A Novel Aquila Optimizer Based PV Array Reconfiguration Scheme to Generate Maximum Energy under Partial Shading Condition

This paper develops a real-time PV arrays maximum power harvesting scheme under partial shading condition(PSC)by reconfiguring PV arrays using Aquila optimizer(AO).AO is based on the natural behaviors of Aquila in capturing prey,which can choose the best hunting mechanism ingeniously and quickly by balancing the local exploitation and global exploration via four hunting methods of Aquila:choosing the searching area through high soar with the vertical stoop,exploring in different searching spaces through contour flight with quick glide attack,exploiting in convergence searching space through low flight with slow attack,and swooping through walk and grabbing prey.In general,PV arrays reconfiguration is a problem of discrete optimization,thus a series of discrete operations are adopted in AO to enhance its optimization performance.Simulation results based on 10 cases under PSCs show that the mismatched power loss obtained by AO is the smallest compared with genetic algorithm,particle swarm optimization,ant colony algorithm,grasshopper optimization algorithm,and butterfly optimization algorithm,which reduced by 4.34%against butterfly optimization algorithm.

Research on PV array reconstruction and Full-cycle maximum power point tracking technology of space solar power station

Space solar power station is an energy system that converts solar energy into electrical energy in the space environment and then transmits it to the space platform or ground using wireless power transmission technology.To improve the power generation and system efficiency of the space solar power station,an adaptive and reconfigurable photovoltaic array with multi-configuration is proposed,which can avoid large attenuation of the output power and efficiency of the photovoltaic array when the photovoltaic modules have a fault occurs or the receive different irradiation intensity.Then,according to the orbit area and light condition of the space solar power station,the operation mode are divided in detail.Furthermore,a novel full-cycle and multi-mode GMPPT(maximum power point tracking)strategy is proposed.Compared to the single mode MPPT,the control strategy has shorter response time,faster convergence and higher tracking accuracy.Through the above research,the output power and photoelectric conversion efficiency of space solar power station can be significantly improved.

Automatic PV Grid Fault Detection System with IoT and LabVIEW as Data Logger

Fault detection of the photovoltaic(PV)grid is necessary to detect serious output power reduction to avoid PV modules’damage.To identify the fault of the PV arrays,there is a necessity to implement an automatic system.In this IoT and LabVIEW-based automatic fault detection of 3×3 solar array,a PV system is proposed to control and monitor Internet connectivity remotely.Hardware component to automatically reconfigure the solar PV array from the series-parallel(SP)to the complete cross-linked array underneath partial shading conditions(PSC)is centered on the Atmega328 system to achieve maximum power.In the LabVIEW environment,an automated monitoring system is developed.The automatic monitoring system assesses the voltage drop losses present in the DC side of the PV generator and generates a decimal weighted value depending on the defective solar panels and transmits this value to the remote station through an RF modem,and provides an indicator of the faulty solar panel over the built-in Interface LabVIEW.The managing of this GUI indicator helps the monitoring system to generate a panel alert for damaged panels in the PV system.Node MCU in the receiver section enables transmission of the fault status of PV arrays via Internet connectivity.The IoT-based Blynk app is employed for visualizing the fault status of the 3×3 PV array.The dashboard of Blynk visualizes every array with the status.

Utilization of Railway Track for Grid Connected PV System

Electric power is a key driver of economic growth and prosperity (1). But access to electricity still remains a distant dream for majority of the population living in the remote and arid areas of developing countries mostly Indian sub-continent. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have shown their potential in rural electrification projects around the world. Photovoltaic (PV) systems (2) use wafers, which are typically made of crystalline silicon when exposed to sunlight, will produce a small direct current. Available free land is very limited in Bangladesh. So to setup a solar PV Power plant, an alternate has been investigated in this paper work. The available free space over the railway tracks has been considered for power generation. The design calculation and analysis were carried out before it was modeled, simulated in SAM (Version 6.1). The aim of the paper is to analyze the technical description of a photovoltaic system, analyzing each of the elements, the presentation of different types of existing plants and the regulation, and presenting a proposal of such a plant based on the theoretical considerations and calculations.

