Microwave-Assisted Au and Ag Nanoparticle Synthesis: An Energy Phase-Space Projection Analysis

Microwave-assisted synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, as a function of Green Chemistry, non Green Chemistry, and four applicator types are reported. The applicator types are Domestic microwave ovens, commercial temperature controlled microwave chemistry ovens (TCMC), digesters, and axial field helical antennae. For each of these microwave applicators the process energy budget where estimated (Watts multiplied by process time = kJ) and energy density (applied energy divided by suspension volume = kJ·ml-1) range between 180 ± 176.8 kJ, and 79.5 ± 79 kJ·ml-1, respectively. The axial field helical field an-tenna applicator is found to be the most energy efficient (0.253 kJ·m-1 per kJ, at 36 W). Followed by microwave ovens (4.47 ± 3.9 kJ·ml-1 per 76.83 ± 39 kJ), and TCMC ovens (2.86 ± 2.3 kJ·m-1 per 343 ± 321.5 kJ). The digester applicators have the least energy efficiency (36.2 ± 50.7 kJ·m-1 per 1010 ± 620 kJ). A comparison with reconstructed ‘non-thermal’ microwave oven inactivation microorganism experiments yields a power-law signature of n = 0.846 (R2 = 0.7923) four orders of magnitude. The paper provides a discussion on the Au and Ag nanoparticle chemistry and bio-chemistry synthesis aspects of the microwave applicator energy datasets and variation within each dataset. The visual and analytical approach within the energy phase-space projection enables a nanoparticle synthesis route to be systematically characterized, and where changes to the synthesis are to be mapped and compared directly with historical datasets. In order to help identify lower cost nanoparticle synthesis, in addition to potentially reduce synthesis energy to routes informed changes to potentially reduce synthesis energy budget, along with nanoparticle morphology and yield.

PARAMETERS DETERMINATION METHOD OF PHASE-SPACE RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL ENTROPY RATIO AND RBF NEURAL NETWORK

Phase space reconstruction is the first step of recognizing the chaotic time series.On the basis of differential entropy ratio method,the embedding dimension opt m and time delay t are optimal for the state space reconstruction could be determined.But they are not the optimal parameters accepted for prediction.This study proposes an improved method based on the differential entropy ratio and Radial Basis Function(RBF)neural network to estimate the embedding dimension m and the time delay t,which have both optimal characteristics of the state space reconstruction and the prediction.Simulating experiments of Lorenz system and Doffing system show that the original phase space could be reconstructed from the time series effectively,and both the prediction accuracy and prediction length are improved greatly.

Effect of normalized plasma frequency on electron phase-space orbits in a free-electron laser

Irregular phase-space orbits of the electrons are harmful to the electron-beam transport quality and hence deteriorate the performance of a free-electron laser （FEL）. In previous literature, it was demonstrated that the irregularity of the electron phase-space orbits could be caused in several ways, such as varying the wiggler amplitude and inducing sidebands. Based on a Hamiltonian model with a set of self-consistent differential equations, it is shown in this paper that the electron- beam normalized plasma frequency functions not only couple the electron motion with the FEL wave, which results in the evolution of the FEL wave field and a possible power saturation at a large beam current, but also cause the irregularity of the electron phase-space orbits when the normalized plasma frequency has a sufficiently large value, even if the initial energy of the electron is equal to the synchronous energy or the FEL wave does not reach power saturation.

Electrostatic Structure of the Electron Phase-space Holes Generated by the Electron Two-stream Instability with a Finite Width

Space satellite observations in an electron phase-space hole(electron hole) have shown that bipolar structures are discovered at the parallel cut of parallel electric field, while unipolar structures spring from the parallel cut of perpendicular electric field. Particle-in-cell(PIC) simulations have demonstrated that the electron bi-stream instability induces several electron holes during its nonlinear evolution. However, how the unipolar structure of the parallel cut of the perpendicular electric field formed in these electron holes is still an unsolved problem,especially in a strongly magnetized plasma(Ω_e >ω_(pe), where Ω_e is defined as electron gyrofrequency and ω_(pe) is defined as plasma frequency, respectively). In this paper, with two-dimensional(2D) electrostatic PIC simulations, the evolution of the electron two-stream instability with a finite width in strongly magnetized plasma is investigated. Initially, those conditions lead to monochromatic electrostatic waves, and these waves coalesce with each other during their nonlinear evolution. At last, a solitary electrostatic structure is formed. In such an electron hole, a bipolar structure is formed in the parallel cut. of parallel electric field, while a unipolar structure presents in the parallel cut of perpendicular electric field.

