Research progress in pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3

Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported that the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit a variety of pharmacological actions.For example,the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit an effective inhibitory effect against cancer and induce apoptosis,such as glioma,lung cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,cervical cancer and so on.The anti-cancer effect will be significantly increased by combinning chemotherapy drugs with ginsenoside-Rg3.In addition,ginsenoside-Rg3 can reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs,such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Furthermore,ginsenoside-Rg3 could reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells against anticancer drugs.What′s more,ginsenoid-Rg3 has several other pharmacological actions as follows.At first,ginsenoid-Rg3 appears to anti-fatigue effect by reversing the dopamine reduction induced by fatigue.Secondly,ginsenoid-Rg3 can reverse chemical-induced memory damage and improve memory to exert neuroprotective effect.Finally,ginsenoid-Rg3 can improve mitochondrial function and insulin tolerance in skeletal muscle,suggesting that ginsenoid-Rg3 can be used as a hypoglycemic drug.In this review,I present an overview of the pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3 to provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of ginsenoside-Rg3.

Research Advances in Pharmacological Action and Clinical Application of Periplaneta americana

Researches on pharmacological action and drug development of Periplane- ta americana have demonstrated that it has wide medicinal value, low side effects and rich resources, having good application prospects in medicine field. This article reviewed the researches on pharmacological action and clinical application of Periplaneta americana in order to provide references for the further research and devel- opment of Periplaneta americana medicines.

A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L.

Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed and easily accessible. It contains a variety of toxic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In Eastern medicine, especially in Ayurvedic medicine, D. stramonium has been used for curing various human ailments, including ulcers, wounds, inflammation, rheumatism and gout, sciatica, bruises and swellings, fever, asthma and bronchitis, and toothache. A few previous studies have reported on the pharmacological effects of D. stramonium; however, complete information regarding the pharmacology, toxicity, ethnobotany and phytochemistry remains unclear. Ethnomedicinally, the frequent recreational abuse of D. stramonium has resulted in toxic syndromes. D. stramonium, in the form of paste or solution to relieve the local pain, may not have a deleterious effect; however, oral and systemic administration may lead to severe anticholinergic symptoms. For this reason, it is very important for individuals, mainly young people, to be aware of the toxic nature and potential risks associated with the use of this plant. This comprehensive review of D. stramonium includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and ethnomedicinal uses.

Research Progress of Active Ingredients and Pharmacological Action of Honeysuckle

Honeysuckle, the dry flower bud or with open flower of Lonicerajaponica in caprifoliaceae, has been touted as a cure-all for heat-clearing and detoxifying effect. Honeysuckle contains abundant components such as volatile oil, flavonoids and organic acids, playing the role of antibiosis, antivirus, antiphlogosis, immunopotenfiation and antioxidation. The active ingredients and pharmacological action of honeysuckle are reviewed in the paper, so as to lay the foundation for further application of honeysuckle in veterinary clinic.

Pharmacological Action and Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Liver Injury

According to the different types of liver damage,there should also be different Chinese medicine and dose for different degrees of treatment and protection.This paper studies the Chinese medicine treatment of different types of liver injury,and is expected to provide a reference for the further application of Chinese medicine in liver injury.

Research progress in pharmacological effects of polyphenols in Areca catechu L.

Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.

Research progress on modern pharmacological action of Radix bupleuri

Radix bupleuri is the dried root of Umbelliferae plants Bupleurem chinense DC.or Bupleurem scorzonerifolium Willd.,which are widely distributed in Northeast China,North China,Northwest China,East China,Hubei,Sichuan and other places.The plant roots are excavated in spring and autumn and dried with removing stems and leaves and sediment.Radix bupleuri,one of the oldest and most commonly used Chinese herbal medicine,has a long history of application,with high medicinal value.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Radix bupleuri has pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer,anti-depression,anti-inflammation,heart protection,liver protection,and kidney protection,and mainly plays an role in regulating apoptosis signaling pathway,inflammation signaling pathway,neuroendocrine system,oxidative stress signaling pathway,and fibrosis signaling pathway.This paper reviews the modern pharmacological effects of Radix bupleuri in recent years,in order to provide reference for better research,development and rational utilization of Bupleurum resources.

Review on the Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Action of Ocimum basilicum

Ocimum basilicum has a history of several thousand years,the plant resources are rich,and there are many kinds of chemical constituents and pharmacological activity. In the face of the human body,it has a broad role in many ways. O. basilicum has a long history of folk application and research,and very high officinal,edible and economic value. Combining with modern analysis and detection technology,the effective parts of O. basilicum are studied and utilized. The discovery of new drugs will have important practical significance for the development and application of O. basilicum.

