Electrical Modeling of a Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cell: Comparative Study of Models Characterizing the Photovoltaic Solar Cell

In this article we make a detailed study and a presentation of the different models of circuit’s equivalent to silicon-based photovoltaic solar cells. Starting from a real solar cell and real phenomena from the manufacture of the cell to the production of current by the cell. A comparison of the models with a real experimental method is carried out. The comparison is based on an overlay of the results. The study allowed us to choose the most suitable model. We are interested in the losses by leaks and the losses due to the development of the cell. In fact, we studied the influence of the shunt resistance on the current-voltage characteristic and the electrical power.

Functionalization of carbon nanotubes/graphene by polyoxometalates and their enhanced photo-electrical catalysis

Carbon nanotubes and graphene are carbon-based materials, which possess not only unique structure but also prop- erties such as high surface area, extraordinary mechanical properties, high electronic conductivity, and chemical stability. Thus, they have been regarded as an important material, especially for exploring a variety of complex catalysts. Considerable efforts have been made to functionalize and fabricate carbon-based composites with metal nanoparticles. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of our research on the decoration of carbon nanotubes/graphene with metal nanoparticles by using polyoxometalates as key agents, and their enhanced photo-electrical catalytic activities in various catalytic reactions. The polyoxometalates play a key role in constructing the nanohybrids and contributing to their photo-electrical catalytic properties.

Catalysis Conversion Methane into C_(2) Hydrocarbons via Electric Field Enhanced Plasma

In this paper the effect of catalyst and carrier in electric field enhanced plasma on methane conversion into C2 hydrocarbons was investigated. Methane coupling reaction was studied in the system of continuous flow reactor on Ni, MoO3, MnO2 catalysts and different ZSM-5 carriers. The per pass conversion of methane can be as high as 22%, the selectivity of ethylene can be as high as 23.8%, of acetylene 60.8%, of ethane 5.4% and of total C2 hydrocarbons was more than 90%. ZSM-5-25 was the better carrier and MnO2 was the better active component. The efficiency of energy was as high as 7.81%.

Summary on Adsorption and Photocatalysis for Pollutant Remediation: Mini Review

Adsorption and photo catalysis are the most popular methods applied for the reduction of amount of pollutants that enter water bodies. The main challenge in the process of adsorption is the demonstration of the experimental data obtained from sorption processes. For many decades most of the researchers used adsorption and kinetic of adsorption as a repetitive work to describe the adsorption data by using common models such as, Langmuir and Freundlich for adsorption isotherms;PFO and PSO models for kinetics. This has been done without careful evaluation of the characteristics of adsorption process. It has been well understood that adsorption does not degrade the pollutant to eco-friendly products and photo catalysis will not degrade without adsorption of the pollutant on the catalyst. Therefore, understanding the detailed mechanism of adsorption, as well as, photo catalysis has been presented in this paper. During photo catalysis: modification towards suppression of electron-hole recombination, improving visible light response, preventing agglomeration, controlling the shape, size, morphology, etc. are the most important steps. This mini review also widely discusses the key points behind adsorption and photo catalysis.

Unique interfacial thermodynamics of few-layer 2D MoS2 for （photo）electrochemical catalysis

The exploitation of heterogeneous semiconductor (photo)electrocatalysis is a significant avenue to study renewable energy for adapting a commodity chemical supply to satisfy the growing global energy demands. The fundamental thermodynamics that guided the understanding of electron transfer processes and predictive power of materials design for bulk-semiconductor heterogeneous (photo)electrocatalysis are generally understood within the framework pioneered by Gerischer and Marcus.

Highly Efficient Conversion of Solar Energy by the Photoelectric Converter and a Thermoelectric Converter

The analysis of the principle operation of the solar element is given in the work. The efficiency of the creation of combined high-efficiency converters of network energy in electric and thermal is indicated. A method for creating a combined photo thermo converter with a high value of the efficiency of a solar element has been found. A method for separating light from optical lenses is shown. The calculation of the light intensity into diffraction pattern is calculated using the Huygens-Fresnel principle. A new design of a highly efficient combined light-thermal converter into an electrical, with a solar element, operating on selective photoactive radiation is presented. The process of conversion of non-active radiation into electrical radiation by means of a thermo electronic converter is described. The ways of the solution of the problem connected with the reduction of the coefficient of its full effect as a function of temperature and characteristics are indicated.