Decoherence of a Damped Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator under Magnetic Field Effects in a Two-Dimensional Noncommutative Phase-Space

In this paper, decoherence of a damped anisotropic harmonic oscillator in the presence of a magnetic field is studied in the framework of the Lindblad theory of open quantum systems in noncommutative phase-space. General fundamental conditions that should follow our quantum mechanical diffusion coefficients appearing in the master equation are kindly derived. From the master equation, the expressions of density operator, the Wigner distribution function, the expectation and variance with respect to coordinates and momenta are obtained. Based on these quantities, the total energy of the system is evaluated and simulations show its dependency to phase-space structure and its improvement due to noncommutativity effects and the environmental temperature as well. In addition, we also evaluate the decoherence time scale and show that it increases with noncommutativity phase-space effects as compared to the commutative case. It turns out from simulations that this time scale is significantly improved under magnetic field effects.

Phase-Space Areas of the Body Motion in the Solar System Deduced from the Bohr-Sommerfeld Atomic Theory and Approximate Invariance of Their Ratios for the Pairs of Planets and Satellites

Energy-time and momentum-position phase spaces defined by the electron orbits in the hydrogen-like atom exhibit special properties of equivalence. It is demonstrated that equivalence of the same kind can be obtained for the phase-space areas defined by the orbit pairs of planets, or satellites, which compose the solar system. In the choice of the examined areas it is useful to be guided by the Bohr-Sommerfeld atomic theory.

Continuity Equation in Presence of a Non-Local Potential in Non-Commutative Phase-Space

We studied the continuity equation in presence of a local potential, and a non-local potential arising from electron-electron interaction in both commutative and non-commutative phase-space. Furthermore, we examined the influence of the phase-space non-commutativity on both the locality and the non-locality, where the definition of current density in commutative phase-space cannot satisfy the condition of current conservation, but with the steady state, in order to solve this problem, we give a new definition of the current density including the contribution due to the non-local potential. We showed that the calculated current based on the new definition of current density maintains the current. As well for the case when the non- commutativity in phase-space considered, we found that the conservation of the current density completely violated;and the non-commutativity is not suitable for describing the current density in presence of non-local and local potentials. Nevertheless, under some conditions, we modified the current density to solve this problem. Subsequently, as an application we studied the Frahn-Lemmer non-local potential, taking into account that the employed methods concerning the phase-space non-commutativity are both of Bopp-shift linear transformation through the Heisenberg-like commutation relations, and the Moyal-Weyl product.

Quanta of the Phase-Space Areas Given by Intervals of Energy and Time Associated with Electron Transitions

The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the difference Δn of the quantum numbers n labelling the beginning and end state of emission. It is shown that the phase-space areas formed by products of energy and time involved in the emission can be represented as a quadratic function of Δn multiplied by the Planck constant h.

The Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformation of the Dirac Equation in Noncommutative Phase-Space

A method of Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation for relativistic spin-1/2 particles in external fields is proposed;in the present work the basic properties of the Dirac hamiltonian in the FW representation in the noncommutative phase-space are investigated and the Schrödinger-Pauli equation is found, knowing that the used methods for extracting the full phase-space noncommutative Dirac equation are, the Bopp-shift linear translation method, and the Moyal-Weyl product (*-product).

Generalized Uncertainty Relations, Curved Phase-Spaces and Quantum Gravity

Modifications of the Weyl-Heisenberg algebra are proposed where the classical limit corresponds to a metric in (curved) momentum spaces. In the simplest scenario, the 2D de Sitter metric of constant curvature in momentum space furnishes a hierarchy of modified uncertainty relations leading to a minimum value for the position uncertainty . The first uncertainty relation of this hierarchy has the same functional form as the stringy modified uncertainty relation with a Planck scale minimum value for at . We proceed with a discussion of the most general curved phase space scenario (cotangent bundle of spacetime) and provide the noncommuting phase space coordinates algebra in terms of the symmetric and nonsymmetric metric components of a Hermitian complex metric , such . Yang’s noncommuting phase-space coordinates algebra, combined with the Schrodinger-Robertson inequalities involving angular momentum eigenstates, reveals how a quantized area operator in units of emerges like it occurs in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). Some final comments are made about Fedosov deformation quantization, Noncommutative and Nonassociative gravity.

