can significantly reduce hyperglycemia, thereby improving the quality of life in diabetes patients and ultimately reducing health care costs associated with these morbidities.

药学门诊对儿童疱疹性咽峡炎用药干预分析

目的总结药学门诊参与儿童疱疹性咽峡炎用药管理的经验。方法选取2020年1月—2022年12月共832例就诊于我院药学门诊及儿科门诊的疱疹性咽峡炎病例,就诊于药学门诊的病例为干预组,就诊于儿科门诊的病例为对照组,干预组按照循证医学原则进行用药建议与指导,对照组不进行干预,所有患儿随访病情直至痊愈。结果832例患儿全部康复,无重症住院病例。干预组与对照组在发热、疼痛、疱疹愈合等时长及血液检查结果均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),干预组与对照组在药物使用方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),干预组不良反应数量(5例)及治疗费用[(44.30±5.23)元]均显著低于对照组[23例,(178.20±71.40)元](P<0.001)。结论疱疹性咽峡炎属于自限性病毒感染,应按照循证的原则予以对症支持,过度用药并未给儿童带来显著获益,反而增加不良反应风险,增加治疗费用。

客观结构化临床考核在抗感染专业临床药师培训出科考核中的应用

采用客观结构化临床考核(OSCE)模式,模拟不同场景,制定评分标准,综合考核学员临床用药实践技能。该模式构建了一套较为完善的抗感染药师出科培训考核方案,实现了考核的标准化、规范化、同质化,可以综合考量学员解决问题的能力和临床沟通技巧。

临床药师对1例骨肉瘤患者进行围化疗期药学监护

目的探讨抗肿瘤药物专业临床药师参与肿瘤患者治疗的药学实践。方法通过对1例骨肉瘤患者进行围化疗期药学监护,阐述临床药师在肿瘤患者治疗中的作用。结果临床药师参与了肿瘤患者的全程治疗,医师和护理人员采纳临床药师的建议,患者顺利完成了第1周期化疗。结论围化疗期药学监护注重监护的时间和内容,可对患者进行有针对性和计划性的药学监护,是临床药师参与肿瘤患者治疗的重要切入点,有助于临床药师将自身专业知识转变成专业能力,从而更好地开展药学服务工作。

1例未足月胎膜早破青霉素过敏患者抗菌药物应用的药学监护

1例29岁有青霉素过敏史的妊娠女性,因“停经31+周,阴道流液5 h”入院。患者诊断为胎膜早破,有预防性应用抗菌药物指征。临床药师了解患者过敏史后,考虑发生青霉素速发型过敏反应风险较低,建议试行青霉素皮试或使用头孢呋辛。患者拒绝青霉素皮试,头孢呋辛皮试阳性。调整为万古霉素(1 g,每8 h 1次,静脉滴注)联合阿奇霉素(首次500 mg口服,第2天250 mg 1次·d^(-1),口服,疗程4 d),行B族链球菌(GBS)筛查及宫腔细菌培养。GBS筛查阴性,建议停用万古霉素。宫腔细菌培养报大肠埃希菌,结合患者症状体征、检验指标考虑污染可能性大,继续使用阿奇霉素。患者羊水较少,予引产后分娩,母儿情况可。阿奇霉素使用5d后停用,患者出院。产后2周随访母儿情况良好。

基于内容分析法的临床药师岗位胜任力指标构建

目的 对国内外临床药师胜任力评价指标进行内容分析,为临床药师岗位胜任力构建提供参考。方法 检索国内外临床药师岗位胜任力相关文献,采用内容分析法对符合标准的文献进行分析。结果 最终纳入22篇文献及14篇胜任力评估框架及模型,提取个人素质、知识、个人能力、药学服务、教研5个一级类目、15个二级类目及61个三级类目。结论 初步构建了临床药师岗位胜任力指标体系,为临床药师开展实践工作提供参考。

利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验结果的工作模式探讨

目的 探讨利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验结果工作模式的意义。方法 介绍利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验的工作流程、工作开展情况。结果 我院将常规药敏试验解读工作形成标准化系统板块嵌入临床药师工作站中,医生站以及检验科LIS系统与其智能化链接,使得报告的查收、发送以及接收均在线上完成,减少了中间环节,医生可在查收药敏试验结果的同时,更清晰地查看临床药师的用药建议。结论 利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验结果的工作模式充分利用了信息化优势,提高了临床药师的临床参与度。该工作模式可量化,且覆盖科室范围较广,获得了临床的认可。

