Gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of Panax notoginseng saponins and its role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are a class of effective ingredients in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,a well-known herbal medicine called San-Qi in Chinese.After oral administration,PNS inevitably interacts with gut microbiota,and thus affect the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological effects.To date,studies concering gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of PNS have not been reviewed systematically.Herein,we outline the metabolic profiles of Panax notoginseng saponins mediated by gut microbiota,as well as its role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on the basis of reported data.The metabolic pathways of primary saponins are proposed,and step-by-step deglycosylation is found to be the primary degradation pathways of PNS mediated by gut microbiota.Specific microorganisms and enzymes involved in the metabolic processes were summarized.Gut microbiota is deeply involved in the metabolism of PNS,affects the pharmacokinetic profiles,and produces a series of active metabolites.These metabolites were documented to play an essential role in the efficacy of the parent compounds.Future studies should focus on strengthening the real-world evidence,defining the interaction between gut microbiota and PNS,and developing the strategy for modulating gut microbiota to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of PNS.These information would be useful for further research and clinical application of PNS.

GC-MS/MS Method for Determination and Pharmacokinetics of Main Components of Cang-Ai Volatile Oil in Rat Plasma after Intravenous Administration

[Objectives]To establish a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)method based on multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode for the analysis of the major components in Cang-ai volatile oil(CAVO).[Methods]An ultrasensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)method was developed and validated for the determination of three highly abundant components in rat plasma samples.Paeonol was used as an internal standard.A multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)model was employed for the quantification of the three major components of CAVO.[Results]The method demonstrated linearity over the range of 0.25 to 50μg/mL with a correlation coefficient(R 2)greater than 0.9998.The lower limit of quantification was 0.25μg/mL.Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were within 15%.Extraction recovery and matrix effect values ranged from 90.1%to 110.6%and 0.1%to 2.1%,respectively.[Conclusions]This method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of the three components in high-level CAVO plasma samples,providing a basis for subsequent studies of CAVO.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Comparison of Two Fixed-Dose Combination of Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Formulations: A Randomized, Crossover, Open-Label Study in Healthy Volunteers

Objective: To evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of two fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulations of Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe: Cresadex® EZE 20/10 mg (Abbott Laboratories) as the reference formulation (R), and Racor® Duo 20/10 mg (Laboratorios Leti, S.A.V.) as the test formulation (T). Method: A randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence, open-label, crossover design was employed. Subjects received a single oral dose of either the Test or Reference formulation under fasting conditions, with a 12-day washout period between treatments. Male subjects aged 18 - 45 years with normal health and laboratory values were included. Exclusion criteria encompassed any medical conditions, recent surgery, drug or alcohol use, and hypersensitivity to the study drugs. Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and multiple post-dose time points and analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method to quantify Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe concentrations in plasma. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. ANOVA was conducted to compare the ln-transformed values of Cmax, AUC0−t, and AUC0−∞. Schuirmann’s two one-sided t-tests were applied to assess bioequivalence (BE). Results: The 90% Confidence Intervals for the ln-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC0−t, and AUC0−∞ fell within the acceptance range of 80% to 125%, demonstrating bioequivalence between the Test and Reference formulations. Both formulations were well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the bioequivalence of the two tested FDC Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe formulations: Cresadex® EZE (Abbott Laboratories) and Racor® Duo (Laboratorios Leti, S.A.V.). These findings endorse the therapeutic interchangeability of these products, providing clinicians with greater flexibility in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Evaluation of Two Rosuvastatin Calcium 20 mg Tablets: A Single Oral Dose, Randomized-Sequence, Open-Label, Two-Period Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers under Fasting Conditions

