Detection of Partial and Extended Blockages: A Case Study of Edible Oil Pipeline System

This work focuses on the development and implementation of a simulation-based approach for the detection of partial and extended blockages within an edible oil pipeline system. Blockages, whether partial or extended, pose a significant operational and safety risks. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to model the flow behaviour of edible oil through pipeline under varying conditions. It leverages advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze pressure, velocity, and temperature variations along the pipeline. By simulating scenarios with different blockage characteristics, there is establishment of distinctive patterns indicative of partial and extended obstructions. Through extensive analysis of simulation data, sensing element, and monitoring system, processing signal input and response output, the system can accurately pinpoint the location and severity of blockages, providing crucial insights for timely intervention. The detection system represents a significant advancement in pipeline monitoring technology, offering a proactive and accurate approach to identify blockages and mitigate potential risks and ensure the uninterrupted flow of edible oil, thereby enabling timely intervention and maintenance.

Detecting the backfill pipeline blockage and leakage through an LSTM-based deep learning model

Detecting a pipeline's abnormal status,which is typically a blockage and leakage accident,is important for the continuity and safety of mine backfill.The pipeline system for gravity-transport high-density backfill(GHB)is complex.Specifically designed,efficient,and accurate abnormal pipeline detection methods for GHB are rare.This work presents a long short-term memory-based deep learning(LSTM-DL)model for GHB pipeline blockage and leakage diagnosis.First,an industrial pipeline monitoring system was introduced using pressure and flow sensors.Second,blockage and leakage field experiments were designed to solve the problem of negative sample deficiency.The pipeline's statistical characteristics with different working statuses were analyzed to show their complexity.Third,the architecture of the LSTM-DL model was elaborated on and evaluated.Finally,the LSTM-DL model was compared with state-of-the-art(SOTA)learning algorithms.The results show that the backfilling cycle comprises multiple working phases and is intermittent.Although pressure and flow signals fluctuate stably in a normal cycle,their values are diverse in different cycles.Plugging causes a sudden change in interval signal features;leakage results in long variation duration and a wide fluctuation range.Among the SOTA models,the LSTM-DL model has the highest detection accuracy of98.31%for all states and the lowest misjudgment or false positive rate of 3.21%for blockage and leakage states.The proposed model can accurately recognize various pipeline statuses of complex GHB systems.

Blockage of the Deep-Sea Mining Pump Transporting Large Particles with Different Sphericity

The present study aims to plumb blockage of the deep-sea mining pump transporting large particles with different shapes. A numerical work was performed through combining the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) technique and the discrete element method(DEM). Six particle shapes with sphericity ranging from 0.67 to 1.0 were selected. A velocity triangle is built with the absolute, relative, and circumferential velocities of particles. Velocity triangles with absolute velocity angles ranging from 90° to 180° prevail in the first-stage impeller. With declining sphericity, more particles follow the velocity triangle with absolute velocity angles ranging from 0° to 90°, which weakens the ability of particles to pass through the flow passage. Furthermore, the forces acting on the particles traveling in the impeller passage are analyzed. Large particles, especially non-spherical ones, suffer from high centrifugal force and therefore move along the suction surface of the impeller blades. Non-spherical particles undergo great drag force as a result of large surface area. The distribution of drag force angles is featured by two peaks, and one vanishes due to blockage.As particle sphericity declines, both magnitude and angle of the pressure gradient force decrease. Variation of the drag force and the pressure gradient force causes clockwise deflection of the centripetal force, resulting in deflection and elongation of particle trajectory, which increases the possibility of blockage.

Experimental study on the mechanism of flow blockage formation in fast reactor

Various sources of solid particles might exist in the coolant flow of a liquid metal cooled fast reactor(e.g.,through chemical interaction between the coolant and impurities,air,or water,through corrosion of structural materials,or from damaged/molten fuel).Such particles may cause flow blockage accidents in a fuel assembly,resulting in a reduction in coolant flow,which potentially causes a local temperature rise in the fuel cladding,cladding failure,and fuel melt.To understand the blockage formation mechanism,in this study,a series of simulated experiments was conducted by releasing different solid particles from a release device into a reducer pipe using gravity.Through detailed analyses,the influence of various experimental parameters(e.g.,particle diameter,capacity,shape,and static friction coefficient,and the diameter and height of the particle release nozzle)on the blockage characteristics(i.e.,blockage probability and position)was examined.Under the current range of experimental conditions,the blockage was significantly influenced by the aforementioned parameters.The ratio between the particle diameter and outlet size of the reducer pipe might be one of the determining factors governing the occurrence of blockage.Specifically,increasing the ratio enhanced blockage(i.e.,larger probability and higher position within the reducer pipe).Increasing the particle size,particle capacity,particle static friction coefficient,and particle release nozzle diameter led to a rise in the blockage probability;however,increasing the particle release nozzle height had a downward influence on the blockage probability.Finally,blockage was more likely to occur in non-spherical particles case than that of spherical particles.This study provides a large experimental database to promote an understanding of the flow blockage mechanism and improve the validation process of fast reactor safety analysis codes.

