Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part I: Continuous Conduction Mode

A general approach is presented by which the exact frequency response of any transfer function of switched linear networks can be determined. This is achieved with a describing function approach using a state space equation formulation. This work presents a somewhat simplified set of equations to one previously given by one of the authors. To demonstrate application of the general formulation, the frequency responses of switched networks used as PWM DC-to-DC converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) under voltage mode control are derived. (The accompanying paper, Part II, will present results for converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)). From the general sets of equations developed here, both the control to output and input source variation to output frequency responses are derived. The describing function approach enables exact frequency response determination, even at high frequencies where the accuracy using average models may be compromised. Confirmation of the accuracy of the derived models is provided by comparing the responses with those obtained using the commercial simulator PSIM on a PWM boost converter. The magnitude and phase responses are shown to match perfectly over the full range of frequencies up to close to half the switching frequency. Matlab code that implements the models is given such that the user can easily adapt for use with other PWM converter topologies.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part II: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

This paper follows on from the first paper, Part I, where a general formulation of a describing function approach to frequency response determination of switched linear networks, such as PWM converters, was simplified and updated. The models assume a piecewise linear state space equation description of the system and results in a closed form solution for the sought after frequency response. In Part I, model derivation was demonstrated for the case of PWM converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). This operating mode does not feature any state dependent switching times. In this paper, Part II, frequency response models for any transfer function for PWM converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are derived based on the theory presented in Part I. This operating model features state dependent switching times. The describing function models developed are exact and therefore, in terms of accuracy, are to be preferred over averaged models which are widely used. The example of a boost dc-to-dc converter operating in DCM is simulated to obtain the control to output and input to output frequency responses and are compared with the models derived here. Excellent agreement between the simulated and model responses was found. Matlab code implementing the analytical models is also presented which the user can adapt for any other PWM converter topology. The models derived here may be used as a basis from which simplified models may be derived while still preserving required accuracy.

Energy Factor and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters

Mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters is a historical problem accompanying DC/DC conversion technology since 1940’s. The traditional mathematical modelling is not available for complex structure converters since the differential equation order increases very high. We have to search other way to establish mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters.We have theoretically defined a new concept-Energy Factor （EF） in this paper and researched the relations between EF and the mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters. EF is a new concept in power DC/DC conversion technology, which thoroughly differs from the traditional concepts such as power factor （PF）, power transfer efficiency （η）, total harmonic distortion （THD） and ripple factor （RF）. EF and the subsequential EFV (and EFVD) can illustrate the system stability, reference response and interference recovery. This investigation is very helpful for system design and DC/DC converters characteristics foreseeing. Two DC/DC converters: Buck converter and Super-Lift Luo-Converter as the samples are analysed in this paper to demonstrate the applications of EF, EFV (and EFVD), PE, SE, VE （and VED）, time constant τ and damping time constant τd.

基于移相控制统一模型的双有源桥DC-DC变换器基波环流优化控制策略

为充分利用双有源桥DC-DC变换器的容量,减小无功功率,提升工作效率,提出一种基于变换器移相控制统一模型的基波环流优化控制策略。通过引入基波移相比对变换器的所有移相控制方式进行统一描述,并采用傅里叶分解法建立全桥交流电压及电感电流的统一模型。该统一模型降低了多控制变量下变换器多模态分析的复杂性,适用于不同移相控制的所有工作模式,具有普适性。基于频域分析法和功率因数角,构建变换器传输功率及无功功率的统一数学模型。在此基础上,提出考虑无功基波分量的环流优化控制策略,并对传导损耗进行建模与分析。该策略简单有效,能够很好地减小变换器无功功率和改善系统效率,更有利于工程实际的应用。搭建了实验平台,对比了所提基波环流优化控制策略与传统移相控制方式下变换器的功率因数及变换效率,仿真和实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性和所提控制策略的可行性。