Objectives: To compare the rate and extent of absorption of Racor® 20 mg (Rosuvastatin calcium 20 mg) tablet of Laboratorios Leti, S.A.V., with Crestor® 20 mg (Rosuvastatin calcium 20 mg) tablet of AstraZeneca, UK Limited in healthy adult human subjects under fasting conditions. Method: This was an open label, analyst blind, balanced, randomized, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, single oral dose, crossover, bioequivalence study in healthy, adult, human subjects under fasting condition. Twenty-four (24) subjects were planned as per the protocol and all subjects completed both periods of the study. The concentrations of Rosuvastatin in plasma were quantitated using a validated LC-MS/MS method of analysis and plasma levels were submitted for statistical analysis. Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, Tmax, t1/2, Kel (hrs-1), percent AUC extrapolated [100 * (AUC0-∞ - AUC0-t)/AUC0-∞] (AUC_%Extrapobs) were calculated for rosuvastatin in plasma using SAS® version 9.1.3, SAS Institute. Inc. USA.CARY. ANOVA, 90% confidence interval using Schuirmann’s two one-sided test for bioequivalence, power and ratio analysis, for lntransformed pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were computed and reported for Rosuvastatin in plasma for BE. Results: Data showed that 90% confidence intervals for the test/reference geometric mean ratios (GMR) of Cmax (95.01 - 112.66), AUC0-t (93.38 - 111.67) and AUC0-∞ (93.65 - 111.29) were within the BE (80% - 125%) acceptance range. Conclusions: Two products formulation, reference (R) Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) of AstraZeneca and test (T), Racor® (rosuvastatin calcium) of Laboratorios Leti S.A.V., with a single dose of 20 mg, under fasting conditions were bioequivalent. No severe, serious or unexpected adverse events (AEs) were reported in this study.

Pharmacokinetics of Gelsemium elegans in female rats

Background:Gelsemium elegans Benth(G.elegans)is a poisonous perennial evergreen vine plant that has been applied in livestock production and veterinary clinical practice.Early studies found that the toxicity of G.elegans showed significant gender differences in rats,but the underlying reasons for this difference are still not well understood.Methods:In order to explore whether the gender differences in the toxicity of G.elegans are related to pharmacokinetic differences,based on the previous pharmacokinetic study of multiple components of G.elegans in male rats,this study used HPLC-MS/MS method established in the laboratory to conduct a pharmacokinetic study of multiple alkaloids in the plasma of female rats after a single gavage administration of G.elegans(dose of 0.1 g/kg).Results:Through detection,17 alkaloid components in the plasma of female rats were identified,and the pharmacokinetic parameters of 11 of these alkaloids were calculated.We find that in female rats.The T_(max)values were generally less than 0.5 h,and the T_(1/2)values exceeded 3 h,with the longest reaching up to 32.80 h half elimination time.Additionally,the C_(max)and AUC results indicated that female rats had generally higher absorption and exposure levels for most alkaloids.Conclusion:These results suggest that the reason for the differences in the toxicology of G.elegans may be related to the absorption and exposure of gelsemidine-type alkaloids in animals.

Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite in Carp (Cyprinus carpio) After a Single Oral Administration in Medicated Feed

A precise and reliable analytical method of high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLCMS/MS)was developed to measure trace levels of enrofloxacin(ENR)and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin(CIP)in carp tissues.Optimized chromatographic separation was obtained on a Waters Xterra MS C_(18) reversed-phase column using gradient elution with methanol and 0.1%formic acid aqueous solution including 5mmolL^(-1) of ammonium acetate.The established method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics and distribution of ENR and CIP in tissues of carp following a single oral administration in feed at a dosage of 40mgkg^(-1) bw(body weight).Data were analyzed using DAS 2.0 dynamics software,and the experimental results suggest that ENR was rapidly absorbed and extensively distributed in carp tissues through systemic circulation,and the pharmacokinetic characteristics can be described with a two-compartment model.The elimination half-lives(t_(1/2β))from muscle,liver,gill,plasma and skin were 131,160,104,132 and 310 h,respectively.The areas under the drug concentration-time curves(AUC)for these tissues were 491,972,750,249 and 706hmgkg^(-1),respectively.The maximum concentration(C_(max))values were 13,29,37,9 and 5mgkg^(-1) with peak times(t_(max))of 8,4,4,2 and 4 h,respectively.Ciprofloxacin,the active metabolite of ENR,was also detected in carp tissues,indicating that only 1.54%of de-ethylation of ENR occurs in carp.At a water temperature of 18℃,the drug withdrawal time was determined to be no less than 24 d while the carp was fed at a single dosage of 40mgkg^(-1).