Partial flow blockage analysis of the hottest fuel assembly in SNCLFR-100 reactor core

In this paper, we perform an unprotected partial flow blockage analysis of the hottest fuel assembly in the core of the SNCLFR-100 reactor, a 100 MW_(th) modular natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor, developed by University of Science and Technology of China. The flow blockage shall cause a degradation of the heat transfer between the fuel assembly and the coolant potentially,which can eventually result in the clad fusion. An analysis of core blockage accidents in a single assembly is of great significance for LFR. Such scenarios are investigated by using the best estimation code RELAP5. Reactivity feedback and axial power profile are considered. The crosssectional fraction of blockage, axial position of blockage,and blockage-developing time are discussed. The cladding material failure shall be the biggest challenge and shall be a considerable threat for integrity of the fuel assembly if the cross-sectional fraction of blockage is over 94%. The blockage-developing time only affects the accident progress. The consequence will be more serious if the axial position of a sudden blockage is closer to the core outlet.The method of analysis procedure can also be applied to analyze similar transient behaviors of other fuel-type reactors.

Numerical and Experimental Study of Blockage Effect Correction Method in Towing Tank

When a ship model test is performed in a tank, particularly when the tank is small and the ship model is relatively large, the blockage effect will inevitably occur. With increased ship model scale and speed, the blockage effect becomes more obvious and must be corrected. In this study, the KRISO 3600 TEU Container Ship (KCS) is taken as a model and computational fluid dynamics techniques and ship resistance tests are applied to explore the mechanism and correction method of the blockage effect. By considering the degrees of freedom of the sinkage and trim, the resistance of the ship model is calculated in the infinite domain and for blockage ratios of 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.2%, and 3.0%. Through analysis of the free surface, pressure distribution, and flow field around the ship model, the action law of the blockage effect is studied. The Scott formula and mean flow correction formula based on the average cross sectional area are recommended as the main correction methods, and these formulas are improved using a factor for the return flow velocity correction based on comparison of the modified results given by different formulas. This modification method is verified by resistance test data obtained from three ship models with different scale ratios.

Formation blockage risk analysis of geothermal water reinjection:Rock property analysis,pumping and reinjection tests,and long-term reinjection prediction

The blockage induced by particle migration and deposition is one of the main reasons for the decrease of reinjection capacity in the porous geothermal reservoir with a low and medium temperature.In this paper,a new drilled geothermal well in Xining basin China is taken as an example to investigate the formation blockage risk due to the movable clay and sand particles in pores.The physical properties of the reservoir rocks were analyzed,a series of pumping and reinjection tests were conducted,and the longterm reinjection performance of the well was predicted by numerical simulation based on the test fitting.The results show that the geothermal reservoir rocks are argillaceous and weakly cemented sandstones with a content of movable clay and sand particles up to 0.18–23.42 wt.%.The well presented a high productivity of 935–2186 m3?d-1 at a pressure difference of 0.7–1.62 MPa in the pumping tests associated with a large amount of clay and sand particles produced out,while in the reinjection test,only a low injectivity of 240–480 m3?d-1 was observed at an injection pressure of 0.2–0.6 MPa with the clay and sand particles near the wellbore move into deep.According to the prediction,under conditions of a blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will start to decline after 100 days of injection,and in the third year,it will decrease by 59.00%–77.09%.The influence of invasion of pretreated suspended particles and scale particles can be neglected.Under conditions of a high blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will decrease significantly in the first 20–30 days,with a decline of 75.39%–78.96%.Generally,the higher the injection pressure or rate,the greater the decrease in injectivity of the well caused by particle blockage.Pump lifting is an effective measure to remove the well blockage which can be used regularly.

Blockage effects on viscous fluid flow and heat transfer past a magnetic obstacle in a duct

The effect of lateral walls on fluid flow and heat transfer is investigated when a fluid passes a magnetic obstacle. The blockage ratio β that represents the ratio between the width of external magnet M y and the spanwise width L y is employed to depict the effect. The finite volume method （FVM） based on the PISO algorithm is applied for the blockage ratios of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. The results show that the value of Strouhal number St increases as the blockage ratio β increases, and for small β , the variation of St is very small when the interaction parameter and Reynolds number are increasing. Moreover, the cross-stream mixing induced by the magnetic obstacle can enhance the wall-heat transfer and the maximum value of the overall heat transfer increment is about 50.5%.

