普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)AOX基因家族鉴定与表达分析

交替氧化酶(Alternative oxidase,AOX)是一种末端氧化酶,在维持植物正常生长代谢速率和代谢平衡以及抵御逆境胁迫中发挥了一定作用。AOX家族成员已经在很多植物物种中被鉴定,但是在普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)中却未见报道。研究对普通菜豆中AOX家族成员进行了鉴定和分析,并进一步解析了AOX基因家族成员的功能及调控机制。结果表明,基于普通菜豆参考基因组中共挖掘得到了4个AOX家族成员,通过进化关系、保守基序(Motifs)、基因结构分析,将各成员划分成4个亚族。此外,顺式作用元件、共线性与盐胁迫下的表达量分析结果表明,AOX成员可能在植物的非生物胁迫响应中发挥了作用。为后续深入研究普通菜豆中AOX成员的功能奠定了理论基础。

Effect of Biostimulants Based on Natural Products on the Growth and Nutritional Value of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are widely grown in Cameroon and play a key role in the fight against food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty. However, its cultivation encounters problems due to abiotic and biotic stresses, which leads to the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which cause significant damage to the environment and human health due to the presence of synthetics residues in the seeds, pods and in the leaves that are eaten. Promoting the use of natural products is becoming a necessity for organic and eco-responsible agriculture that limits contamination problems and improves people’s purchasing power. This study aims to assess the effect of biostimulants based on natural products on the growth and nutritional value of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bean seedlings from white variety (MEX-142) and red variety (DOR-701) were treated every seven days in the field from their pre-emergence, emergence and growth to their maturation under a randomized block experimental design. Six treatments and three repetitions with the biostimulants based on natural products and controls were thus performed and the agromorphological parameters were measured. After 120 days, the contents of growth biomarkers and defense-related enzymes were evaluated in leaves, while the contents of macromolecules, minerals and antinutrients were evaluated in seeds. These biostimulants significantly increased (P P < 0.0001) of antinutrients including oxalates, phytates, tannins and saponins in seeds compared to controls (T+ and T−). Treatment with biostimulants, in particular BS4, improves the performance of bean plants in the field as well as the biofortification of seeds regardless of the variety.

Comparative Experiments on Different Varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under Dry Farming Conditions

[Objective] The aim was to screen varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L.for cultivation in arid,semi-arid areas.[Method] The cultivation experiments of seven varieties of P.vulgaris under dry farming conditions were carried out in typical dry farming agriculture region Yangqu County in North China.[Result] The plants of Teyoutejiadou,Chaojiwujing and Xinxinyichiqingyuanlong were relatively strong;the growth rate of Aifeng,Jingxuanjiadouwang and Chaochangsijidou was relatively rapid;the transpiration rate of functional leaves of Aifeng was the lowest.The yield of Tianma 95-33 jiadouwang was significant higher than that of other varieties,the unit yield was up to 36.33 t/hm2,which was 1.39 times higher than that of Aifeng and 1.9 times higher than that of Xinxinyichiqingyuanlong;followed by the yield of Aifeng（26.07 t/hm2）,which was 1.37 times higher than that of Xinxinyichiqingyuanlong.[Conclusion] The yield of Tianma 95-33 jiadouwang and Aifeng was relatively high,as well as the protein content,indicating that they were suitable to be applied and cultivated in the experimental plot and surrounding areas.

紫冠豆角(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)种子中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的提取及其性质研究

本研究采用盐溶的方法从紫冠豆角(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)种子中提取α-淀粉酶抑制剂(α-AI),将提取的α-AI用不同温度和pH处理,并评价其稳定性。在此基础上,以提取物对猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的抑制活性(IC_(50))为指标,分析了豆粉的细度(A)、料液比(B)、盐溶时间(C)三个因素对α-AI提取效果的影响,利用响应面分析法优化提取条件,通过对老豆角种子的深加工,实现提高其附加值的目的。结果表明:该α-AI为耐热性蛋白,在pH4~10的范围性质稳定,影响α-AI的IC_(50)因素按主次顺序排列为:豆粉的细度>料液比>盐溶时间,确定提取α-AI最佳工艺条件为:豆粉过60目筛(粒径<0.3 mm),料液质量体积比为1∶12(g/mL)、盐溶时间7.75 h。紫冠豆角种子α-AI的IC_(50)最优值为27.036±0.235μg/mL。