Eight Zhes Decoction ameliorates the lipid dysfunction of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using integrated lipidomics, network pharmacology and pharmacokinetics

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has developed into the most common chronic liver disease and can lead to liver cancer.Our laboratory previously developed a novel prescription for NAFLD,“Eight Zhes Decoction”(EZD),which has shown good curative effects in clinical practice.However,the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism have not yet been revealed.A strategy integrating lipidomics,network pharmacology and pharmacokinetics was used to reveal the active components and mechanisms of EZD against NAFLD.The histopathological results showed that EZD attenuated the degrees of collagen deposition and steatosis in the livers of nonalcoholic steatofibrosis model mice.Furthermore,glycerophospholipid metabolism,arachidonic acid metabolism,glycerolipid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism with phospholipase A2 group IVA(PLA2G4A)and cytochrome P450 as the core targets and 12,13-cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acid,12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid,leukotriene B4,prostaglandin E2,phosphatidylcholines(PCs)and triacylglycerols(TGs)as the main lipids were found to be involved in the treatment of NAFLD by EZD.Importantly,naringenin,artemetin,canadine,and bicuculline were identified as the active ingredients of EZD against NAFLD;in particular,naringenin reduces PC consumption by inhibiting the expression of PLA2G4A and thus promotes sufficient synthesis of very-low-density lipoprotein to transport excess TGs in the liver.This research provides valuable data and theoretical support for the application of EZD against NAFLD.

Pharmacokinetics of fucoidan and low molecular weight fucoidan from Saccharina japonica after oral administration to mice

The brown seaweed,Sacchairna japonica,has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over one thousand years.Oral administration of fucoidan or low molecular weight fucoidan(LMWF)from S.japonica could ameliorate kidney dysfunction in chronic kidney diseases and inhibit diabetic vascular complications.In many studies,LMWF was found to be more potent than fucoidan with high molecular weight.However,the pharmacokinetics of LMWF still remains unclear.The purpose of the research is to compare the pharmacokinetics of fucoidan with high molecular weight(136 kDa)with that low molecular weight(9.5 kDa)after oral administration to ICR mice.Since fucose is the main and representative monosaccharide of fucoidans,we evaluate the pharmacokinetics of fucoidan and LMWF by determining the fucose concentration in mice serum.Both fucoidan and LMWF were absorbed following oral administration.Fucoidan and LMWF were provided to mice by oral administration with 60 mg/kg and the maximum Concentration(C_(max))was found at 2.5 h(0.66±0.32 mg/L)for Fucoidan and 1.5 h(1.01±0.56 mg/L)for LMWF,respectively.It seems that LMWF had a higher area under the curve(AUC_(0–t))and was absorbed more quickly than fucoidan.The estimated bioavailability of LMWF was28.3%in the mice treated with a single dose of 30 mg/kg.In addition,LMWF was found widely spreaded into different tissues following oral administration and the highest concentration was found in kidney at 19.93±7.02μg/g.In this study,we first studied the pharmacokinetics of LMWF,in order to help to understand the function of LMWF.And our results shed light on the potential of development of drugs based on LMWF.