Development of a subchannel code for blockage accidents of LMFRs based on the 3D fuel rod model

To predict the thermal-hydraulic(T/H)parameters of the reactor core for liquid-metal-cooled fast reactors(LMFRs),especially under flow blockage accidents,we developed a subchannel code called KMC-FB.This code uses a time-dependent,four-equation,singlephase flow model together with a 3D heat conduction model for the fuel rods,which is solved by numerical methods based on the finite difference method with a staggered mesh.Owing to the local effect of the blockage on the flow field,low axial flow,increased forced crossflow,and backflow occur.To more accurately simulate this problem,we implemented a robust and novel solution method.We verified the code with a low-flow(~0.01 m/s)and large-scale blockage case.For the preliminary validation,we compared our results with the experimental data of the NACIE-UP BFPS blockage test and the KIT19ROD blockage test.The results revealed that KMC-FB has sufficient solution accuracy and can be used in future flow blockage analyses for LMFRs.

Methylation Characteristics of Perivisceral Fat Gene in Obese Rats with Phlegm-dampness Syndrome and the Effect of Wen Dan Decoction

Objective To observe the characteristics of gene methylation in obese rats with phlegm-dampness syndrome induced by the high-fat diet, and to study the effect of Wen Dan Decoction on gene methylation after the intervention. Methods Methylation sites of genes were detected by the MeDIP-seq method. Bioinformatics method was used to analyze the gene methylation characteristics of obesity with phlegmdampness syndrome and the effect of Wen Dan Decoction. Results (1) There were 3 242 methylation differential loci in dietinduced obesity with phlegm-dampness syndrome, of which 1 243 were down-regulated and 1 999 were up-regulated, involving 1 579 differential genes. GO analysis showed that "offactory receptor activity" and others were enriched. The possible signal pathways involved were "Olfactory transduction""Tuberculosis""Systemic lupus erythematosus" and "Ribosome".(2) After the intervention of Wen Dan Decoction in obesity with phlegmdampness syndrome, 4 046 different methylation loci were obtained, including 1 067 down-regulated loci and 2 979 up-regulated loci, involving 2 068 genes. GO analysis showed that "offactory receptor activity" and others were enriched. These genes involved seven signaling pathways, such as "Metabolic pathways".(3) Between diet-induced obesity with phlegm-dampness syndrome and Wen Dan Decoction intervening obesity with the phlegm-dampness syndrome, 582 common genes of methylation differential genes were obtained. After the intervention of Wen Dan Decoction, the number of GO enrichment items was more than that of obesity with phlegm-dampness syndrome, and even the same GO enrichment items involved more genes. Conclusions The phlegm-dampness syndrome of obesityinduced by diet had the characteristics of gene methylation changes, and the intervention of Wen Dan Decoction could also affect the status of gene methylation. The genes affected by Wen Dan Decoction were closely related to the methylation gene of phlegm-dampness syndrome of obesity-induced by diet but covered a wider range.

Proteomic analysis of overweight/obesity and related abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism caused by phlegm-dampness retention

Objective:To investigate the proteomic characteristics of overweight/obesity and related abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism caused by phlegm-dampness retention to identify related biomarkers.Methods:Seventy-one subjects were enrolled in the study.We assessed blood glucose,blood lipids,body mass index(BMI),and phlegm-dampness pattern,which was confirmed by a traditional Chinese medicine clinician.Of the participants,we included healthy participants with normal weight(NW,n=23),overweight/obese participants with normal metabolism(ONM,n=19),overweight/obese participants with pre-diabetes(OPD,n=12),and overweight/obese participants with marginally-elevated blood lipids(OML,n=17).Among them,the ONM,OPD,and OML groups were diagnosed with phlegmdampness pattern.The data-independent acquisition(DIA)method was first used to analyze the plasma protein expression of each group,and the relevant differential proteins of each group were screened.The co-expressed proteins were evaluated by Venn analysis.The pathway analyses of the differential proteins were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(IPA)software.Parallel reaction monitoring(PRM)was used to verify the differential and common proteins in each group.Results:After comparing ONM,OPD,and OML groups with NW group,we identified the differentially expressed proteins(DEPs).Next,we determined the DEPs among OPD,OML,and ONM groups.Using Venn analysis of the DEPs in each group,24 co-expressed proteins were screened.Two co-expressed proteins were verified by PRM.IPA analysis showed that pathways including LXR/RXR activation,acute phase response signaling,and FXR/RXR activation were common to all three groups of phlegmdamp overweight/obesity participants.However,the activation or inhibition of these pathways was different among the three groups.Conclusion:Participants with overweight/obesity have similar proteomic characteristics,though each type shows specific proteomic characteristics.Two co-expressed proteins,VTN and ORM1,are potential biomarkers for glucose and lipid metabolism diseases with overweight/obesity caused by phlegmdampness retention.