Power Quality Issues Concerning Photovoltaic Generation and Electrical Vehicle Loads in Distribution Grids

The high utilization level of renewable generation including residential photovoltaic (PV) systems together with the uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles (EVs) can have a significant impact on load characteristics in distribution networks. Harmonic content of PV generation, EV charging loads, and their influence on power quality indicators in residential distribution networks are discussed in this paper. For investigating likely power quality scenarios, PV generation and EV charging measurement results including current harmonic amplitude and phase angle values are used and compared with present load characteristics. Different modelling scenarios are analysed and a simplified model of harmonics in PVs and EVs is offered. The results of the study show moderate additional harmonic distortion in residential load current and voltage distortion at the substation’s busbar when PV generation and EV loading are added. The scenarios presented in this paper can be further used for modelling the actual harmonic loads of the PVs and EVs in distribution networks.

Synthesis,Structure,and Surface Photo-electric Properties of a New Zn(Ⅱ)Coordination Complex Constructed from 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)acetic Acid and 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligands

A new binuclear Zn^Ⅱ coordination complex,Zn2（bta）（phen）2（Cl）3（1,Hbta = 2-（1Hbenzotriazol-1-yl）acetic acid and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline）,has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,IR spectroscopy,elemental,and photoluminescent analysis.Complex 1 crystallizes in triclinic system,space group P1 with a = 9.3040（19）,b = 10.694（2）,c =16.841（3） A°,α = 101.18（3）,β = 105.77（3）,γ = 91.72（3）°,V= 1575.8（5） A°3,C（32）H（22）Zn2Cl3N7O2,Mr =773.66,Dc = 1.631 g/cm^3,Z = 2,F（000） = 780,μ = 1.820 mm^-1,the final R = 0.1238 and wR =0.1131.X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that 1 displays two crystallographic independent Zn^Ⅱmetal centers with a distorted tetragonal pyramidal（ZnN4O） and a tetrahedral（ZnNCl3） geometries,respectively.The phen serves as a common N,N＇-bidentate ligand,and the bta^- as a unique N,O-bridged ligand in 1.In the crystal,1 forms a stable 3D supramolecular architecture by trifurcated hydrogen bonding C-H…C1 interactions and C-H…π,π…π stacking.1 showed photo-electric conversion properties.

Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Surface Photo-electric Properties of a New Nickel(Ⅱ) 3-D Metalorganic Framework Constructed from the Rigid 1,4-Bis(imidazol-1-yl) benzene Ligand

A new 3-D nickel（Ⅱ） metal-organic framework（MOFs） with formula [Ni（bib）_2（SO_4）]_n（1）, where bib = 1,4-bis（imidazol-1-yl）benzene, has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and surface photovoltage spectroscopy（SPS）. Complex 1 crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 19.5988（6）, b = 9.7531（3）, c = 11.8146（4） ？, β = 96.185（3）°, V = 2245.20（12） ？~3, C_（24）H_（20）N_8NiO_4S, M_r = 575.25, D_c = 1.702 g/cm^3, Z = 4, F（000） = 1184, μ = 1.011 mm-1, the final R = 0.0293 and w R = 0.0702. X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that the center Ni^（2＋） ion is six-coordinated with an O_2N_4 donor set of two μ_2-SO_4^（2–） and four bib ligands, resulting in an ideal octahedral geometry. Topological analysis on complex 1 considers each Ni^（2＋） as a 6-connected node, while bib and sulfate ion as linkers, giving an α-Po topology with short Schl？fli symbol 412·63. In the crystal packing, the components interact with pairs of intermolecular C–H×××O hydrogen bonds. The SPS of 1 indicates that there are positive response bands in the range of 300~600 nm showing photo-electric conversion properties.