Pharmacokinetics of nitrogen-containing metabolites R-gentiandiol and S-gentiandiol in rat plasma after oral administration of swertiamarin

Objective:A chiral resolution method for enantiomers of two chiral nitrogen-containing metabolites R-gentiandiol and S-gentiandiol of swertiamarin in plasma was developed,and the pharmacokinetics of the metabolites were studied.Methods:The metabolites of swertiamarin in vivo were detected by LC-MS/MS using Astec CyclobondⅡCyclodextrin column(4.6 mm×100 mm,5μm),gradient elution with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase,and monitored by multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)method in positive mode.The ion pairs for quantitative analysis are R-gentiandiol(m/z 210.04→192.06),S-gentiandiol(m/z 210.04→192.06)and gentianone(m/z 192.02→162.08).Results:The linear correlation coefficients of the method developed were greater than 0.999,the precision was less than 7.00%,the recovery was 99.57%-102.65%,and the matrix effect was 90.94%-91.34%.The peak t_(max)of R-gentiandiol and S-gentiandiol in rat plasma after oral administration of swertiamarin were(1.63±0.23)h and(1.58±0.21)h,t_(1/2)was(6.23±0.52)h and(5.46±0.38)h,C_(max)was(86.79±20.81)ng/mL and(60.72±18.95)ng/mL,and the AUC_(0-24)were(1094.58±86.37))(ng·h)/mL and(724.67±58.38)(ng·h)/mL,respectively.Conclusion:The method was highly sensitive with good accuracy and precision,and it was successfully applied for chiral resolution and pharmacokinetics study of R-gentiandiol and S-gentiandiol in plasma.The method developed and experimental results will provide scientific basis for the study of pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamic material basis of swertiamarin,and lay a foundation for clinical application and resource development of TCM monomer.

DFT-Based Chemical Reactivity Descriptors, Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Docking Studies of Thymidine Derivatives

Thymidine-containing derivatives are considered to be among the most significant derivatives in medicinal chemistry. In this study, we employed a combined computational approach involving density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, molecular docking simulations, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) property predictions. Prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) revealed promising antiviral, antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic activities of these thymidine derivatives. Using Gaussian 09, we optimized the molecular structures of the thymidine derivatives to obtain their stable conformations and calculate their electronic properties. Subsequently, molecular docking simulations were performed to explore the binding interactions between the thymidine derivatives and the active site of the Candida albicans (PDB: 1IYL and 2Y7L) proteins. The docking results were evaluated based on docking scores, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions and revealed favorable binding interactions between the thymidine derivatives and the proteins, suggesting their potential as antifungal agents. The thermodynamic properties, including binding free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes were determined to assess the stability and strength of the ligands-protein complexes. The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters, such as ADMET properties, provided insights into the drug-likeness and potential bioavailability of the thymidine derivatives. These results offer a foundation for further experimental investigations and the design of novel antifungal agents targeting Candida albicans infections.

阿莫西林胶囊在中国健康人体内的生物等效性研究

目的:研究阿莫西林胶囊在中国健康人体内的生物等效性。方法:以单中心、开放式、随机、双制剂、两周期、两序列交叉试验设计,共48例受试者(空腹试验和餐后试验各24例),口服0.25 g阿莫西林胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂。高效液相色谱—串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析方法测定给药后不同时间阿莫西林的血药浓度,并计算主要药代动力学参数,判定两制剂是否等效。结果:空腹试验显示,受试制剂和参比制剂阿莫西林的药物峰浓度(C_(max))分别为(5483.296±1321.102)ng/mL、(5611.291±1659.407)ng/mL,从时间0到t之间血药浓度—时间曲线下面积(AUC_(0-t))分别为(13255.3±1715.7)h·ng/mL、(13115.5±2091.7)h·ng/mL,从0时到无限时间(∞)的血药浓度—时间曲线下面积(AUC_(0-∞))分别为(13329.4±1718.8)h·ng/mL、(13192.7±2107.1)h·ng/mL,达峰时间(T_(max))均为1.38 h。餐后试验显示,受试制剂和参比制剂阿莫西林的C_(max)分别为(4218.072±780.598)ng/mL、(4156.713±877.752)ng/mL,AUC_(0-t)分别为(13073.9±1584.3)h·ng/mL、(12817.8±1575.5)h·ng/mL,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(13166.8±1606.0)h·ng/mL、(12914.8±1587.2)h·ng/mL,T_(max)均为3.00 h。两种试验制剂C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)、AUC_(0-∞)几何均值比值的90%置信区间(CI)均在可接受的生物等效性范围内(80%~125%)。结论:两种阿莫西林胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内吸收速度和吸收程度生物等效。