Leaf area development, dry weight accumulation and solar energy conversion efficiencies of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under different soil moisture levels near Nairobi, Kenya

Leaf area development, dry weight accumulation and solar energy conversion efficiencies of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv GLP\|2 under two soil moisture levels in two contrasting seasons near Nairobi, Kenya were investigated. The experiment confirms that dry weights and yields of Phaseolus vulgaris are limited by a drought induced decrease in leaf area, leading to less radiation interception as a source for assimilation. However, photosynthetic efficiency in Phaseolus vulgaris also appears to decrease and to contribute to these effects. Finally, an even larger decreases of economic efficiency as obtained in the second season, where stress lasted much later into the season, reveals that such a drought also limits considerably the partitioning and translocation of assimilates to the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. The efficiencies obtained are in line with the better literature data for other crops.

Effects of Different Ridge Culture Ways on Stem Diameter,Plant Height,the Number of Leaves and Yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under Dry Farming Conditions

The variety "Aifeng" was used as experimental material,and the stem diameter,plant height,the number of leaves and yield of P. vulgaris under three ways of ridge culture (bedding,high ridge and M ridge) were observed and detected to study the effects of different ridge cultures on the growth and yield. The results showed that the stem diameter,plant height,the number of leaves and yield under M ridge culture were higher than that of bedding and high ridge.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Ontogenetic Development of Shoot Induced from Embryonic Axes of Costa Rican Bean Varieties (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) under <i>in Vitro</i>Conditions by Scanning Electronic Microscopy

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an economic important crop and one of the major grain legumes for human consumption in Latin America, Africa and Asia. A morphological study of shoot induced from embryonic axes development in four Costa Rican bean varieties (Brunca, Huetar, Guaymi and Bribri) cultivated on MS media with or without 5 mg·L–1 de N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was developed in the present work. Micrographs showed similarities and differences in the ultrastructure of the apical dome, epidermal surface, stomata and different types of trichomes in the varieties cultivated on organogenesis media. Genotypes with advantageous morphological characteristics for genetic transformation, in particular an exposed apical dome, were identified. This work will contribute to the optimization of the in vitro regeneration of four common bean varieties.

Insight into Genetic Diversity of Cultivated Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) in Benin

Lima bean is a tropical and subtropical legume from the genus Phaseolus which is cultivated for its importance in food and in medicine, but which remains a Neglected and Underutilized Crop in Benin. Understanding the genetic diversity of a species’ genetic resources is useful for the establishment of appropriate conservation strategies and breeding programs and for sustainable use. We use 6 out of ten SSR markers to analyze the diversity and population structure of 28 Lima bean landraces collected in Benin. A total of 28 alleles with an average of 4.16 alleles per SSR were amplified. The Polymorphic Information Content value ranged from 0.079 to 0.680 with an average of 0.408. The analysis of population structure revealed three subpopulations. PCoA revealed three well-separated clusters among the analyzed accessions in accordance with the population structure results and the clustering based on the Neighbor-Joining tree. AMOVA showed highly significant (p = 0.001) diversity among and within populations. Hence, 32% of the genetic variation was distributed among the population and 68% was distributed within populations. A high PhiP value (0.321) was found between the three sub-subpopulations indicating a high genetic differentiation between these sub-subpopulations. By exhibiting the highest average number of alleles, Shannon-Weaver information and Shannon-Weaver diversity indices, and the highest mean number of private alleles, subpopulation 1 is the main gene pool of the analyzed collection. The present study is an important starting point for the establishment of appropriate conservation strategies and breeding programs for Lima bean genetic resources.

Sulfentrazone plus a Low Rate of Halosulfuron for Weed Control in White Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.)