三有源桥DC-DC变换器广义状态空间平均模型及控制策略研究

基于移相加占空比控制策略的三有源桥TAB(triple active bridge)DC-DC变换器具有效率高和软开关范围可扩展等优点,但其小信号建模过程复杂、闭环控制环路参数整定困难。针对该问题,提出1种TAB工作在移相加占空比控制下的全阶连续广义状态平均建模和PI控制器设计方法。首先,分析TAB的运行原理和Y型等效结构;然后,结合移相加占空比控制的特点和交流方波源等效方法,推导出TAB的广义状态空间平均模型;接着,在推得模型的基础上求得输入到输出的传递函数,设计出PI控制器参数。最后,结合数字仿真及样机实验验证了所提方法的正确性及有效性。

基于MPC的耦合电感飞跨电容双向DC/DC变换器功率均衡解耦控制策略

耦合电感功率变换器因耦合电感阻抗、电感值等参数差异易导致功率不均衡。针对耦合电感飞跨电容双向DC/DC变换器,提出一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的功率均衡解耦控制策略。通过对变换器原理进行分析,建立基于电感电流解耦的数学模型,得到包括电感电流和飞跨电容电压等6个控制变量的解耦控制方法。在此基础上,提出基于MPC的功率均衡解耦控制策略。同时,为降低MPC算法的运算负荷,根据解耦控制模型重构模型预测价值函数,实现各控制变量独立动态寻优,使系统能在稳定控制输出电压及飞跨电容电压的同时,实现两相耦合电感的功率均衡控制。最后,通过理论分析及实验对所提策略进行有效验证。

不平衡电网下AC-DC矩阵变换器的新型模型预测控制

为降低AC-DC矩阵变换器在输入不平衡条件下网侧有功功率波动,以及离散型模型预测控制中开关频率不固定的问题,提出一种新型模型预测控制方法。通过根据电网电流相位角选择有效矢量,避免了传统模型预测控制评估价值函数计算的负担。提出了一种二阶扩展复数卡尔曼滤波器,计算精度可以达到泰勒级数展开的二阶项,新型模型预测控制能够在不平衡电网系统中应用。仿真结果表明:所提控制策略在输入电压不平衡工况下,能够有效抑制网侧电流谐波,稳定系统输出的有功功率,并且表现出良好的性能。

Modeling and Current Programmed Control of a Bidirectional Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

Modelling of bidirectional full bridge DC-DC converter as one of the most applicable converters has received significant attention. Mathematical modelling reduces the simulation time in comparison with detailed circuit response;moreover it is convenient for controller design purpose. Due to simple and effective methodology, average state space is the most common method among the modelling methods. In this paper a bidirectional full bridge converter is modelled by average state space and for each mode of operations a controller is designed. Attained mathematical model results are in a close agreement with detailed circuit simulation.

电机控制器直流侧前置双有源桥DC-DC变换器的模型预测与应力优化混合控制

将双有源桥DC-DC变换器置于电动汽车动力电池与电机逆变器之间,可以根据电机实时转速动态调节系统直流母线电压,提升电机驱动系统的能量变换效率。然而,直流母线电压的大范围变化会带来双有源桥DC-DC变换器电流应力剧增的挑战。为此,该文分析直流母线电压动态变化条件下双有源桥DC-DC变换器的电流应力变化规律及优化方法,在此基础上提出一种模型预测与应力优化混合控制策略,将电流应力优化控制嵌入到模型预测控制中,在降低电流应力的同时还能提高系统的稳态和动态性能。另外,为了抑制模型参数失配对模型预测控制的不利影响,提出一种基于输出反馈的误差校正方法,以提高模型预测控制的参数鲁棒性。原型样机实验结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性,为直流侧前置双有源桥DC-DC变换器的电机控制器设计与控制提供了理论依据。

开关电容DC-DC转换器:从变压器模型到电路的演进

开关电容(Switched Capacitor,SC)DC-DC转换器在很多领域有着广泛的应用。为应对大电压转换比(Voltage Conversion Ratio,VCR)的情况,前人提出了诸多拓扑结构。常用的拓扑结构包括Dickson,Cockcroft-Walton,Series-Parallel,Ladder,Fibonacci,Divider等等。这些拓扑结构有着各自的性能特点,适用于不同的场景。然而,对于这些不同的拓扑结构是如何产生的,本质的区别是什么,各自的优缺点是什么,并无直观的解释和分析。因此,该文从开关电容DC-DC转换器的等效变压器模型入手,分析了各个拓扑之间的本质区别,并展示了从等效模型到实际电路的演进过程,解释了规则和原因。