Advances in Pharmacological Studies of Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside

The isoflavone compound Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (CG) is an active monomer component extracted from the dry roots of the leguminous plant Astragalus mongolicus and Astragalus. It is also one of the main active ingredients in the Astragalus that is a commonly used traditional herb. CG has obvious effects of anti-oxidation, anti-virus, inhibition of melanin formation, and immunosuppression. With the advancement of modern technology, it has become a pivotal subject that the adjuvant therapy or even substitute for the synthetic drug of monomer of Chinese herb in medical field. In recent years, with the deepening of research on the mechanism of action of CG, which has been found that its pharmacological effects are very extensive, such as the anti-tumor effect and the effect on cerebrovascular diseases of CG. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects and the latest research progress of CG.

Pharmacological Action of Adenophora Polysaccharides

Adenophora polysaccharides (AP), is an active principle extracted from the root of Adenophorae Potaninii Korsh originated in Gansu Province and isolated with boiling water(1). AP is isolated and purified from the crude drug by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column, with a white powder and mean molecular weight of 8. 3×104 , and [α]D20 of AP is +68(1). AP is only composed of glucose judging

Botanical,chemical,and pharmacological characteristics of Lomatogonium rotatum:A review

Lomatogonium rotatum(L.rotatum)Fries ex Nym,a dry whole grass belonging to the family Gentianaceae,is widely used to treat liver diseases in Mongolian medicine.In Mongolian medicine,L.rotatum Fries ex Nym,also known as Digeda,is a rare medicinal herb with low yield and widespread clinical use.Currently,it is included in over 25 traditional Mongolian medicine prescriptions that help reduce heat,dispel xieri,enhance stomach function,and heal wounds.Recent studies have shown that L.rotatum Fries ex Nym contains a variety of metabolites,including flavonoids,xanthone compounds,terpenoids,organic acids,steroids,and alkaloids.In addition,its anti-hepatitis B,anti-inflammatory,anti-acute liver injury,and anti-obesity effects have been proven by pharmacological studies.In this review,we summarize the ecological resources,traditional pharmacodynamics,chemical constituents,and pharmacological actions of L.rotatum Fries ex Nym,with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for future applied research and new product development.

Research Progress on the Pharmacological Effects and Quality Analysis Methods of Bupleurum

Bupleurum has been used as traditional medicine in China,Japan,South Korea,and other Asian countries for more than 2,000 years.The crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Bupleurum have a variety of biological activities,such as anti-inflammatory,anti-cancer,antipyretic,antibacterial,anti-viral,liver protection,neuroprotection,and immune regxilation.The pharmacological effects of Bupleurum have been classified and summarized in this paper by consulting literatures at home and abroad.At the same time,the quality analysis methods of bupleurum,including high-performance liquid chromatography,thin layer chromatography,ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry,UPLC-QTOF-MS,and so on,are discussed.This paper provides a reference for further research,development,and application of Bupleurum.

Exploration of the oxidative-inflammatory potential targets of Coicis Semen in osteoarthritis:Data mining and systematic pharmacology

On the basis of data mining,systematic pharmacology,molecular docking,and experiment validation,the oxidative-inflammatory molecular targets of Coicis Semen in the therapy of osteoarthritis(OA)were explored.Methods:The association rule analysis was effectively applied to highlight the correlation between Coicis Semen and oxidative inflammation indices.The random walk model was subsequently used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Coicis Semen.Network pharmacology was used to predict network targets.The binding affinity of the active ingredient in Coicis Semen to the key target of OA was also successfully predicted.Results:Coicis Semen showed a significant reduction in oxidative-inflammatory indicators of OA.A total of 108 promising targets were predicted for the 24 bioactive compounds in Coicis Semen.Eight target genes were considered core target genes.The enrichment analysis predicts that Coicis Semen may activate the interleukin(IL)-17,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK),and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kappa B)signaling pathways.Molecular docking demonstrated that stigmasterol,2-monoolein,sitosterol,and sitosterol alpha1 had free binding energies to oxidative and inflammatory targets(MAPK1,Estrogen Receptor 1[ESR1],and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha[PPARA]).Both clinical trials and in vitro cell experiments revealed that Coicis Semen could increase ESR1 and PPAR-αlevels while decreasing MAPK1 levels.Conclusions:Coicis Semen has a remarkable anti-OA effect.Precisely,the major components of Coicis Semen,including stigmasterol,sitosterol alpha1,sitosterol,and 2-monoolein,specifically inhibit MAPK1,ESR1,and PPARA to reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative damage in OA.