Halosulfuron was recently registered as the second soil-applied herbicide for broadleaf weed control in Ontario dry beans, but does not provide an alternative mode of action. Sulfentrazone is used to control broadleaf weeds in soybean and other pulse crops, and its registration for Ontario dry beans would provide a different mode of action for broadleaf weed control. Five field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine if the spectrum of broadleaf weed control is improved by adding a half-rate of halosulfuron to sulfentrazone PRE, and to determine the tolerance of white bean to sulfentrazone (140 or 210 g ai ha-1), s-metolachlor (1050 g ai ha-1), and halosulfuron (17.5 g ai ha-1) applied alone and in combination. Crop injury was assessed at 2 and 4 weeks after crop emergence. Weed control was assessed at 4 and 8 weeks after herbicide application (WAA), and weed density and biomass were determined at 8 WAA. Seed moisture and yield were determined at harvest. Halosulfuron added to sulfentrazone improved the control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sinapis arvensis. Sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused up to 23% crop injury. Therefore, this study concludes that sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron provides broad spectrum weed control, but is too injurious to white bean for registration in Ontario.

Response of Eight Market Classes of Dry Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) to Pendimethalin

There is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to pendimethalin. Field studies were conducted in 2007 to 2009 at Exeter, Ontario and in 2008 and 2009 at Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, Small Red Mexican and white bean to the pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated at 1080 and 2160 g.a.i.ha-1. Pendimethalin PPI caused minimal injury in most market classes of dry bean at 1 and 2 WAE. There was no injury in various market classes of dry bean with the low dose at 1 and 2 weeks after emergence (WAE). However, at the high dose there was 0 to 4% injury at 1 WAE and 0 to 7% injury at 2 WAE in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Pendimethalin PPI was more injurious in white bean than in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto and SRM bean. Pink and SRM bean exhibited the most tolerance to pendimethalin applied PPI at 1080 g.ai.ha-1 or 2160 g.ai.ha-1. Pendimethalin caused no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and seed yield of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety for pendimethalin applied PPI at the proposed dose of 1080 g.ai.ha-1 in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean in Ontario.

Effect of Cooking on Amylose Contents of Mungbean （Phaseolus aureus） and Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.） Varieties

Keeping in view the importance of amylose for various food industries as well as its importance on domestic level, the current study was conducted to analyze the amylose content of pulses of common use e.g. mungbean （NM-92, NM-98 and Ramazan） and kabuli type chickpea （CMNKI0-99, CMNK452-2 and Hassan 2k） varieties and quantifying the influence of cooking （boiling） on the amylose contents of pulses. The data revealed that moisture and arnylose content of uncooked mungbean varieties ranged 9.01-9.47% and 20.06-22.26% respectively. The moisture and amylose content of Kabuli type chickpea varieties varied 8.52-8.79% and 20.25-22.83% respectively. Moisture content of mungbean （64.16-66.08%） as well as chickpea （55.56-61.52%） varieties increased after cooking. For all the three varieties of mungbean the observed cooking time was 11 minutes. The maximum value of amylose content was assayed for NM-98 （20.74%） followed by Ramzan （20.24%）. The cooking time of Kabuli type chickpea varieties CMNK-452-2 and CMNK-10-99 was 60 min. Hassan 2K observed more cooking time （90 min） and highest value of amylose content in cooked （19.01%） samples. The effect of cooking/varietals on sensory evaluation （appearance, flavor, texture and overall acceptability） of mungbean varieties was statistically non significant attributes. Among chickpea varieties, Hassan 2K was ranked lowest due to its small size and hard texture and the sensory attributes were statistically significant （P 〈 0.05） as compared to the other two varieties.

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and Nitrogen Assimilation in Green Bean Plants Supplied with Two Sources of Silicon

Beans contain a wide range of vitamins,proteins,calcium,and zinc which make them an important food source for many countries.To meet the demand for bean production worldwide,large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides are used.However,the cost of production and environmental impact increases.To produce food sustainably,the use of beneficial nutrients such as silicon as a biostimulant has been proposed.However,information about the effect of different sources of silicon on the metabolism of bean plants is scarce.Bean plants cv.Strike were grown in pots for 60 days and the effect of foliar application of silicon nanoparticles and the silicon-based biostimulant Codasilat 4 concentrations(0,1,2,and 4 mM)on total biomass,yield,photosynthetic pigment concentration,photosynthetic activity,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,chlorophyll fluorescence,and nitrogen assimilation were evaluated.The results obtained showed that the supply of silicon at a dose of 1 mM functioned as a biostimulant,favoring gas exchange and nitrogen assimilation within the plant,which stimulated growth and yield.The results of this research work allowed a better comprehension of the effects of silicon application through silicon nanoparticles and the biostimulant Codasilon the physiology of green bean plants.

