Pharmacological effects of denervated muscle atrophy due to metabolic imbalance in different periods

Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy can potentially cause the decline in the quality of life of patients and an increased risk of mortality.Complex pathophysiological mechanisms with dynamic alterations have been documented in skeletal muscle atrophy resulting from innervation loss.Hence,an in-depth comprehension of the key mechanisms and molecules governing skeletal muscle atrophy at varying stages,along with targeted treatment and protection,becomes essential for effective atrophy management.Our preliminary research categorizes the skeletal muscle atrophy process into four stages using microarray analysis.This review extensively discusses the pathways and molecules potentially implicated in regulating the four stages of denervation and muscle atrophy.Notably,drugs targeting the reactivare oxygen species stage and the inflammation stage assume critical roles.Timely intervention during the initial atrophy stages can expedite protection against skeletal muscle atrophy.Additionally,pharmaceutical intervention in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway associated with atrophy and autophagy lysosomes can effectively slow down skeletal muscle atrophy.Key molecules within this stage encompass MuRF1,MAFbx,LC3II,p62/SQSTM1,etc.This review also compiles a profile of drugs with protective effects against skeletal muscle atrophy at distinct postdenervation stages,thereby augmenting the evidence base for denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy treatment.

Research progress of modern pharmacological effects of Pueraria lobata and its compound clinical application

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Pueraria lobata has been widely recorded in Chinese herbal works of the past dynasties. Modern studies have found that its main chemical components are isoflavones, triterpenoids, saponins, etc., which have antipyretic, anti⁃inflammatory, anti⁃infection, blood pressure, blood sugar, blood lipid, and pharmacological effects such as improving reproductive function. Clinically, it is used in the treatment of diabetic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. in the form of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions. This reseach aims to summarize related articles of Pueraria lobata in the past 5 years, focusing on its pharmacological effects and clinical application of the compound, and provide references for its further development and utilization.

Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Osthole

Osthole has various pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer,anti-inflammation,prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and neuroprotection.This paper reviews the advances in the research of the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of osthole,in order to provide new ideas for further research and clinical application of osthole.

Research Progress on Pharmacological Effects of Lycorine Hydrochloride

Lycoris radiata,a Chinese herbal medicine,is a plant of Amaryllidaceae family,which has the antidotal,expectorant,diuretic,emetic and insecticidal effects.Lycorine hydrochloride is an alkaloid extracted from the bulb of L.radiata.Studies have shown that lycorine hydrochloride has many pharmacological effects(anti-fungal,anti-viral and anti-tumor).In this paper,the related research on pharmacological effects and mechanism of lycorine hydrochloride is systematically summarized in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research and application of lycorine hydrochloride.

Research Progress on Functional Components and Pharmacological Effects of Red Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Red jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),as a traditional Chinese medicine and edible plant,has a long history and extensive uses.Red jujubes are not only widely used in the food industry and traditional Chinese medicine preparations,but also have attracted widespread research interest due to their rich functional components and various pharmacological effects.This paper reviewed the main functional components of jujubes,including polysaccharides,triterpenoid saponins,organic acids and alkaloids,and discussed in detail the pharmacological effects of these components such as blood sugar-regulating,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.Furthermore,the paper also summarized the safety issues such as drug interactions and toxic side effects of jujubes,and prospected the future development direction of jujube research.

Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Celosia L.

Celosia L. is richly distributed in China and there are about 60 species in the world. The chemical constituents of Celosia L. include flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, steroids, organic acids, and cyclic peptides. Which have a variety of effects such as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antitumour. To provide a scientific foundation for the subsequent phase of research and development for Celosia L., 30 years of pertinent global literature is summarized, analyzed, and categorized. An overview of 75 chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and clinical applications is provided.

Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Synephrine Hydrochloride

Synephrine hydrochloride,an alkaloid compound extracted from immature bitter orange,has many pharmacological effects such as anticancer effect,antioxidant effect and antidepression effect.In this paper,the pharmacological effects and mechanism of synephrine hydrochloride were reviewed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of synephrine hydrochloride.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of medicinal plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum

Gynostemma pentaphyllum(G.pentaphyllum)is a traditional medicinal plant with medicinal and economic value.With in-depth research on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects,the applications of G.pentaphyllum have been expanded.G.pentaphyllum has the effects of clearing heat and detoxification,relieving cough and phlegm,nourishing heart,tranquilizing nerves,and can be used to treat gastroenteritis,tracheitis,pharyngitis,hyperlipidemia,and arteriosclerosis.It can also be used to alleviate symptoms such as migraines,insufficient sleep,and white hair.In recent years,G.pentaphyllum has also been used for clinical adjuvant treatment of various cancers.In this study,the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on G.pentaphyllum in recent years were reviewed.This review could provide reference for further development and utilization of G.pentaphyllum.