静脉注射吴茱萸碱-甘草酸纳米胶束后吴茱萸碱在大鼠体内药代动力学研究

目的 建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定大鼠血浆中的吴茱萸碱,研究大鼠尾静脉注射吴茱萸碱-甘草酸纳米胶束后的药代动力学情况。方法 大鼠尾静脉注射吴茱萸碱-甘草酸纳米胶束和吴茱萸碱溶液后,采用HPLC测定大鼠血浆中吴茱萸碱的含量,绘制血药浓度-时间曲线,以DAS 2.0软件分析处理药代动力学参数。结果 吴茱萸碱-甘草酸纳米胶束和吴茱萸溶液的Cmax分别为(1.61±0.19)和(0.92±0.11)μg·mL^(-1),AUC_(0~t)分别为(4.76±1.41)和(2.07±0.22)mg·L^(-1)·h,CL分别为(0.67±0.21)和(1.38±0.14)L·h^(-1)·kg^(-1),吴茱萸碱-甘草酸纳米胶束的C_(max)、AUC_(0~t)较吴茱萸碱溶液提高了1.75、2.30倍,CL是吴茱萸碱溶液的0.48倍,C_(max)、AUC_(0~t)和CL差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 将吴茱萸碱制备为吴茱萸碱-甘草酸纳米胶束能延长吴茱萸碱在体内的作用时间,延缓吴茱萸碱在体内的代谢。

盐酸贝那普利片及活性代谢物在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的评价空腹及餐后状态下单次口服盐酸贝那普利片受试和参比制剂的生物等效性。方法将志愿者按照1:1的比例分配至T-R(受试制剂-参比制剂)和R-T(参比制剂-受试制剂)序列组;采用单中心、随机、开放、两周期、双序列、自身交叉、单次给药(空腹、餐后)的试验方法设计;采用高效液相-色谱串联质谱法测定血药浓度;使用WinNonlin软件的非房室模型对贝那普利主要药代动力学参数C max、AUC 0-t、AUC 0-∞进行分析;T max采用非参数秩和检验。结果空腹组受试制剂和参比制剂贝那普利的主要药代动力学参数如下:C max分别为(207.86±70.77)ng·mL^(-1)和(205.20±70.37)ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-t分别为(168.91±36.03)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(170.23±38.37)h×ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-∞分别为(171.01±36.15)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(172.27±38.49)h×ng·mL^(-1);T max分别为(0.48±0.11)h和(0.49±0.17)h。空腹组受试制剂和参比制剂活性代谢物贝那普利拉的主要药代动力学参数如下:C max分别为(270.45±69.07)ng·mL^(-1)和(271.86±65.90)ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-t分别为(1490.10±295.32)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(1487.96±285.39)h×ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-∞分别为(1535.19±289.52)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(1532.63±285.26)h×ng·mL^(-1);T max分别为(1.45±0.47)h和(1.41±0.33)h。餐后组受试制剂和参比制剂贝那普利的C max分别为(102.05±41.17)ng·mL^(-1)和(112.04±49.39)ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-t分别为(149.19±32.76)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(151.70±33.78)h×ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-∞分别为(151.02±33.08)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(154.03±33.99)h×ng·mL^(-1);T max分别为(1.14±0.65)h和(1.09±0.60)h。餐后组受试制剂和参比制剂的活性代谢物贝那普利拉的C max分别为(207.71±50.76)ng·mL^(-1)和(211.68±66.50)ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-t分别为(1366.01±292.24)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(1343.78±315.41)h×ng·mL^(-1);AUC 0-∞分别为(1414.95±297.71)h×ng·mL^(-1)和(1387.03±314.17)h×ng·mL^(-1);T max分别为(2.46±0.87)h和(2.46±0.85)h。受试制剂与参比制剂贝那普利和贝那普利拉的C max、AUC 0-t、AUC 0-∞的几何均值比值的90%置信区间均在80%~125%;T max在两种制剂间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论盐酸贝那普利片的受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。