Study on Seasonal Adjustment of Solar PV Tilt Angle around the North of 45th Parallel

The tilt angle of the small scale existing solar power plants is 60 degree and it is 45 degree for the megawatts(MW)class solar power plant in Mongolia.However,the PV module which is installed with 45 degree accumulates lots of snow during the winter.Currently,all solar PV systems installed in Mongolia are fixed the direction and tilt angles.According to the previous research result,the tilt angle of those systems was not suitable for using especially in the winter.The PV module which is installed with 60 degree does not accumulates snow even during the autumn and spring.According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)solar radiation database,solar irradiance for equator facing is largest at 32-degree tilted angle during the summer,47-degree during the spring and autumn,at 62-degree during the winter.The results of this paper show,the tilt angle of the PV module should be adjusted at least twice a year.For instance,the tilt angle will be adjusted at the 32-degree from 15th March to 24th August,at the 62-degree from 25th August to 15th March.In this case,the annual total energy output will be increased up to 30%than present production.

A Continuous Health Monitoring System for Photovoltaic Array Using Arduino Microcontroller

In this paper new technique is developed to monitor the health status of the PV panels in the array. For finding the health status short circuit current is measured continuously over a fixed time period. This technique can classify the health status into four categories such as Healthy, Low Fault, Medium Fault and High Fault. By this classification faulty operation can be rectified and power generation may be improved. In case of high faults, PV panels can be protected. The cost requirement for the implementation is very low. The proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB Simulation and hardware. The array considered in this paper is 2 × 2 Series Parallel.

Investigational Validation of PV Based DCD-MLI Using Simplified SVM Algorithm Utilizing FPGA Tied with Independent Sources

This paper presents the independent source tied photovoltaic (PV) based three-phase three-level diode-clamped-multilevel inverter (DCD-MLI) utilizing field programmable gate array (FPGA) controller. The maximum power point (MPP) is tracked by using fuzzy logic algorithm. Employed for gating signal generation, the space vector modulation (SVM) strategy eradicates the complexity in determining the reference vector location, the ON-time calculations and switching state selection. A digital proportional integral (PI) control algorithm is implemented on a FPGA to keep the current injected into the independent source (grid) sinusoidal and to achieve high dynamic performance with low total harmonic distortion (THD) of output voltage and output current which are 0.97% and 1.26%. With the proposed configuration, the adjustments of modulation index and phase angle are synthesized onto a FPGA by means of hardware description language (VHDL). The efficacy of the scheme is verified through simulation study. To confirm the feasibility of the scheme, experimental studies are carried out on a scaled-down laboratory prototype.

Optimal PV array reconfiguration under partial shading condition through dynamic leader based collective intelligence

This paper applies the innovative idea of DLCI to PV array reconfiguration under various PSCs to capture the maxi-mum output power of a PV generation system.DLCI is a hybrid algorithm that integrates multiple meta-heuristic algo-rithms.Through the competition and cooperation of the search mechanisms of different metaheuristic algorithms,the local exploration and global development of the algorithm can be effectively improved to avoid power mismatch of the PV system caused by the algorithm falling into a local optimum.A series of discrete operations are performed on DLCI to solve the discrete optimization problem of PV array reconfiguration.Two structures(DLCI-I and DLCI-II)are designed to verify the effect of increasing the number of sub-optimizers on the optimized performance of DLCI by simulation based on 10 cases of PSCs.The simulation shows that the increase of the number of sub-optimizers only gives a relatively small improvement on the DLCI optimization performance.DLCI has a significant effect on the reduction in the number of power peaks caused by PSC.The PV array-based reconstruction system of DLCI-II is reduced by 4.05%,1.88%,1.68%,0.99%and 3.39%,when compared to the secondary optimization algorithms.

Evaluation of series-parallel-cross-tied PV array configuration performance with maximum power point tracking techniques under partial shading conditions

Tracking the maximum power point is a critical issue with solar systems.The power output of the solar panel varies due to variations in irradiance and temperature.Nonuniform irradiation due to partial shading conditions has a direct impact on the characteristics of photovoltaic(PV)systems.To build a diversity of maximum power point tracking algorithms in solar PV systems,this work focuses on perturb and observe,incremental conductance,and fuzzy logic control methodologies.The suggested fuzzy logic control method outperformed the conventional incremental conductance and perturb and observe algorithms with a collection of 49 rules.This paper presents a novel series-parallel-cross-tied PV array configuration with a developed fuzzy methodology.To comment on the performance of a proposed system under various partial shading conditions,a series-parallel PV array configuration has been considered.The simulation result demonstrates that the fuzzy method has a percentage improvement in the global maximum power point tracking efficiency of 24.85%when compared to the perturb and observe method and a 65.5%improvement when compared to the incremental conductance method under long wide partial shading conditions.In the case of the middle partial shading condition,the fuzzy method has a percentage improvement in the global maximum power point tracking efficiency of 12.4%compared to the perturb and observe method and a 60.7%improvement compared to the incremental conductance method.