Chemical constituents,biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.

Review of the pharmacological effects of astragalosideⅣand its autophagic mechanism in association with inflammation

Astragalus membranaceus Bunge,known as Huangqi,has been used to treat various diseases for a long time.AstragalosideⅣ(AS-Ⅳ)is one of the primary active ingredients of the aqueous Huangqi extract.Many experimental models have shown that AS-Ⅳexerts broad beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease,nervous system diseases,lung disease,diabetes,organ injury,kidney disease,and gynaecological diseases.This review demonstrates and summarizes the structure,solubility,pharmacokinetics,toxicity,pharmacological effects,and autophagic mechanism of AS-Ⅳ.The autophagic effects are associated with multiple signalling pathways in experimental models,including the PI3KI/Akt/m TOR,PI3KⅢ/Beclin-1/Bcl-2,PI3K/Akt,AMPK/m TOR,PI3K/Akt/m TOR,SIRT1–NF-κB,PI3K/AKT/AS160,and TGF-β/Smad signalling pathways.Based on this evidence,AS-Ⅳcould be used as a replacement therapy for treating the multiple diseases referenced above.

A critical review on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lilium

Genus Lilium is famous for edible and medicinal function which is related to its chemical constituents and pharmacological effects.Chemical researches showed that genus Lilium genus mainly contains steroidal saponins,polysaccharides,alkaloids and flavonoids.Pharmacological effects of Lilium include anti-tumor,hypoglycemic,antibacterial,anti-oxidation,anti-depression and anti-inflammatory.This paper summarized chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lilium.

Research Progress on Pharmacological Effects of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf,a Traditional Chinese Medicine with Lingnan Characteristics

This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress on the pharmacological effects of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf in recent years,and finds that Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf has good pharmacological effects in many aspects,including anti-inflammation,anti-oxidation,anti-thrombosis,anti-tumor and so on.In particular,more than ten saponins have been found to have good anti-tumor activity and have potential research value,which can provide reference for the full development and utilization of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf resources.

A mini-review on pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rb3,a marked saponin from Panax genus

Ginsenoside Rb3(G-Rb3)is one of the primary active compounds isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer,which belongs to protopanaxadiol ginsenosides(PPD).Based on the structure-activity relationship(SAR)of ginsenosides,the pentose structure of G-Rb3 limited itself to possess more pharmacological activity to a certain extent.However,pharmacokinetics show that G-Rb3 is processed through deglycosylation in the intestinal tract and converted into more active rare saponins,such as Compound K,F2,etc.A series of studies focused on neuroprotection and the cardiovascular system demonstrating its therapeutic potentials,which was achieved by diminishing oxidative stress and apoptosis.Therefore,more systematic and in-depth studies are needed to complete the pharmaceutical value and to promote its clinical applications.This article highlights the multiple pharmacological effects and mechanisms of G-Rb3 and prospects for its development.

Advances in research on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Paecilomyces hepiali

Paecilomyces hepiali is a fungus with edible and pharmaceutic value,isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis.Its main bioactive constituents contain alkaloids,cyclic dipeptides,steroids,organic acids,and polysaccharides.Due to the huge development potential of P.hepiali in the field of food and medicine,it has been developed into a variety of products that cater to the needs of the public.In this paper,the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects of P.hepiali are reviewed,which can provide reference for the development and application of P.hepiali.

Progress of Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus

Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus is a traditional marine drug. There are more than two thousand years of history using clamshell as a component of medicine.After a review of relevant literature at home and abroad for nearly 20 years,the author summarized chemical composition and pharmacological effects of M. meretrix,in order to provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of M. meretrix.

Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Zhuang Medicine Cocculus laurifolius DC.

This paper searched and summarized the relevant research literature on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Cocculus laurifolius DC.,and provides a reference for further research on the quality standard of medicinal materials,clinical drug safety and the development and application of new drugs.The main chemical components of C.laurifolius are isoquinoline alkaloids.C.laurifolius has the pharmacological effects such as analgesic,hypotensive,antibacterial,free radical-scavenging activity,anticonvulsant,neuroprotective activity,anxiolytic and hypnotic effects.