四逆汤中8种成分在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的研究四逆汤中8种成分在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法SD大鼠灌服四逆汤水煎液(4 g·kg^(-1)),不同时间点采血,LC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱、苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、甘草苷、甘草酸和甘草次酸在相应浓度范围内线性关系良好(r>0.995),日内、日间RSD均<12%,达峰时间(T_(max))分别为(1.08±0.38)h、(1.08±0.38)h、(0.61±0.35)h、(1.32±0.76)h、(1.67±0.29)h、(0.25±0.12)h、(2.50±1.32)h和(10.67±2.31)h;消除半衰期(t_(1/2))分别为(2.68±0.78)h、(2.61±1.68)h、(5.56±3.15)h、(2.47±1.25)h、(9.12±4.89)h、(0.89±0.22)h、(10.50±6.84)h和(7.20±2.97)h;达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为(0.03±0.01)ng·mL^(-1)、(0.02±0.003)ng·mL^(-1)、(1.11±0.15)ng·mL^(-1)、(0.21±0.07)ng·mL^(-1)、(0.06±0.03)ng·mL^(-1)、(14.87±3.84)ng·mL^(-1)、(72.60±35.06)ng·mL^(-1)和(249.83±130.32)ng·mL^(-1);浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC_(0-t))分别为(0.09±0.02)ng·h·mL^(-1)、(0.05±0.009)ng·h·mL^(-1)、(4.09±0.67)ng·h·mL^(-1)、(0.99±0.06)ng·h·mL^(-1)、(0.42±0.03)ng·h·mL^(-1)、(19.04±2.77)ng·h·mL^(-1)、(376.23±48.35)ng·h·mL^(-1)和(2726.65±1172.56)ng·h·mL^(-1)。结论本方法方便、快速,可用于四逆汤各成分的药动学研究。

盐酸二甲双胍片在空腹及高脂餐条件下的人体生物等效性试验

目的评价健康受试者在空腹和高脂餐条件下单次服用盐酸二甲双胍片的生物等效性、相对生物利用度及安全性。方法采用单中心、单剂量、开放、随机、双交叉给药设计,选取2017年9月至10月益阳市中心医院的65例健康受试者作为研究对象,空腹入组32例,餐后入组33例。受试者在服用0.25 g盐酸二甲双胍片后检测血浆中的药物浓度,计算药动学参数,并评价药物的生物等效性。结果空腹入组32例受试者,二甲双胍受试制剂、参比制剂的主要药动学参数:C_(max)分别为(769.310±164.148)ng/ml和(738.720±127.457)ng/ml,AUC_(0-t)分别为(4737.900±920.287)h·ng/ml和(4647.700±869.177)h·ng/ml,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(4808.330±928.534)h·ng/ml和(4717.670±875.598)h·ng/ml。餐后入组33例受试者,二甲双胍受试制剂、参比制剂的主要药动学参数:C_(max)分别为(476.100±99.755)ng/ml和(467.520±94.557)ng/ml,AUC_(0-t)分别为(3677.200±770.824)h·ng/ml和(3673.860±754.462)h·ng/ml,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(3762.760±783.383)h·ng/ml和(3745.280±761.178)h·ng/ml。药代动力学参数C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)、AUC_(0-∞)经过对数转换后进行多元方差分析,几何均值比的90%CI均在80.00%~125.00%范围。结论在空腹和高脂餐条件下给药,受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效,药物的安全性、耐受性良好。