心病科中药临床药师培训模式探索

目的规范心病科中药临床药师的培训模式。方法从理论学习、临床实践及考核方案3个方面分析1年制全国中药临床药师(简称1年制)和半年制上海市心病科中药临床药师(简称半年制)的规范化培训模式,并总结经验。结果培训后,所有培训学员考核全部达标,且完成了规定作业,可胜任心病科的临床药学工作,部分学员在培训期间还发表了相关论文。结论心病科中药临床药师培养应以患者为中心,并开展中西医结合的药学服务。建议借助信息化技术,重视门诊跟师抄方,加强各培训基地间的学术交流,进一步规范中药临床药师的培训方案。

全程管理模式对临床药师抗感染会诊效果影响的前后对照单臂观察性研究

目的 探讨全程管理模式对医院临床药师抗感染会诊的影响效果。方法 对长沙市第四医院临床药师抗感染会诊实施全程管理模式前(2021年2—7月)的592例会诊病例和实施全程管理模式后(2022年2—7月)的688例会诊病例的抗菌药物使用疗程、抗菌药物使用品种数、抗菌药物使用费用、抗菌药物使用累计DDD(限定日剂量)数、抗菌药物使用强度、病人住院天数、病人住院费用和病人住院药品费用等指标进行对比和分析。结果 实施全程管理模式后,临床药师参与管理的抗感染会诊病例的抗菌药物使用累计DDD数减少3.31(实施前21.16±19.65,实施后17.85±16.09)、抗菌药物使用强度减少6.79(实施前103.22±58.37,实施后96.43±48.80)、病人住院天数减少2.26 d[实施前(20.59±13.13)d,实施后(18.33±11.71)d],抗菌药物使用天数、抗菌药物使用品种数、抗菌药物使用费用、病人住院费用以及病人住院药品费用等指标差异无统计学意义。结论 全程管理模式对临床药师抗感染会诊效果影响显著,对降低临床药师参与抗感染会诊病例的抗菌药物使用强度及减轻病人疾病负担具有重要意义,值得推广应用。

临床药师参与肾移植妊娠患者药物治疗管理实践

目的提升肾移植术后妊娠患者个体化药物治疗管理水平,提高用药安全,减少母亲、胎儿不良事件发生。方法从免疫抑制剂的调整,降压药物的优化、叶酸的补充、抗凝药物的选择及监护、高尿酸的监护、哺乳等方面制订个体化用药方案,提供用药教育。结果孕早期:HCG阳性明确妊娠,调整免疫抑制剂为他克莫司胶囊(5 mg,2次/d),口服硝苯地平控释片(30 mg,1次/d)降压,补充叶酸片(5 mg QD)、地屈孕酮片(10 mg,1次/12 h)。孕中期:给予达肝素钠注射液(5000 U/d)抗凝治疗。同时继续口服他克莫司(5 mg,2次/d)维持免疫治疗,硝苯地平控释片(30 mg,1次/d)降压。围生期:给予地塞米松肌注(6 mg,1次/12 h)促胎肺成熟治疗降低早产新生儿肺部并发症,产后注射用头孢他啶(2 g,2次/d)、甲硝唑氯化钠注射液(100 ml,1次/d),5 d预防感染,益母草注射液肌注(1 ml,2次/d)促进子宫收缩,同时继续服用他克莫司维持免疫治疗,硝苯地平降压。结论医-药-护三位一体为肾移植患者提供全程化管理,提高治疗效果,同时药师通过参与治疗实践全过程,可有效提升临床辨证思维及循证思维,为提高药学服务水平奠定基础。

临床药学专业抗感染PBL案例库的建设与探索

抗菌药物合理使用已成为临床药学实践教学的重要内容之一。传统的教学方式存在局限性,往往不能有效提升学生在实际临床工作中抗菌药物合理使用的能力。为解决这一问题,笔者研究了以以问题为基础的教学法(problem-based learning,PBL)为基础的案例库建设在抗菌药物合理使用教学中的应用;探讨了PBL案例库在抗菌药物合理使用教学中的重要意义和实用性。它不仅能激发学生的主动学习兴趣,还有助于培养其跨学科团队合作和临床决策能力。文章还明确了PBL案例库编写的基本原则、方法以及案例的结构和内容,以确保建设案例库的可行性。本研究在临床药学专业硕士研究生教育中的实践证明,该方法适用于现代教学模式,有望显著提高抗菌药物合理使用教学的质量和效果,具有重要的教学和临床实践意义。