WO_(3)-TiO_(2)负载的Pt单原子催化剂光热协同催化丙烷和丙烯氧化

单原子催化剂(single-atom catalyst,SAC)可以最大化金属原子利用率,并具有独特的电子特性,已经在各种催化反应中进行了广泛的探索。然而,与纳米催化剂相比,贵金属SAC在烃类氧化反应中通常被认为是不活泼的。在本文中,证明了WO_(3)-TiO_(2)负载的Pt SAC(Pt1/WO_(3)-TiO_(2))在光热协同催化氧化C3H8和C3H6这两种典型的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)中表现出比相应的纳米催化剂(PtNP/WO_(3)-TiO_(2))高得多的活性。研究发现,Pt1/WO_(3)-TiO_(2)和PtNP/WO_(3)-TiO_(2)都可以通过克服氧中毒来提高光热协同催化C3H8氧化的活性。值得注意的是,Pt1/WO_(3)-TiO_(2)的反应速率达到了3792μmol∙gPt−1∙s^(−1),这对C3H8氧化是一个新的突破。更有趣的是,由于C3H6在PtNP/WO_(3)-TiO_(2)上的强吸附导致催化剂C3H6中毒,因此PtNP/WO_(3)-TiO_(2)上的光热协同催化C3H6氧化无法进行。但是,得益于C3H6和Pt单原子之间适中的相互作用,Pt1/WO_(3)-TiO_(2)上的C3H6中毒在光照下可以被克服。因此,Pt1/WO_(3)-TiO_(2)在光热协同催化C3H6氧化中显示出更高的活性。这项工作表明,SAC的优势不仅在于节约贵金属,还在于可以根据其独特的电子特性发现新的催化反应。

太阳能光(电)催化固氮研究进展

氨(NH_(3))是一种现代社会必需的化学物质。目前,工业上合成NH_3仍然采用的是Haber-Bosch过程,即以H_(2)和N_(2)为反应物在铁基催化剂的作用下于高温(400-600℃)高压(20-40Mpa)下将N_(2)转化为NH_(3)。然而,其效率只有10%-15%,同时造成大量的能源消耗,而且CO_(2)排放不可避免。开发构建可持续发展的清洁友好的新能源体系是解决能源危机和环境污染问题、实现碳达峰和碳中和的关键战略。半导体光(电)催化固氮可以利用绿色无污染的太阳能制取重要的基础化工原料氨,有望代替传统的化工制氨工艺,解决其能源消耗严重和环境污染的问题。本文概述了光(电)催化固氮反应及其影响因素、光催化、电催化和光电催化固氮反应实验装置与基本特征、光(电)催化固氮反应催化剂研究进展、光电催化固氮反应机理,着重论述了半导体光催化剂、光(电)催化固氮体系以及光催化固氮机理的最新进展,并对太阳能光催化固氮技术加以评述和展望。

光-电协同调控的高反射率全彩色液晶器件

本文利用光-电协同调控的方法获得了具有高反射率、全彩色显示的倾斜螺旋胆甾相(ChOH)器件。在液晶体系中引入一种具有左旋旋向的手性光开关switch 1,并基于相反旋向手性添加剂的手性抵消原则,使用R811来平衡switch 1发生光致Z/E异构化前后螺旋扭曲力上的差异,使体系在光照前后对其施加相同的电场强度可以反射具有相反旋向且相同波段的红-绿-蓝三色光。在此基础上,构筑了双层结构的液晶器件,对材料进行分层光-电刺激,诱导上层螺旋结构翻转,可在双层结构中分别形成左右旋结构,从而具有全反射效应,在双层ChOH液晶器件中反射率提升约60%。本研究为制备具有高反射率的全彩色电子纸器件提供了新思路,同时也为光开关材料在液晶器件中的应用提供了有益的探索。