基于液质联用法测定嘧啶核苷类化合物GY005在SD大鼠体内的药代动力学实验研究

建立LC-MS/MS法测定嘧啶核苷类化合物GY005在大鼠血浆中的浓度,并应用于大鼠体内的药代动力学研究。以特非那定为内标,经乙腈-甲醇沉淀蛋白后,采用ACE 5 C4 column(50 mm×2.1 mm,2.5μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水和0.1%甲酸乙腈为流动相,进行梯度洗脱分离,流速0.7 mL·min^(-1),进样量10μL;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子扫描方式,MRM扫描,分别以m/z 445.15→270.10和m/z 472.40→436.40作为化合物GY005和内标(特非那定)的质谱检测条件。大鼠灌服2 mg·kg^(-1)化合物GY005后,不同时间点取样测定其血浆浓度,计算药代动力学参数。雌雄SD大鼠单次静脉注射2 mg·kg^(-1)的受试品后,化合物GY005在雄性大鼠体内的暴露量(AUC_(last))为(228±44)h·ng·mL^(-1),消除半衰期(T_(1/2))为(0.30±0.01)h,清除率(CL)为(149±29)mL·min^(-1)·kg^(-1)。化合物GY005在雌性大鼠体内的暴露量(AUC_(last))为(215±158)h·ng·mL^(-1),消除半衰期(T_(1/2))为(0.32±0.03)h,清除率(CL)为(226±162)mL·min^(-1)·kg^(-1)。雌雄间暴露水平相当,没有显著性差异。这个方法具有简便、灵敏、快捷,适用于化合物GY005的药代动力学研究。

吡嘧司特钾片在中国健康志愿者空腹/餐后的生物等效性研究

目的比较单次空腹与餐后条件下吡嘧司特钾片在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学,评价受试制剂(T)和参比制剂(R)的生物等效性。方法采用随机、开放、单剂量、两周期、双交叉生物等效性试验设计,空腹组与餐后组各入组26名与30名受试者,每周期在空腹状态或餐后状态下服用受试制剂与参比制剂10 mg,在给药周期前后按设计的时间点采集静脉血。用高效液相质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS)测定血浆中的吡嘧司特钾浓度,用Phoenix TM WinNonlin(8.3)软件计算药代动力学参数,对两制剂进行生物等效性分析。结果空腹单次口服给药受试制剂和参比制剂的t 1/2分别为(4.44±0.91)h和(4.49±0.93)h,t max中位数分别为(1.96±1.29)h和(2.18±1.25)h,C max分别为(867.12±205.56)μg·L^(-1)和(863.35±172.03)μg·L^(-1),AUC 0-t分别为(5513.23±1463.67)h·μg·L^(-1)和(5661.32±1628.65)h·μg·L^(-1),AUC 0-∞分别为(5699.81±1477.68)h·μg·L^(-1)和(5849.44±1644.75)h·μg·L^(-1);受试者的主要药代动力学参数C max、AUC 0-t、AUC 0-∞的90%置信区间的统计结果分别为92.49%~107.53%、94.71%~100.67%和95.28%~100.27%,均在80.00%~125.00%范围内,空腹口服受试制剂与参比制剂安全性良好;餐后单次口服给药受试制剂和参比制剂的t 1/2分别为(4.46±0.78)h和(4.51±0.84)h,t max中位数分别为(3.08±1.36)h和(3.28±1.28)h,C max分别为(683.83±111.87)μg·L^(-1)和(689.77±110.24)μg·L^(-1),AUC 0-t分别为(5695.99±1566.05)h·μg·L^(-1)和(5773.60±1551.04)h·μg·L^(-1),AUC 0-∞分别为(5914.06±1551.86)h·μg·L^(-1)和(5967.30±1552.89)h·μg·L^(-1);C max、AUC 0-t、AUC 0-∞的90%置信区间统计结果分别为93.56%~104.69%、96.43%~100.83%和97.29%~101.14%,均在80.00%~125.00%范围内,餐后口服受试制剂与参比制剂安全性良好。结论在空腹与餐后的单次口服给药条件下,两种吡嘧司特钾片具有较好的生物等效性。