Nutritional and Mineral Variability in 52 Accessions of Common Bean Varieties(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)from Madeira Island

The Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the traditional and most important leguminous crops in the Island of Madeira. The island’s bioclimatic tiers, agro-ecological environment and traditional farming practices had a great influence on the evolution of regional bean landraces. The variability of the nutritional and mineral seeds composition of 59 accessions of the Madeiran landraces, standard and commercial varieties was evaluated. Wide ranges of variability in biochemical parameters were reported among the Madeiran landraces, being the best sources of protein and mineral nutrition, according to the statistical results and literature comparative evaluation. Specifically, the content (g per 100 g DW) of ash ranged from 3.64-5.67, lipids from 0.57-2.86, protein from 18.55-29.69, starch from 23.40-52.65, soluble sugars from 2.97-6.84, while content of dry matter was from 83.35-93.55. The seeds also contained (per 100 g DW) between 2.55-4.83 g N, 0.30-7.50 g P, 1.30-2.49 g K, 0.10-0.18 g Mg, 4.10-10.00 mg Fe, 50.0-1.40 mg Cu, 2.20-5.00 mg Zn, 0.90-3.80 μg Mn and 0.20-2.40 μg B. This variability implies that the screened germplasm could serve as a source for breeding new varieties with improved biochemical and nutritional traits or could be highly recommended to meet specific dietary requirements. The cultivar Vaginha Grossa (ISOP 713) revealed low carbohydrate content that could be a good food choice for diabetics, while cultivar Vermelho (ISOP 724) bean should be offered as a valuable alternative source of protein and minerals in the local diet.

交替呼吸途径对CuCl_2胁迫下菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ的保护作用

以"农普"12号菜豆幼苗为材料,采用1 mmol·L^(-1)的水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)抑制交替呼吸途径活性,探讨了在Cu Cl_2胁迫下交替呼吸途径对菜豆幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ的保护作用。结果表明,随着Cu Cl_2胁迫浓度的增加,菜豆幼苗叶片潜在最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、光适应下叶片的最大光化学效率F_v'/F_m'、PSⅡ的实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)以及光化学猝灭系数q P、叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势,而非光学猝灭系数NPQ和交替呼吸途径的容量水平则呈上升趋势。较之在Cu Cl_2处理下的菜豆幼苗,用交替呼吸途径抑制剂预处理后的菜豆再置于Cu Cl_2的胁迫下,则会导致F_v/F_m、F_v'/F_m'、Y(Ⅱ)、q P以及叶绿素含量的进一步下降和NPQ的进一步上升。上述观察表明,在Cu Cl_2胁迫下交替呼吸途径可以缓解PSⅡ光化学效率的下降、维持PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度、减少天线色素的热耗散以及缓解叶绿素含量的降低,从而保护菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ免受Cu Cl_2胁迫的伤害。

Al^（3＋）对绿豆根生长和根类细胞核仁的影响

研究了不同浓度铝离子［ｃ（Ａｌ３＿）＝１０１，１０－２，１０－３，１０－４和平共处０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）］对绿豆（ＰｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｒａｄｉａｔｕｓＬ．）根生长及根尖细胞核仁的影响．结果表明：ｃ（Ａｌ３＋）在１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上时对根生长和根尖细胞核仁都有着抑制作用．该仁受毒害后．核仁物质外溢细胞质内，严重时核仁物质几乎占据整个细胞质．该现象在分生组织细胞和根冠细胞中都可以观察到．

大鼠下丘脑室旁核的传出投射——PHA-L研究

下丘脑室旁核(PVN)的传出投射在24只Wistar大鼠用PHA-L免疫组化顺行追踪的方法予以研究。PVN对隔区、斜角带、杏仁体、视前区、下丘脑前区、下丘脑许多部位、丘脑中线若干核团和盖前区等基底前脑结构;对中脑中央灰质和艾魏核、脑干网状结构和中缝核、兰斑臂旁区、孤束迷走复合体、疑核和疑核周区、延髓腹侧区等脑干结构,对脊髓外侧颈核、外侧脊核、胸腰骶节中间外侧柱及中央管周围区域等部位有广泛的投射。其中对正中隆起和漏斗柄,脑干和脊髓的自主神经节前神经元区,脑干调节自主活动的中枢以及儿茶酚胺能神经细胞群所在区域有特别丰富的投射。本文就PVN的传出投射进行了讨论。认为PVN是心血管活动中枢调节的重要部位,同时认为PVN的作用不是单系统单方面的,它在下丘脑对自主活动的中枢调节中似乎占据一个关键性的位置。