太阳能光热催化制氢研究进展

太阳能光热催化(SPTC)制氢技术是从遵循全光谱太阳能分波段能量禀赋特性出发,利用太阳能短波部分高品位光子的光效应驱动光催化反应,同时利用长波部分低品位光子的热效应驱动热催化反应或者辅助强化光催化制氢,可解决传统热催化的高能耗和光催化的低转化效率问题,实现全光谱太阳能的分波段协调转化高效制氢。本文首先介绍了SPTC的定义与分类,然后详细综述了热效应对光催化以及光效应对热催化的协同强化机制,最后对SPTC技术的发展前景进行展望,以期为该技术更广泛的研究及应用提供指导。

催化剂晶面工程在光/电催化中的研究进展

通过光/电催化技术将太阳能或电能转换为化学能对于缓解能源危机展现出巨大的潜力,因此,将晶面工程用于光/电催化材料的研究备受关注.不同表面原子组成和不同表面能晶面会直接影响反应的性能、稳定性、中间产物以及增值化学品的生成,因此深入研究晶面工程影响光/电催化的过程成为既具挑战性又富有吸引力的课题.近年来,从基础科学研究到实际应用,晶面工程在光/电催化反应均取得显著进展,为了进一步提高光/电催化效率,为催化剂晶面工程设计提供指导,对最近的研究成果进行全面而系统的总结尤为重要.本文从晶面工程的微观机制、晶面的可控制备方法、晶面工程在光/电催化领域中的应用以及晶面工程的设计原理及突破方向等四个方面综述了晶面的研究进展.概括了晶面工程的微观机制以及如何影响光/电催化反应,讨论了利用先进的光谱表征直接跟踪催化剂化学态的动态演变以判断晶面催化剂的活性位点,并总结了如何通过吸附、晶面能级、空间电荷、过渡态等理论分析间接判断晶面微观作用机制.强调了晶面可控制备方法,如通过封端剂的使用、pH值调控和前驱体水解等方法调控成核和生长速率进而控制不同晶面的各向异性生长,介绍了晶面工程在光/电催化二氧化碳还原、产氢和固氮等方面的应用,并着重探讨了晶面如何影响光/电催化反应的性能和选择性,总结了晶面工程的设计策略和突破方向,探讨了传统修饰策略包括电催化剂充当光催化剂特定晶面的助催化剂、构建晶面结、在晶面中引入缺陷、掺杂等,以及新兴修饰手段如单/双原子催化剂的铆定、晶面与表面等离子体基元共振效应耦合、晶面的自旋态调控、压电势调节等对晶面催化剂的积极影响.最后,本文提出了晶面工程面临的一些挑战:(1)传统意义上的高活性晶面与性能之间的关系仍不明确;(2)材料稳定性问题的解决将对晶面工程的实际应用具有重要意义;(3)继续开发新的可控制备方法十分必要.综上,本文从晶面研究角度对于高性能光/电材料的设计合成提供一定的参考和借鉴.

超临界二氧化碳辅助制备二维非晶材料

二维非晶材料不仅具有二维材料的高比表面积和高表面原子活性,还具有非晶材料的多缺陷和活性位点等优势,是理想的催化材料。近年来,超临界二氧化碳辅助制备工艺在制备二维非晶材料方面取得了一系列成功。介绍了利用超临界二氧化碳辅助制备各种二维非晶材料,讨论了其可能的非晶化机理及其对二维材料结构和性能的影响,并进一步展示了它们在不同领域的应用。对超临界二氧化碳辅助制备二维非晶材料的研究不仅能从理论层面理解二维非晶材料的形成机制,更为制备具有特定结构和性能的二维非晶材料提供指导。相关研究展示了超临界二氧化碳辅助制备工艺在材料设计和工程应用中具有广阔的前景。

铕碳点对四环素的特异性识别与降解

以柠檬酸、1.0代聚酰胺胺和氯化铕为原料,采用水热法合成了具有特异性识别四环素比例荧光探针,同时对四环素进行降解。结果表明,Eu^(3+)-碳点(CDs)的量子产率为92%,具有抗干扰特性,可以特异性识别多种抗生素混合物中的四环素。c(四环素)=50 nmol/L~20μmol/L,比例荧光强度和四环素浓度呈现良好线性关系,最低检测限为6 nmol/L。t=120 min,365 nm紫外光催化四环素的降解率为60%,经过5个循环的降解效率一致,具有优异的光催化稳定性。