1例生痰二氧化碳嗜纤维菌脑膜炎合并肾功能亢进患儿的抗感染治疗实践

目的:探讨临床药师在儿童细菌性脑膜炎抗感染治疗中的作用。方法:临床药师通过参与1例由生痰二氧化碳嗜纤维菌引起的儿童细菌性脑膜炎患者的多次药学会诊,与医师通力合作,对患儿治疗效果欠佳的原因进行分析,结合患儿存在肾功能亢进这一特殊生理病理特点及抗菌药物药动学/药效学(PK/PD)理论,优化抗感染治疗方案并实施药学监护。结果:临床药师提出的治疗方案被医师采纳,患儿临床症状改善、脑脊液恢复正常并顺利出院。结论:临床药师对临床上罕见致病菌引起的特殊部位感染,应充分发挥药学专业特长,进一步提高抗感染药物的临床疗效。

医药联合门诊在老年患者合理用药管理中的工作模式探讨及成效分析

目的介绍南京医科大学第二附属医院老年患者医药联合门诊的工作模式与成效,分析优点与不足,以期为其他药学门诊的建立提供参考。方法选取2019年7月至2022年7月年于该门诊就诊并建立完整随访档案的680例患者,统计分析其一般情况、疾病及用药情况、药物治疗相关问题、药学服务内容等。结果680例患者中53.82%患有高血压,51.91%患者同时患有3种及以上慢性疾病,43.82%患者同时使用4~6种药物。680例患者中有441例存在854个药物治疗问题,平均1.94个/人。其中类型最多的是用药依从性问题,占38.17%。药师干预后患者依从性评分显著提高(P<0.05)。结论药师通过建立医药联合门诊,参与老年患者慢性病药物治疗管理,显著改善患者依从性,提高药物治疗有效性和安全性,进一步促进合理用药。

我院临床药师培训基地教学效果及影响因素研究

目的探讨我院临床药师培训基地学员教学效果及相关影响因素,为改进培训工作提供参考。方法选择2016年3月至2022年10月于我院接受规范化培训学员作为研究对象,通过问卷调查形式评价学员满意度,并对成绩进行统计学差异分析及Logistic回归分析检验影响学员考核成绩的影响因素。结果55名学员对培训基地教学总满意度评分为4.52,满意率达90.05%。统计学差异分析显示,理论成绩良好组与非良好组的学员职称、培训专业、第一学历、工作年限、药学及临床带教老师工作年限间有统计学差异(均P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,中级及以上职称、专科培训、本科及以上学历、工作年限、临床及药学带教老师工作年限长对于提高学员的理论成绩均为有利因素(OR=3.778、3.75、3.273、1.351、1.736、1.59,均P<0.05)。结论我院临床药师培训基地教学实施效果良好,培训学员职称、学历、培训专业、工作年限及临床与药学带教老师的工作年限是理论成绩的影响因素。

药学干预对某儿童医院国家基本药物使用情况的效果评价

目的:评价药学干预对某儿童医院国家基本药物使用情况的效果。方法:从医院信息系统分别抽取2021年(干预前)和2022年(干预后)某儿童医院国家基本药物使用数据,包括基本药物采购品种比、基本药物配备使用金额占比、门诊患者基本药物处方占比、门诊患者基本药物处方使用占比、住院患者基本药物使用率和住院患者基本药物使用占比,比较2021年与2022年各指标的全院增长率和不同临床科室的增长率。结果:与2021年相比,2022年我院基本药物采购品种比降低了1.32%,基本药物配备使用金额占比增长率为2.26%,门诊患者基本药物处方占比增加了13.82%,门诊患者基本药物处方使用占比增加了11.69%,住院患者基本药物使用率持平,住院患者基本药物使用占比增加了1.30%。基本药物各项考核指标明显改善的科室包括心内科、新生儿科、综合内科、神经外科、感染性疾病科、新生儿重症监护室、耳鼻喉科、血液科1、外科监护室和血液科2。结论:我院基本药物使用情况经临床药师干预后有一定的改进成效,但基本药物配备使用金额占比和住院基本药物使用率仍未达到省考要求,需要药师与医师积极配合对患儿家属进行基本药物宣教,增加其对基本药物的信赖程度,同时呼吁国家能够增加国家基本药物目录中儿童专科用药品种,提高儿童用药的经济性和可及性。