Research on Purification Processand PharmacologicalAction of Andrographolide

This paper reviews the purification process,content determination methods and pharmacological action of Andrographolide,aiming to provide new ideas for the subsequent study of Andrographolide and its related drug development and application.

Controversial usages of kratom(Mitragyna speciosa):For good or for evil

Kratom(Mitragyna speciosa)is a plant that grows well in tropical climates such as in Southeast Asia.Traditionally,people discovered it possessed a stimulating effect that relieved tiredness.Furthermore,it contains analgesic and medicinal properties for the treatment of pain,diarrhea,muscle discomfort,and blood pressure and to enhance stamina.Nevertheless,long term or regular consumption of kratom leads to addiction.This is because the main alkaloid of kratom,mitragynine,binds to opioid receptors and exerts a euphoric effect similar to that of morphine,which may lead to death.Due to this reason,kratom has been listed as a regulated substance in many countries including the United States,Thailand,Malaysia,Bhutan,Finland,Lithuania,Denmark,Poland,Sweden,Australia,and Myanmar.Usages of kratom carry two pharmacological effects depending on dosage.Low-dose kratom exerts a stimulating effect that refreshes the user.Highdose kratom exerts sedative effects that can lead to addiction similar to that of morphine.Despite the euphoric effect of kratom,the beneficial values of kratom to human health is indisputable.Therefore,a complete banning of kratom may cause a loss to pharmaceutical industry.Rather,a controlled or selective usage of kratom will be a better choice.

In silico investigation of the association of the TRPM8 ion channel with the pungent flavor of Chinese herbs

Objective:Explicating the property and action of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in the perspectives of modern science deepens the insight into the property of TCM,and provides the basis for new drug discovery and clinical therapy.In this study,we investigated the relationship between transient receptor potential melastatin 8(TRPM8)and pungent flavor using three-dimensional pharmacophores based on virtual screening methods.Methods:Firstly,an inhouse database was established to identify the related pharmacological action according to the traditional Chinese herbs expressing an action of promoting blood circulation.Then,several therapeutic targets,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase(HMG-CoAR),cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP),Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1(NPC1L1)and platelet-activating factor receptor(PAFR),were selected to screen traditional Chinese herbs,and the common virtual screening hits with various hit scores providing data to reveal the correlation among TRPM8 and therapeutic targets.Results:According to the screening results,TRPM8 agonists were able to identify the effective components of pungent herbs and TRPM8,which shares the common virtual screening hits with the therapeutic targets,was considered to be related to the action of pungent taste.Conclusion:The novel ideas and methods in this study are beneficial to unveil the scientific relationship between a TCM property and its action.

Study on Cultivation Techniques for Vernonia anthelmintica Willd

This article focuses on the cultivation techniques and harvesting of Vernonia anthelmintica Willd.At present,the domestic cultivation of V.anthelmintica Willd has not formed a scale,characterized with low seed yield and high harvesting cost.Therefore,it is of great significance to carry out research on the cultivation techniques and yield improvement of V.anthelmintica Willd.

Research Situation of Polysaccharides of Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of polysaccharides content in Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis and its pharmacological action. The results showed that different growth years, different periods, different habitats and different external factors had influences on the change of polysaccharide content in Den- drobii Officinalis Caulis. Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis has certain effects of enhancing immunity, resisting fatigue and oxidation, promoting digestion and salivation secretion, reducing blood sugar and blood pressure, resisting tumor and liver injury, and relaxing bowels. Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis polysaccharides are the main effective components in Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis. The control of Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis polysaccharide content is of great significance to the assurance of the yield and quality of Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis material.

Culture and Sustainable Utilization of Hirudos

In this paper,the resource distribution,pharmacological action and culture status of hirudos were reviewed.Hirudo resources are widely distributed and have a variety of pharmacological effects,but culture is difficult,so the scientific development of hirudos culture and solving the problem of hirudos breeding can alleviate the contradiction in the medicine market and contribute to the sustainable development of hirudo medicine.

Research Progress of Rhodobryum roseum Limpr.

This paper systematically expounds the chemical composition,pharmacological activity and clinical application of Rhodobryum roseum Limpr.,in order to provide a reference for further research and development.