Research Progress on Material Basis,Pharmacological Effect and Clinical Application of Danggui Shaoyao Powder

The research of modern pharmacology displays that main material basis of Danggui Shaoyao Powder exerting efficacy includes ligustilide,paeoniflorin,poria acid,ferulic acid,ligustrazine and so on,and its efficacy is mainly realized by regulating neural receptor-ligand interaction,cytokine release,and TNF-αinflammatory pathway.Systematic study of metabonomics,serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology of Danggui Shaoyao Powder sufficiently clarifies its potential pharmacodynamic mechanism,and it could provide scientific theoretical basis for its clinical application.In this paper,by systemically analyzing material basis of Danggui Shaoyao Powder,and exploring its complex pharmacological mechanism and clinical application in vivo,it could comprehensively understand the clinical value of Danggui Shaoyao Powder,so as to provide beneficial reference for further development of the material basis,quality control and classical prescription of Danggui Shaoyao Powder.

Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Laportea bulbifera

Laportea bulbifera(Sieb.et Zucc.)Wedd.is a perennial herb of Laportea in Urticaceae.At present,more than 90 compounds have been isolated from L.bulbifera,mainly including flavonoids,coumarins,phenolic acids,esters,ketones,phenylpropanoids and steroids,which have anti-inflammatory and analgesic,immunosuppressive,anti-oxidant,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering pharmacological effects.This article summarized the research progress of the pharmacological effects and the chemical constituents of L.bulbifera in recent years,hoping to provide references for its further research and development.

Pharmacological effects of volatileoil from Alpinia officinaruim in treating cardiovascular diseases

Galangal(Alpinia officinaruim Hance)is the rhizome of the perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family.There are many active components in galangal,such as volatile oil,flavonoids,terpenoids,phenylpropanoids and glycosides,among which the content of volatile oil is higher.The bioactivities of galangal volatile oil on health effect includesanti-inflammatory,anti-hypertension,anti-oxidation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is a kind of diseases related to circulatory system,which is also called circulatory system diseases.Over the past decade,the number of people dying from CVD has increased by 12.5%worldwide,and it is now the leading cause of human death worldwide.Studies have shown that galangal volatile oil has good pharmacological effects in treating CVD.①Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism:studies have found that abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to obesity,diabetes,CVD and other diseases.The serum total triglyceride(TG)content in liver and serum will increase in patients with abnormal fat metabolism.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal could increase the excretion of neutral cholesterol,significantly reduce liver TG and serum TG,and thus regulate glucose and lipid metabolism,prevent lipid deposition and prevent CVD.②Improving insulin resistance(IR):inhibition of inflammatory cytokines such as IL^(-1),IL-6 activation and expression of TNF-α,improves IR,thereby protecting myocardium from IR-mediated damage.Through the establishment of endothelial cell injury model induced by high glucose in vitro,it was found that the volatile oil of galangal can significantly reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-8,and inhibit the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by high glucose,suggesting that it has protective effect on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by high glucose.③Regulate blood oxygenation:during acute myocardial hypoxia,the activity of free radical scavenging system is decreased,and oxygen free radicals are produced in large quantity,which reacts with unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane and forms lipid peroxidation,resulting in myocardial structural damage.The results showed that the water extract of Galangal could reduce the content of MDA in blood and protect the SOD activity of ischemic and hypoxic myocardium.④Protective effect of vascular endothelial cells(ES):ES injury is the pathological basis of some cardiovascular diseases.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had a protective effect on ES apoptosis.Compared with the morphology and activity of ES treated with oxidized LDL,galangal volatile oil could ameliorate these morphological changes and improve cell viability.⑤Antiplatelet agglutination:inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane release,improve blood circulation,and have obvious anti-thrombotic effect,which has a good effect on the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and anticoagulant effect.In conclusion,the volatile oil of galangal can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.Based on the mechanism of CVD,this study summarized the role of the essential oil of Alpinia officinaruim in CVD,providing basis for the clinical application of alpiniaofficinalis essential oil in the prevention and treatment of CVD and the development of new drugs.

Study on the Pharmacological Effects of Aucubin

In this paper,the pharmacological effects of aucubin include anti-inflammatory effect,anti-tumor effect,neuroprotective effect,anti-cardiovascular disease effect,hepatoprotective effect,anti-oxidation effect and anti-aging effect,antibacterial effect,anti-diabetes effect and bone protection.The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of aucubin.