Pharmacological blockage of CYP2E1 and alcohol-mediated liver cancer: is the time ready?

Chronic alcohol consumption is a major risk factor worldwide affecting significantly both mortality and years of life lost （YLL） （1）. Ca. 5% of the western world show risky alcohol consumption and in some countries such as China a regional yearly increase of alcohol consumption of over 400% has been observed recently （2,3）. The liver is the major target organ of alcohol. According to the recently published ＇Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer are ranked at position 12 and 16 in the global deaths statistics （1）. Thus, in 2010, ca. 1 million people died from liver cirrhosis with one third directly attributable to alcohol. This is a considerable number when comparing with coronary heart disease with 7 million deaths and the leading cause of mortality. In central Europe, liver cirrhosis even ranks at the fourth position in YLL. Hepatocellular cancer （HCC） is now the most common fatal complication of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Moreover, it shows the second fastest increase of all tumors worldwide after kidney tumors and alcohol-associated HCC ranks on third position after HCCs caused by viral hepatitis B and C.

Blockage effect on the flow around a cylinder probe in calibration

Flow around a 2-D cylinder pressure probe placed in uniform flow,free jet flow,and wind tunnel flow was analyzed with potential flow theory and simulated with numerical method.Blockage effect was investigated under several typical flow Mach numbers.The result from numerical simulation shows a similar trend to the one from potential flow method while varies in quantity.Wind tunnel walls accelerate the flow near the probe and thus produce a blockage effect;Boundary of free jet flow,however,decelerates the flow and thus produces a 'negative' blockage effect.A maximum incoming Mach number exists when the probe is calibrated in wind tunnel in high subsonic condition due to choking caused by shocks and shock induced separation.The critical Mach number varies with blockage ratio,which makes high Mach number impossible to achieve in large blockage ratio condition.The blockage effect itself is unavoidable for calibration or measurement although a sufficiently small blockage ratio brings minor effect.Correction can be implemented based on the numerical simulation result presented in this paper and further works.

Fecal-associated microbiome differences between phlegm-dampness constitution and balanced constitution

Objective: This study aimed to explore the structural and functional characteristics of the fecalassociated microbiome(FAM) between the phlegm-dampness constitution(PDC) and balanced constitution(BC), and to screen the related specific operational taxonomic unit(OTU) biomarkers.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. After strictly identifying the constitution of subjects, their clinical index was recorded and counted. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, and the relative abundance of dominant bacterial taxa were used to describe the FAM structure, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Metagenome Seq, and linear discriminant analysis effect size(LEf Se) were used to screen specific bacterial taxa. Specific OTUs were screened to construct receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves.Results: Thirty-two subjects were enrolled, including 22 subjects with BC and 10 subjects with PDC.There were significant differences in cold preference, levels of aspartate transaminase, β2-microglobulin,and creatine kinase MB, and alpha diversity indices(Shannon and Shannoneven) between the two groups. In principal coordinate analysis by abund-jaccard distance measure and partial least squares discriminant analysis, bacterial communities clustered separately between the two groups. Furthermore,based on Metagenome Seq, LEf Se, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, a total of 43, 18, and 130 OTUs were differentially distributed between BC group and PDC group, respectively, and OTU200, OTU133, and OTU353 were screened when P≤.01. The area under the ROC curve constructed from the 3 selected OTUs was 0.93.Conclusion: The FAM structure and related functional characteristics of the PDC group differed from those of the BC group. In particular, OTU200, OTU133, and OTU353 can be used as unique markers of PDC to assist clinical diagnosis.

Flume Experiment on Stream Blockage by the Debris Flow From Tributary

Stream blockage by the debris flow from tributary valleys is a common phenomenon in mountainous area,which takes place when large quantities of sediment transported by debris flow reaches a river channel causing its complete or partial blockage.The dam formed by debris flow may causes upstream and downstream flooding,and presents great threat to people and property.Because of the catastrophic influence on people and property,debris-flow dam has attracted many attentions from the researchers and local adm...

