The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Social Phobia among College Students:The Mediating Effect of Fear of Negative Evaluation and the Moderating Effect of Perfectionism

Objectives:To explore the relationship between college students’self-esteem(SE)and their social phobia(SP),as well as the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation(FNE)and the moderating effect of perfectionism.Methods:A convenience sampling survey was carried out for 1020 college students from Shandong Province of China,utilizing measures of college students’self-esteem,fear of negative evaluation,perfectionism,and social phobia.Data analysis was performed using the SPSS PROCESS macro.Results:(1)college students’self-esteem significantly and negatively predicts their social phobia(β=−0.31,t=−10.10,p<0.001);(2)fear of negative evaluation partially mediates the relation between self-esteem and social phobia among college students,with the mediating effect accounting for 48.97%of the total effect(TE);(3)the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation is moderated by perfectionism(β=0.18,t=7.75,p<0.001),where higher levels of perfectionism strengthen the mediating effect of fear of negative evaluation.Conclusions:Perfectionism moderates the mediating effect that fear of negative evaluation plays,establishing a moderated mediating model.

Pathways of fear and anxiety in dentistry: A review

The aim of this article was to analyze the theories underpinning dental fear, anxiety and phobias. To be included, articles must have been published between the years of 1949 and 2013 concerning fears and phobias within dentistry and/or psychiatry. Of 200 articles originally under review, 140 were included and reviewed by the authors.Five specific pathways relating to dental fear and anxiety were identified; Cognitive Conditioning, Informative, Visual Vicarious, Verbal Threat, and Parental. Eight currently accepted management techniques across all dental disciplines for dental fear and anxiety were identified. Further research is required to identify clinical diagnosis and treatment for fears originating from different pathways.

Fever management:Evidence vs current practice

Fever is a very common complaint in children and is the single most common non-trauma-related reason for a visit to the emergency department.Parents are concerned about fever and it's potential complications.The biological value of fever(i.e.,whether it is beneficial or harmful) is disputed and it is being vigorously treated with the belief of preventing complications such as brain injury and febrile seizures.The practice of alternating antipyretics has become widespread at home and on paediatric wards without supporting scientific evidence.There is still a significant contrast between the current concept and practice,and the scientific evidence.Why is that the case in such a common complaint like fever? The article will discuss the significant contrast between the current concepts and practice of fever management on one hand,and the scientific evidence against such concepts and practice.

Associated Factors and Impacts of Social Phobia on Academic Performance among Students from the University of Parakou (UP)

Background: Social phobia disrupts students in their academic career. The aim of this research work was to study this anxious disorder impact on the academic performance among students from the University of Parakou (UP). Study methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study with prospective data collection among 363 students recruited through systematic random sampling from April to June 2015 at the campus of the UP. A questionnaire including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Liebowitz social anxiety intensity evaluation scale and the ASSIST was used for data collection in compliance with recommended ethical principles. Results and Conclusion Social phobia prevalence among students from the campus of University of Parakou was 11. 6% [CI95% = 10. 9 - 21. 2]. Its intensity was moderate (66.7%), medium (23.4%), severe (7.1%) and very severe (4.8%) only among female students. Moreover, gender, rural or urban living environment and field of study were statistically associated with this social phobia which reduced academic performance by 57.1%, among the studied population. However, 42.9% were not influenced in any way. Addiction to alcoholic beverages (23.8%) and anxiolytics (9.5%) were used to overcome the disorder. Although the risk of dependency to these substances was low, adverse effects on their health and socio-professional future were to be taken seriously.

Role of ethnicity in social anxiety disorder: A cross-sectional survey among health science students

AIM: To investigate the influence of ethnicity in social anxiety disorder(SAD), and the relationship with symptom severity, depression and substance use or abuse, in health sciences' students.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey of 112 1st, 2nd and 3rd year students from the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. The self-reported Social Anxiety Spectrum questionnaire was used to assess for SAD. The Social Phobia Inventory(SPIN) was adapted to a version called the E-SPIN(Ethnic-SPIN) in order to evaluate the effects of ethnicity. Two sub-questions per stem question were included to assess whether SAD symptoms in social interactions were ethnicity dependent. Substance use was assessed with the Alcohol UseDisorders Identification Test and Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, and depression with the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.RESULTS: Of 112 students who completed the E-SPIN questionnaire, 54.4%(n = 61) met criteria for SAD, with significantly more females than males meeting criteria. Ethnicity had a significant effect on SAD symptomatology, but there was no effect of ethnicity on the rates of drug and alcohol abuse in students with and without SAD. Overall significantly more students with SAD met criteria for depression compared with students without the disorder. CONCLUSION: Among university students, SAD is prevalent regardless of whether interactions are with individuals of the same or different ethnic group. However, ethnicity may be an important determinant of social anxiety for some ethnic groups. SAD was significantly associated with major depression but not significantly associated with drug or alcohol abuse.