V2G车网互联的双向AC/DC变换器直流阻抗模型及特性分析

双向AC/DC变换器的控制及直流输出阻抗是电动汽车充电桩并网运行及稳定性分析的关键。首先,提出含直流下垂环节的虚拟同步电机(VSM)控制策略,并利用上层功率指令实现双向AC/DC变换器直流电压的无差调节。然后,建立VSM功率控制环小信号模型,分析有功功率传输、有功功率指令与直流电压间的交互作用及影响。接着,建立双向AC/DC变换器在直流下垂VSM控制策略下的直流输出阻抗模型,详细分析阻尼系数、惯性系数、直流侧电容、传输功率、直流下垂系数等关键参数对直流输出阻抗的影响。最后,通过仿真及阻抗测量验证了所提直流下垂VSM控制策略的有效性和阻抗模型的正确性。

Model Predictive Control Strategy of Multi-Port Interline DC Power Flow Controller

There are issues with flexible DC transmission system such as a lack of control freedom over power flow.In order to tackle these issues,a DC power flow controller(DCPFC)is incorporated into a multi-terminal,flexible DC power grid.In recent years,a multi-port DC power flow controller based on a modular multi-level converter has become a focal point of research due to its simple structure and robust scalability.This work proposes a model predictive control(MPC)strategy for multi-port interline DC power flow controllers in order to improve their steady-state dynamic performance.Initially,the mathematical model of a multi-terminal DC power grid with a multi-port interline DC power flow controller is developed,and the relationship between each regulated variable and control variable is determined;The power flow controller is then discretized,and the cost function and weight factor are built with numerous control objectives.Sub module sorting method and nearest level approximation modulation regulate the power flow controller;Lastly,theMATLAB/Simulink simulation platformis used to verify the correctness of the establishedmathematicalmodel and the control performance of the suggestedMPC strategy.Finally,it is demonstrated that the control strategy possesses the benefits of robust dynamic performance,multiobjective control,and a simple structure.

一种交错并联双向DC-DC变换器的新型磁集成技术

为了提高交错并联双向DC-DC变换器的功率密度,降低高频工作下的磁心损耗,提高变换器的整体效率,该文提出一种新型磁集成电感结构,采用分段绕组优化设计,通过计算磁心气隙以及各磁柱绕线匝数等参数,将两个分立的电感集成在一个EE型磁心上。使磁元件体积和重量分别减小了48.2%和46.7%。与现有的交错并联磁集成方案相比,该方法能有效降低磁心的饱和度,使磁心上的磁通分布更加均匀,减小电感磁心损耗,提高系统效率。最后,通过有限元仿真和实验样机验证该设计的正确性和有效性.

用于多交流系统耦合下MMC-HVDC稳定性分析的模块化阻抗建模方法

模块化多电平换流器(MMC)换流站与风电或电网等交流系统之间均存在振荡风险,严重削弱了系统的稳定运行能力。阻抗分析方法是分析振荡问题的一种简单有效的手段。然而,多交流系统耦合下基于模块化多电平换流器的高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)的阻抗建模目前尚未形成统一的认识。本文提出一种“子系统划分-交流系统阻抗提取-直流端口阻抗等效与聚合”的模块化建模思路。首先根据稳定性分析需求进行子系统划分,然后提取各交流系统的频域阻抗特性,最后采用多谐波线性化方法建立MMC换流站的直流端口阻抗模型,并依据直流网络结构进行聚合。搭建了基于Matlab/Simulink的四端MMC-HVDC系统电磁暂态(EMT)平台,仿真结果验证了模型的正确性和建模方法的有效性。

联接弱交流电网MMC-HVDC系统的直流功率传输能力提升方法

模块化多电平换流器高压直流输电(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)由于具备自换相能力,尤其适用于向弱交流电网供电。交流系统强度降低时,会制约系统的直流功率传输能力,甚至导致系统失稳。针对联接弱交流电网时MMC-HVDC系统功率传输受限的问题,建立了状态空间与直流阻抗模型,从时域、频域两方面研究了交流系统强度对直流功率传输能力的影响,明确了弱交流电网工况下功率传输受限的原因。基于参与因子定位结果,提出了在定直流电压控制环节引入直流电流反馈的功率传输能力提升方法,从时域、频域两方面对控制策略的提升作用进行了机理分析,并定量得出了控制参数的可行域及功率传输能力的最大提升水平。该方法在避免稳态误差的前提下,有效提升了MMC-HVDC系统的直流功率传输能力。