Revealing nonclassicality via s-ordered phase-space distribution

Nonclassical states play a crucial role in both theoretical and experimental investigations of quantum optics, and there is a wide interest in characterization and quantification of nonclassicality. By exploiting the freedom of the parameter s in the s-ordered phase-space distribution introduced by Cahill and Glauber [Phys. Rev. 177, 1882(1969)], we develop a method to reveal and quantify optical nonclassicality via the divided difference of the s-ordered phase-space distribution. Our approach yields naturally a family of quantifiers of optical nonclassicality, which have many desirable properties such as convexity and monotonicity under the Gaussian noise channels. The quantifiers are illustrated by evaluating nonclassicality of several typical states. Two simple and convenient criteria for nonclassicality are established, which in particular certify all nonclassical Gaussian states.

Calculation of Feynman loop integration and phase-space integration via auxiliary mass flow

We extend the auxiliary-mass-flow(AMF) method originally developed for Feynman loop integration to calculate integrals which also involve phase-space integration.The flow of the auxiliary mass from the boundary(∞) to the physical point(0+) is obtained by numerically solving differential equations with respective to the auxiliary mass.For problems with two or more kinematical invariants,the AMF method can be combined with the traditional differential-equation method,providing systematic boundary conditions and a highly nontrivial self-consistency check.The method is described in detail using a pedagogical example of e+e-→γ*→tt+X at NNLO.We show that the AMF method can systematically and efficiently calculate integrals to high precision.

页岩凝析气受限空间相态及开发特征研究

涪页10井的钻探获取了东岳庙段典型陆相页岩相关特征参数,其页岩储层介孔和大孔发育,非均质性较强,主要孔隙分布在10nm左右。纳米孔中受限流体的临界参数偏移使得受限空间下凝析气的流体性质与常规室内实验测试结果存在差异。为更合理地开采页岩凝析气,结合室内相态实验、受限流体临界参数偏移计算和数值模拟,开展页岩凝析气相态特征分析和开采特征研究,明确凝析气的相态变化规律和开采特征。考虑临界参数偏移的凝析气相态特征计算表明:随着孔隙半径减小,体系组分的临界温度、临界压力降低,相图向左下收缩,露点压力降低,气相黏度降低,偏差因子增加,反凝析液饱和度逐渐降低。通过机理模型分析了临界参数偏移对衰竭开采效果的影响,结果表明:随着孔隙半径减小,天然气采收率基本不变,凝析油采收率逐渐增加,孔隙半径减小至10nm,凝析油采收率增加9.93%。研究结果对页岩凝析气藏开发具有指导意义。

基于虚拟电压矢量的双三相直线磁通切换永磁电机容错SVPWM策略

高可靠性是电梯驱动系统的首要指标。针对双三相直线磁通切换永磁(dual-three-phase linear flux switching permanent magnet,DTP-LFSPM)电机单相开路故障,提出一种基于虚拟电压矢量的容错空间矢量脉宽调制策略。首先,基于单相开路故障下的五维变换矩阵计算得到故障后的32个空间电压矢量分布。然后,筛选部分空间电压矢量,以z子空间电压幅值为零且每个扇区产生对称的脉宽调制波形为目标,重构得到12个虚拟电压矢量,相邻的2个虚拟电压矢量都由3个基本电压矢量组成,并用于合成参考电压矢量,不仅可以减少单相开路故障容错控制时的电流谐波,而且具有计算简单,易于硬件实现等优点。最后,搭建DTP-LFSPM电机驱动控制系统仿真与实验平台,仿真和实验测试结果证明所提容错策略的正确性和有效性。

景观人类学视角下的泮溪酒家保护更新研究

基于景观人类学的理念和方法指导泮溪酒家历史环境的保护更新,以空间生产和场所构建的理论结合人类学田野调查、结构化访谈及大数据分析等方法研究泮溪酒家及所处西关历史环境的“空间”“场所”景观及二者“多相”共生的情况。在此基础上结合泮溪酒家保护更新的实践,以“空间”和“场所”视角扩大研究范围,串联象征符号,挖掘当地居民日常生活实践与社会关系,生产与构建出具有地方特色且符合当地居民情感记忆的景观。最后以“多相律”理论探求内外景观的统一与融合共生,为中国城乡建设中的历史环境保护更新提供新视角与方法论参考。