山竹壳制备吸附-光催化碳材料及其性能

以山竹壳为原料,通过磷酸活化处理、焙烧、浸渍乙酸锌、乙酸银溶液的方法制得复合双金属生物质碳材料AgZn/P/BC,并在可见光照射下研究该复合双金属生物质碳材料对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的吸附-可见光催化协同降解性能。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪(DRS)、比表面积测试仪(BET)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对复合材料进行表征分析,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定反应物浓度,计算脱除率。分别比较不同金属物质的量比(Ag、Zn)和不同金属乙酸盐溶液浸渍浓度的单一反应条件发现,当金属物质的量比n(Ag)∶n(Zn)为1∶1,金属乙酸盐溶液浓度为0.01 mol/L时,复合材料对2,4-DCP的降解效果最好,黑暗环境中吸附30 min脱除率可达62.33%,光照条件下催化120 min脱除率可达93.52%。动力学研究结果表明,金属乙酸盐溶液浓度为0.01 mol/L的复合双金属生物质碳材料AgZn/P/BC,其降解速率相较于金属乙酸盐溶液浓度为0.03 mol/L的AgZn/P/BC提高了近1.76倍,在pH测试和循环实验中复合材料的催化性能均保持良好,表明AgZn/P/BC具有优异的光催化降解2,4-二氯苯酚性能。

电力工程过程中照片收集与管理

电力工程是一个复杂的过程,涉及大量的数据和信息管理,而现场照片作为记录工程进展和质量控制的重要组成部分,对于项目管理来说至关重要。研究电力工程项目中照片收集与管理的现状和问题,并提出解决方案。通过对现有技术的应用,如云计算、人工智能等,以及照片收集的标准化和优化流程,提高电力工程项目管理的效率和质量。以一个电力工程项目的照片管理实践为案例,展示了现代信息技术在电力工程管理应用优势,推动电力工程行业向智能化、信息化的方向迈进。

A review on photo-thermal catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide

The conversion of carbon dioxide into value-added products is of great industrial and environmental interest. However, as carbon dioxide is relatively stable, the input energy required for this conversion is a significant limiting factor in the system's performance. By utilising energy from the sun, through a range of key routes, this limitation can be overcome. In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical overview of the potential routes to harvest the sun's energy, primarily through solar-thermal technologies and plasmonic resonance effects. Focusing on the localised heating approach, this review shortlists and compares viable catalysts for the photo-thermal catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide.Further, the pathways and potential products of different carbon dioxide conversion routes are outlined with the reverse water gas shift,methanation, and methanol synthesis being of key interest. Finally, the challenges in implementing such systems and the outlook to the future are detailed.

Preparation, Characterization and Photo-Catalytic Behavior of Y_2O_3/TiO_2 Composite Semiconductor Nanopowder

Y 2O 3/TiO 2 samples were prepared by sol-gel process and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser Raman spectra (LRS), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), specific surface area (BET), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the relative intensity of 101 peak of anatase and 002 peak of rutile, the mean crystal diameter and mean particle diameter of Y 2O 3/TiO 2 samples decrease while specific surface area increases owing to doping Y 2O 3. Y 2O 3/TiO 2 samples have a larger specific surface area and higher thermal stability. Owing to quantum size effect, the reflectance of Y 2O 3/TiO 2 samples is larger than that of pure TiO 2 in the range of 380～460 nm and the position of Raman peaks varies slightly. Being a model reaction, the photo-catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) with positive charge and methyl orange (MO) with negative charge was investigated in TiO 2 and Y 2O 3/TiO 2 nanopowder suspension irradiated by high-pressure mercury lamp. As a result, the addition of Y 2O 3 to TiO 2 is detrimental to photo-activity of TiO 2 for MB photo-degradation and photo-catalytic behavior is enhanced due to 5%, 10% Y 2O 3 deposited on TiO 2 for the photo-degradation of MO. And the relationship between photo-physical properties and photo-activity was discussed.