Optical neuroimaging:advancing transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments of psychiatric disorders

Transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)has been established as an important and effective treatment for various psychiatric disorders.However,its effectiveness has likely been limited due to the dearth of neuronavigational tools for targeting purposes,unclear ideal stimulation parameters,and a lack of knowledge regarding the physiological response of the brain to TMS in each psychiatric condition.Modern optical imaging modalities,such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse optical tomography,are promising tools for the study of TMS optimization and functional targeting in psychiatric disorders.They possess a unique combination of high spatial and temporal resolutions,portability,real-time capability,and relatively low costs.In this mini-review,we discuss the advent of optical imaging techniques and their innovative use in several psychiatric conditions including depression,panic disorder,phobias,and eating disorders.With further investment and research in the development of these optical imaging approaches,their potential will be paramount for the advancement of TMS treatment protocols in psychiatry.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy of Urinary Incontinence Phobia: A Case Report

A significant association exists between lower urinary tract symptoms and anxiety. Despite the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapies in treating a variety of phobic disorders, there are few published reports about the use of such treatments for urinary problems. We report a case of the phobia of urinary incontinence treated with cognitive behavioral techniques, which involved cognitive restructuring, distraction, relaxation training, and exposure to feared situations.

Strategies for Effective Teaching and Learning of Reading Skill in English

Reading is a pertinent skill of the four basic language skills. English teaching and learning in Nigeria cannot but be given all special attention since it is the major language of administration, economics, religious propagation, and others in the nation. This paper has traced the treatment of reading aspect of English in the Nigerian Junior Secondary Schools using the teachers, students, and the nation＇s curriculum as instrument of operation. Some of the problems militating against effective teaching of reading skill in English were identified and discussed. Recommendations for achieving effective language teaching and learning focusing on English reading skill were highlighted. In the end, English teachers＇ attention is drawn on better ways of teaching reading as an important skill of the English language education

A complex presentation of body dysmorphic disorder, social phobia and unresolved grief

This case is a complex presentation of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), social phobia and unresolved grief in a 23 year old male with no social support. He appears to have benefitted immensely from a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), antidepressant medication and Occupational Therapy. Identification of patients with BDD presenting in surgical and medical practices is essential and can be facilitated by validated screening tools such as the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ). At the moment, the best evidence-based treatment is CBT and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Nonetheless, novel approaches to therapeutic applications include the investigation of eye-tracking focus on body parts in BDD.

Phobia Treatment with Face-Your-Fear VR App

Technology plays an important role in people’s daily life, for they depend on it to perform many tasks. Among the prominent technologies are smartphones and Virtual Reality (VR). Developing mobile apps and integrating VR technology allow users to experience an artificial environment as if it is real such as the simulation of phobias. This research paper proposes a mobile application named Face-Your-Fear (FyF) integrating VR to help any user to live a cybernetic experience, overcome the illness, know about phobia symptoms, and get extra information on two types of phobia: aquaphobia and achluophobia. Its architecture, features, development, interfaces and limitations are presented, including the main results of the qualitative survey to users.

西式恐惧

西方人的恐惧可谓五花八门,据美国2001年4月2日的《时代周刊》报导,在英语中由-phobia(恐惧)为后缀的有500多个单词,而且非常难记,都是由一个拉丁词根加-phobia 构成的。例如,文章中形容了一位中年女子,她最怕的东西就是电:“Get her in the vicinity of an appliance of a

科技新词

希腊文technikos,原来是“工艺”的意思,变为英文的 technique 和technology 解作“技术”,许多与现代科技有关的新词,都含有构词成份 tech或techno—.“科技战”叫techobattle,尤其指在标准化的过程中两套科技系统的竞争:Europe and Japan are waging a techobattle over how best toprovide the public with top quality television pictures in the 1990s。

说文解字话英语——四十一 诚惶诚恐(-phobia)

英语中有个单词 phobia,意思是“恐惧症,恐怖症”,可以用于a phobia of water(恐水症),a phobia of poison(恐毒症)等搭配。 phobia 也可以用作组合形式,构成各种名词,表示“恐惧、憎恶”的意思。例如,a phobia of water可以写成 hydrophobia(恐水症)。人们可能对各种自然现象产生恐惧,例如。

后缀新例

在任何活的语言里,新的词汇都会不断地出现.而科技发展趋迅速、社会活动越复杂、传播媒介越发达、新词的创造和流行也就越多、越快。作为一种国际语言的英文,它的词汇增长的速度,更是任何词典编纂家都没法赶得上的.阅读英文报刊和新书。经常会遇到词典上找不到的字。由两个或以上”构调成份”造成的新词,不少是可以“望文主义”的.例如bioethics(bio——生物;ethics,道德)是遗传工程、试管婴儿等与生物学有关的新科技涉及的伦理学;nuclearphobia(nuclear,核;phobia.恐惧)