利奈唑胺在败血症新生儿中的群体药动学模型构建

目的建立利奈唑胺在新生儿中的药动学模型并优化给药方案。方法前瞻性收集64例使用利奈唑胺抗感染治疗的败血症新生儿为研究对象,采用液相色谱串联质谱法检测血药浓度,收集临床资料,采用非线性混合效应建模法建立群体药动学(population pharmacokinetic,PPK)模型,采用蒙特卡洛模拟和评价不同特征患儿的最佳给药方案。结果利奈唑胺在新生儿体内的药动学特性可用一个具有一级消除的单室模型来描述,表观分布容积和清除率的群体典型值分别为0.79 L和0.34 L/h。拟合优度、可视化验证及自举法结果表明,模型稳健,参数估算及预测结果可靠。蒙特卡洛模拟显示新生儿利奈唑胺最佳给药方案,胎龄(gestational age,GA)28周6 mg/kg,q8h;GA 32周8 mg/kg,q8h;GA 34~37周9 mg/kg,q8h;GA 40周11 mg/kg,q8h。结论该研究建立的PPK模型可为新生儿利奈唑胺的个体化给药提供参考,GA和用药时体重是影响新生儿利奈唑胺清除率的显著性因素。

成人重型血友病A患者凝血因子Ⅷ药代动力学研究

目的:检测成人重型血友病A患者的凝血因子Ⅷ(FⅧ)药代动力学(PK)参数,对PK参数可能的影响因素进行相关性研究,并对患者进行PK指导下的个体化预防治疗。方法:对23例FⅧ抑制物阴性的成人重型血友病A患者的FⅧPK参数进行检测,分析患者年龄、血管性血友病因子抗原(vWF:Ag)水平、血型、体重和体重指数(BMI)、FⅧ基因突变对于FⅧPK参数的影响,并根据PK参数推荐个体化预防方案。结果:FⅧ平均半衰期(t_(1/2))为20.6±9.3(11.47-30.12)h。t_(1/2)随着年龄增长(r=0.580)和vWF:Ag水平升高(r=0.814)呈延长趋势。平均药时曲线下面积(AUC)为913±399(328-1878)IU·h/dl,与年龄(r=0.557)和vWF:Ag水平(r=0.784)呈正相关。平均驻留时间(MRT)为24.7±12.4(13.2-62.2)h,与年龄(r=0.664)和vWF:Ag水平(r=0.868)呈正相关。FⅧ平均回收率(IVR)为2.59±0.888(1.5-4.29)(IU/dl)/(IU/kg),平均清除率(CL)为3±1.58(0.97-7.18)ml/(kg·h),IVR和CL与年龄及vWF:Ag均无明显相关性。PK指导的个体化给药模式下,15例患者为超低剂量、6例为小剂量、2例为中剂量预防方案。结论:成人重型血友病A患者FⅧ半衰期个体差异较大,患者年龄越大,vWF:Ag水平越高,FⅧ半衰期越长。需要根据FⅧPK参数进行个体化给药,以优化预防治疗模式。

万古霉素在重症感染中的治疗药物监测现状及前景

万古霉素被誉为治疗革兰阳性菌感染的最后一道防线,也是推荐的一线用药。因其治疗窗窄,重症患者需监测药物浓度以指导临床安全用药。传统上基于万古霉素谷浓度的治疗药物监测已被临床广泛接受。2009年美国传染病学会(IDSA)指南建议,对于重症患者目标谷浓度为15~20 mg/L。近十余年国内外学者对于该治疗浓度的安全性及有效性评价不一。2020年更新指南提出,肾损伤风险最小、最准确且最佳的给药方法是通过曲线下面积(AUC)指导给药剂量和监测,提倡个体化目标AUC/最低抑菌浓度(MIC)比值为400~600 mg/(h·L)。由此可见目前就万古霉素临床监测指标存在争议。因此,本文就万古霉素治疗重症感染过程中进行治疗浓度监测的手段及策略进行综述,对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义,有助于临床医师制定个体化给药方案,最大程度减少或避免药物毒性。