车载AC-DC变换器的模糊无差拍控制策略

针对车载充电机前级AC-DC变换器工作时,网侧电流存在严重畸变以及系统的动态响应性能不足的问题,提出了一种模糊控制和无差拍控制相结合的功率因数校正控制策略。在小信号建模的基础上,对传统PI平均电流控制进行分析,将其电压环改用模糊PI控制,以增强直流侧电压的动态响应性能;将电流环改用无差拍控制,以提高交流侧电流质量、减小谐波损耗。同时对无差拍控制进行了改进,通过预测第k+2时刻采样电流和第k+1时刻参考电流,改善了实际系统的时间延时和相位滞后问题。采用MATLAB/Simulink进行仿真,结果表明该控制策略有效地减小了网侧电流的总谐波失真,并提升了输出侧的动态响应指标。

数字控制DC-DC变换器改进离散迭代建模和稳定性分析

离散迭代模型是一种能精确描述数字控制变换器特性的工具,然而传统的离散模型通常计算复杂而且不够直观,不利于控制器的设计。该文对离散迭代模型进行合理近似,推导出数字控制DC-DC变换器在前沿和后沿调制下的二阶全局等效电路模型,解决了传统模型直观性和精确性之间的矛盾。该模型可以反映具有不同脉冲宽度调制方法的DC-DC变换器的稳态和动态行为。在等效电路的基础上,分析了数字控制的特性,推导出了z域传递函数,从而得到了不同调制方式下控制-输出的频率响应,并且分析了两种调制方式对系统稳定性的影响。此外,等效电路模型可以准确地跟踪详细开关电路的工作波形,并且对系统参数变化时系统的稳定边界做出精确预测。最后,搭建了DC-DC变换器的样机,验证了模型和理论分析的有效性。

基于模型化编程的双向DC/DC变换器创新实验平台

能源互联网中存在越来越多诸如电动汽车等具有“源”“荷”双重身份的电力设备,这类设备大多采用双向DC/DC变换器实现双向功率流动。为了使实验教学紧跟专业技术发展前沿,结合双向Buck-Boost电路和模型化编程手段,完成了双向DC/DC变换器创新实验平台的设计。以电感电流为参考分析了Buck-Boost电路的双向工作模态,对实验平台硬件电路进行了详细设计,并介绍了典型控制策略的模型化软件设计。在此基础上,设计了光伏发电最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制实验案例。典型控制实验和光伏发电MPPT控制实验结果验证了实验平台的软硬件设计,也体现出平台的灵活性。

基于混杂控制算法的双向DC-DC变换器控制

双向DC-DC变换器由于功率开关切换和双向能量流动而呈现典型的混杂特性。该文依据双向DC-DC变换器的状态方程,分别建立了Buck与Boost工作模式下的混杂自动机模型,并提出了双向DC-DC变换器的混杂控制算法。运用Matlab/Stateflow对双向DC-DC变换器混杂控制系统进行仿真,通过与传统的PI控制策略进行对比,结果表明该文提出的混杂控制算法响应速度更快、控制进度更高,具有重要的理论和工程价值。

模型预测直接功率控制光伏储能双向DC-DC变换器研究

光伏储能系统中广泛应用双向DC-DC变换器,良好的动态响应性能是电路高效稳定工作的关键。为了减小处理器的计算量,优化变换器动态性能,提出了一种模型预测直接功率控制方法。分析双向DC-DC变换器工作原理,建立了直接功率控制代价函数,使得预测的功率直接跟踪给定参考功率。直接功率控制避免了代价函数中多目标优化权重的选择,使得处理器的计算过程更加简化。仿真和实验测试验证了提出的模型预测直接功率控制的良好稳态性能,且相比于传统的PI控制具有更快的响应速度和更小的超调量。