Instruments for the assessment of social anxiety disorder: Validation studies

Great progress has been observed in the literature over the last decade regarding the validation of instruments for the assessment of Social Anxiety Disorder in the Brazilian context. Particularly outstanding in this respect is the production of a group of Brazilian investigators regarding the psychometric study of the following instruments: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Social Phobia Inventory, Brief Social Phobia Scale, Disability Profile, Liebowitz Self-Rated Disability Scale, Social Phobia Safety Behaviors Scale and Self-Statements During Public Speaking Scale, which have proved to be appropriate and valid for use in the adult Brazilian population, representing resources for the assessment of social anxiety in clinical and experimental situations.

提高学生学习单词的兴趣

在许多学生看来,学习英语是比较难的一件事,其中单词的记忆成为较大障碍。字母是记忆单词的基础,教师引导学生认识字母,培养对字母的自然使用意识,构建符号化思维模式,既可以使学生适应大数据时代字母与数字频繁应用的趋势,又可以提高英语单词学习的效率。一、

后缀-phobia与形形色色的“恐惧症”

英语后缀-phobia来自希腊文phobos,是"恐惧;憎恶"的意思。在Mrs. Byrne S Dic-tionary中,以-phobia为后缀的词竟多达130多个。这里列举一些有趣的以-phobia为后缀的词。对狗的恐惧叫cynophobia(恐狗症)。cyno-来自拉丁文canis(狗)。对蛇的恐惧叫ophidiophobia(恐蛇症)。希腊文中ophis指蛇。"蛇学"叫ophiology。

Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China

Background:A cluster of pneumonia cases were reported by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission,China in December 2019.A novel coronavirus was eventually identified,and became the COVID-19 epidemic that affected public health and life.We investigated the psychological status and behavior changes of the general public in China from January 30 to February 3,2020.Methods:Respondents were recruited via social media(WeChat)and completed an online questionnaire.We used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,Self-rating Depression Scale,and Symptom Checklist-90 to evaluate psychological status.We also investigated respondents’behavior changes.Quantitative data were analyzed by t-tests or analysis of variance,and classified data were analyzed with chi-square tests.Results:In total,608 valid questionnaires were obtained.More respondents had state anxiety than trait anxiety(15.8%vs 4.0%).Depression was found among 27.1%of respondents and 7.7%had psychological abnormalities.About 10.1%of respondents suffered from phobia.Our analysis of the relationship between subgroup characteristics and psychological status showed that age,gender,knowledge about COVID-19,degree of worry about epidemiological infection,and confidence about overcoming the outbreak significantly influenced psychological status.Around 93.3%of respondents avoided going to public places and almost all respondents reduced Spring Festival-related activities.At least 70.9%of respondents chose to take three or more preventive measures to avoid infection.The three most commonly used prevention measures were making fewer trips outside and avoiding contact(98.0%),wearing a mask(83.7%),and hand hygiene(82.4%).Conclusions:We need to pay more attention to public psychological stress,especially among young people,as they are likely to experience anxiety,depression,and psychological abnormalities.Different psychological interventions could be formulated according to the psychological characteristics of different gender and age groups.The majority of respondents followed specific behaviors required by the authorities,but it will take time to observe the effects of these behaviors on the epidemic.

Association of problematic internet use with depression,impulsivity,anger,aggression,and social anxiety:Results of a national study among Lebanese adolescents

Importance:Several studies conducted worldwide(mostly in Western countries)highlighted the negative effects of problematic internet use,particularly among adolescents aged 12 to 17,including depression,impulsivity,aggression,and social fear and avoidance.In Lebanon,literature on the prevalence and impact of problematic internet use among adolescents is limited.Objective:This study aim was to study the association between problematic internet use and depression,impulsivity,anger,aggression and social phobia among Lebanese adolescents.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed on 1103 young adolescents(14-17 years),recruited from October 2017 till April 2018.The Internet Addiction Test(IAT)was used to evaluate the level of problematic internet use.Data were analyzed using the MANCOVA analysis.The main independent variable of interest was the IAT,while the dependent variables included the psychological scales.Results:The multivariate analysis taking the psychological scales as the dependent variables and the problematic internet use(IAT score)as an independent variable,showed that problematic internet use was associated with higher depression,impulsivity,aggression,anger,hostility and social anxiety.Interpretation:Problematic internet use has become an important health issue that should not be overlooked,particularly because of the increased use of the internet by adolescents.Educational programs on early exposure to the internet should be developed.

A pilot study of regional cerebral blood flow in children with school phobia

Objective To explore the characteristics of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in children with school phobia. Methods The single - photon emission commputed tomography were performed in 17 children with school phobia and 11 normal controls. The rCBF distribution in regions of interest (ROIs) was