绿豆幼苗发育初期Pchlide光还原的研究

为了探讨被子植物幼苗发育初期Pchlide还原机制,本文采用不同波长的光照和抗生素处理,分析了光照诱导绿豆黄花幼苗发育初期Pchlide和Chlide的变化以及抗生素对Pchlide和Chlide的变化的影响。结果表明:绿豆黄化幼苗在光照最初0.5 h,单色光有利于Pchlide的还原和新Pchlide的生物合成;光照2 h后,单色光不利于Chlide的酯化;CH明显抑制绿豆幼苗子叶Chlide的酯化速度,说明Chlide的酯化是受细胞核基因控制。

Absorption of Glycine by Three Agricultural Species Under Sterile Sand Culture Conditions

Seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) and mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) were grown for 30 days in sterile sand media with 6 N treatments, i.e. NH4+-N, glycine-N, 3 different ratios of glycine-N:NH4+-N (NH4+-N was labeled with 15N) and a control receiving no N, to assess the importance of amino acids in excessive N nutrition along with inorganic N interactions. The contribution of nitrogen derived from glycine-N to total plant N was investigated. The total plant N of the three species treated with N was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the control treatment. Also, seedlings from all the three species had significantly more total N as NH4+-N (P < 0.05) than at least two of the four treatments with glycine-N. However, for all species, differences in total N among treatments with a mixture of glycine-N and NH4+-N were mostly not significant. The contribution of N derived from glycine-N to plant total N content for all species increased with increasing glycine-N:NH4+-N ratio in the treatment solution. These results indicated that agricultural plants could effectively use organic nitrogen from organic nitrogen sources (e.g., glycine) and from organic and inorganic N mixtures (e.g., a glycine-N and NH4+-N mix). There were also genotypic differences in glycine-N and NH4+-N uptake by agricultural species.

Foliar Application of Calcium and Molybdenum in Common Bean Plants: Yield and Seed Physiological Potential

The foliar application of micro- and macronutrients is often practiced by farmers to improve yield and seed physiological potential. For calcium and molybdenum, positive results have been observed, even in soils with high nutrient content. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of foliar applications of calcium and molybdenum on yield and seed physiological potential in common bean plants. A randomized block design was implemented, with the treatments fixed in a factorial scheme: two molybdenum rates (with or without) and four calcium rates, with four replications. The calcium rates applied on the leaves were 0, 150, 300 and 600 g·ha-1 for the first year of the investigation (2005) and 0, 300, 600 and 900 g·ha-1 for the second year (2006). In both years, the molybdenum rates applied on the leaves were 0 g·ha-1 (without) and 75 g·ha-1 (with). The results showed that the foliar calcium application, with or without molybdenum, did not improve yield. Foliar application of calcium alone improved seed physiological potential in common bean plants when applied at the full bloom stage.

Physiological Performance of Common Bean Seeds Treated with Bioactivator with and without Moisture Restriction

The commonbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important agricultural crop due to its nutritional properties. Insecticides and fungicides employed to control pests and diseases in the common bean may cause as yet unknown effects on the plant’s morphology and metabolism. Bioactivators are complex organic substances, capable of exerting modification upon growth patterns, plant DNA transcription, gene expression, metabolic enzymes and mineral nutrition. Thiamethoxam insecticide has shown positive action on the enhancement of vigor expression, phytomass accretion and the promotion of deeper root systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of thiamethoxam on the physiological performance of common bean seeds. Seeds from cultivars Pérola and IAPAR Siriri were treated to thiamethoxam concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mL&middotkg-1 seed. Physiological quality was measured through tests for germination value, first count, cold test, accelerated aging and seedling shoot and root lengths, all undertaken in the presence and absence of moisture stress. Thiamethoxam stimulated the physiological performance of common bean seeds under moisture stress or in the absence of it, with levels varying according to cultivar and seed lot. The best physiological seed performance was obtained within the range of 200 mL&middotkg-1 seed to 400 mL&middotkg-1 seed.