空频抗干扰对GNSS载波相位测量的影响

对于全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)的抗干扰,最有效的是采用自适应天线阵技术,但这种抗干扰处理会引入与信号入射方向相关的载波相位测量偏差,限制了其在高精确度测量领域的应用。为减小抗干扰处理的偏差,引入测量偏差及其分析方法,建立仿真模型,并搭建软件接收机进行实验。结果表明,在不增加额外约束的条件下,采用空频最小方差无畸变响应算法实现空频抗干扰处理器,不会引入载波相位测量偏差,非常适用于对抗干扰性能和测量精确度均有苛刻要求的场合。

一维超冷原子动量光晶格中的手征对称性破缺拓扑相

对称性在理解物质的拓扑态方面具有关键作用.过去人们认为手征对称性保证了一维晶格的量子化Zak相位及其对应的非平庸拓扑相.本文展现了在一维手征对称性破缺的情况下,晶格系统仍具有量子化Zak相位和非平庸拓扑相.具体而言,在超冷原子动量晶格系统中有效地模拟了一个链长为26、手征对称性破缺的Zigzag模型,其中相等的次近邻耦合强度能够在保留空间反演对称性的同时破坏手征对称性.通过测量原子的时间平均波包位移来获得系统的拓扑不变量,并得到了其对应的量子化的Zak相位.此外,还观测到系统随着最近邻耦合强度比例的变化会从非平庸拓扑相转变为平庸拓扑相.本文不仅为对称性及拓扑相的相关研究提供了一个完全可控的平台,还可以通过控制格点间耦合强度和原子间相互作用,探索例如Tasaki,Aharonov-Bohm caging模型中的平带拓扑以及引入相互作用研究的非线性拓扑现象.

超长空间激光传输数值模拟研究进展

文章主要围绕空间引力波探测中超长空间链路传输部分进行介绍,概述了目前国内外星间传输仿真时采用的计算方法,以及指向抖动引起的相位噪声分析方法。相较于地基引力波探测,空间引力波探测可以有效降低噪声,增加干涉臂长度,从而实现更高精度、更低频率的探测。在长达数百万公里的传输距离,以及皮米量级数值模拟的精度要求下,需要考虑指向角变化引起的相位噪声。研究表明,在2.5×10~9 m的传输距离下,离焦和像散是影响指向抖动噪声的主要像差。通常情况下,相位驻点位置与原点位置存在一定偏离,需要对望远镜角度进行调整,才能使相位噪声最小化。在相位驻点位置进行引力波探测,可以有效降低相位噪声,并降低望远镜出瞳波前的质量要求。而大的离焦像差与小的彗差可以使相位驻点接近光轴,提高接收到的激光功率。

基于复杂网络的交通序列数据特性

为了进一步研究交通流特性,采用复杂网络方法对交通序列数据进行分析。提出了箱型图-聚类算法模型用于识别和填充初始数据中的缺失值和异常值;通过相空间重构方法将一维数据重构为网络节点,选取连接阈值确定网络节点的连接关系,将交通序列数据构建为复杂网络,对复杂网络的结构和定量指标进行分析。研究结果表明交通序列数据复杂网络的结构一定程度上可以反映路段的交通流状态。该结果有助于优化数据预处理方法,拓展复杂网络在交通序列数据研究中的应用。

基于多变量相空间重构和径向基函数神经网络的综合能源系统电冷热超短期负荷预测

为解决能源危机问题,提高能源利用率,综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)成为发展创新型能源系统的重要方向。准确的多元负荷预测对IES的经济调度和优化运行有着重要的影响,而借助混沌理论能够进一步挖掘IES多元负荷潜在的耦合特性。提出了一种基于多变量相空间重构(multivariate phase space reconstruction,MPSR)和径向基函数神经网络(radial basis function neural network,RBFNN)相结合的IES超短期电冷热负荷预测模型。首先,分析了IES中能源子系统之间的耦合关系,运用Pearson相关性分析定量描述多元负荷和气象特征的相关性。然后,采用C-C法对时间序列进行MPSR以进一步挖掘电冷热负荷和气象特征在时间上的耦合特性。最后,利用RBFNN模型对电冷热负荷间耦合关系进行学习并预测。实验结果表明,所提方法有效挖掘并学习电冷热负荷在时间上的耦合特性,且在不同样本容量下具有良好且稳定的预测效果。