Study on Calculating Blockage Probability and Entry Angle Error of Intelligence Missile to Runway

The blockage effectiveness problem for the runway cut-blanked modes of intelligence missile is described using probability integral method,when entry angle error and open cabin position error exist. On the condition of determined open cabin position error,the allowable range of entry angle error is inversely calculated with interdiction probability. The calculated results indicate that the method mentioned can estimate the intelligence missile interdiction efficiency to the runway and the range of entry angle error,which provides available basis for analyzing the intelligence missile attack assignment on the way.

Experimental Investigation of Yarn Twist Blockage

In twisting a yarn running over a guide surface, the twist inserted into the part in front of the guide is impeded to transmit freely to the part behind the contact zone. A new device has been set up for investigating twist blockage and yarn torque - twist simultaneously. Measurements of twist blockage in relationship to different parameters have been carried out by using a monofilament yarn and a multifilament yarn. The factors under consideration include the wrap angle, yarn tension and input twist.

Influence of asymmetric blockage of the drainage system of a deep-buried tunnel on water gushing

Asymmetric blockage of drainage systems occasionally occurs,which seriously threatens the safety of tunnel operation.Based on theoretical analysis,a calculation expression of tunnel water inflow involving clogging parameters was derived.Degradation of the analytical solution was analysed with the Taylor equation and series expansion theorem,and a tunnel under construction was considered to conduct field tests to verify the rationality of the established model and correctness of the derived expression.Studies have demonstrated that with increasing drainage system blockage degree,the amount of water inflow in the nonblocked area slowly increases,and the total amount of water in the tunnel gradually decreases.The hydrodynamic pressure in the blocked area non-linearly decreased,and the water inrush velocity and hydraulic gradient in the non-blocked area gradually increased.When the drainage system was not blocked,the result of tunnel water inflow calculated by the formula derived in this paper was 8.3% higher than the measured value.When the drainage system was blocked,the theoretical water inflow was 10.5% higher than the measured value.The difference between the measured value and the theoretical value is small,which verifies the effectiveness of the calculation formula of water inflow deduced in this paper.

Clinical Efficacy of Modified Erchen Decoction on Cervical Spondylotic Vertebral Arteriopathy with Stagnation and Blockade of Phlegm-dampness Syndrome and Effects on Cerebral Blood Flow Parameters

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Modified Erchen Decoction on cervical spondylotic vertebral arteriopathy with stagnation and blockade of phlegm-dampness syndrome and effects on cerebral blood flow parameters. METHODS: A total of 80 cervical spondylotic vertebral arteriopathy(CSA) patients with stagnation and blockade of phlegmdampness syndrome admitted to our hospital from October 2016 to April 2017 were selected and randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 40 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with Modified Erchen Decoction and the control group was given conventional treatment with Western medicine. After 4 weeks of treatment, the main clinical symptoms and signs(vertigo, neck and shoulder pain, headache, psychological and social adjustment, daily life and work) and cerebral blood flow parameters [the peak values of intracranial vertebral-basal artery diastolic blood flow velocity(Vd) and systolic blood flow velocity(Vp)] were compared between the 2 groups. The total clinical effective rate and adverse reactions during treatment were also compared. RESULTS: After treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was 90.0%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group(77.5%). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05). After treatment, The scores of vertigo, neck and shoulder pain, headache, psychology and society adaptation, daily life and work were significantly increased(P < 0.05), and the above scores of the observation group were increased more obviously. The difference between the groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of Vd and Vp were significantly increased(P < 0.05), and the increase of the above indexes was more obvious in the observation group. The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05). There were no significant abnormalities in blood routine, urine routine, liver function and renal function. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups.(P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The treatment of vertebral artery type cervical spondylopathy with stagnation and blockade of phlegm-dampness syndrome by Modified Erchen Decoction can effectively relieve the main clinical symptoms and signs, improve cerebral blood flow parameters, and improve the peak values of vertebral-basal artery diastolic blood flow velocity(Vd) and systolic blood flow velocity(Vp), which is safe and effective, and helps to promote the recovery of cervical function.

Calculation Method and Analysis of Blockage Time of Cluster Munitions Against Runway

The blockage probability and the blockage time are two important indexes for assessing the blockage efficiency of cluster munitions against the runway. The improved region-by-region searching method and the random sampling method are proposed to calculate the blockage time by considering the minimum number of craters which need to be repaired after attack. A minimum leave window (MLW) with the minimum number of craters is found out as a region to be repaired,the blockage probability and the blockage time are calculated by the two methods in which the impact points of the sub-munitions are generated with Monte-Carlo simulation technique. An example is given to show the reasonableness of the two methods under the conditions of adequacy simulating times and enough sampling times,and how to choose the methods in application.