Maximum Power Extraction Control Algorithm for Hybrid Renewable Energy System

In this research,a modified fractional order proportional integral derivate(FOPID)control method is proposed for the photovoltaic(PV)and thermoelectric generator(TEG)combined hybrid renewable energy system.The faster tracking and steady-state output are aimed at the suggested maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control technique.The derivative order number(μ)value in the improved FOPID(also known as PIλDμ)control structure will be dynamically updated utilizing the value of change in PV array voltage output.During the transient,the value ofμis changeable;it’s one at the start and after reaching the maximum power point(MPP),allowing for strong tracking characteristics.TEG will use the freely available waste thermal energy created surrounding the PVarray for additional power generation,increasing the system’s energy conversion efficiency.A high-gain DC-DC converter circuit is included in the system to maintain a high amplitude DC input voltage to the inverter circuit.The proposed approach’s performance was investigated using an extensive MATLAB software simulation and validated by comparing findings with the perturbation and observation(P&O)type MPPT control method.The study results demonstrate that the FOPID controller-based MPPT control outperforms the P&O method in harvesting the maximum power achievable from the PV-TEG hybrid source.There is also a better control action and a faster response.

A novel monocrystalline PV array configuration for enhancing the maximum power under partial shading conditions

Solar photovoltaic(PV)systems have gained importance as a promising renewable energy source in recent years.PV arrays are prone to variable irradiance levels under partial shading conditions due to non-uniform shading.As a result,there will be a decrease in the amount of power produced and hotspots will occur.To overcome these issues,it is essential to select an appropriate PV material and a suitable array configuration.To obtain the maximum output power from a PV array under partial shading conditions,this paper suggests a novel triple-series–parallel ladder topology with monocrystalline PV material.Considering short and wide,long and wide,short and narrow,long and narrow,middle and diagonal shading situations,a 6×6-sized array has been considered and compared with other existing configurations such as total cross-tied,bridge-link,honeycomb,series–parallel and series–parallel cross-tied.The proposed configuration has an optimal number of cross ties to produce maximum power.It has 4 cross ties fewer than a honeycomb,3 cross ties fewer than a bridge link,16 cross ties fewer than a total cross-tied and 7 cross ties fewer than series–parallel cross-tied configurations.The proposed configuration has an improvement in power of 0.1%to 20%compared with other configurations under the considered shading scenarios.

PV Array Reconfiguration Based on the Shaded Cells'Number for PV Modules

Reconfiguration can increase the output power for a PV array under partial shadows.However,traditional reconfiguration methods consider the PV module as either totally shaded or totally unshaded,and module-based simulation is employed to evaluate the reconfiguration effect.Actually,there is an unneglectable error when treating a partially shaded PV module as totally shaded,through using a more accurate cellbased simulation.Based on the analysis of the determinant factors on MPPs’power of a PV array,a new reconfiguration method is proposed based on the exact partial shadow shape projected on the PV array.This method restructures the electrical connection among PV modules of a PV array according to the shaded cells’number(SCN)of every PV module.Extensive cell-based simulations are carried out on a PV array to verify the effectiveness of the proposed SCN-based reconfiguration method.Comprehensive comparisons among various reconfiguration methods and shadow distributions clearly show its suitability to different irregular shadows and its superiority in PV output power enhancement.

Improved Interleaved Single-Ended Primary Inductor-Converter forSingle-Phase Grid-Connected System

The generation of electricity based on renewable energy sources,parti-cularly Photovoltaic(PV)system has been greatly increased and it is simply insti-gated for both domestic and commercial uses.The power generated from the PV system is erratic and hence there is a need for an efficient converter to perform the extraction of maximum power.An improved interleaved Single-ended Primary Inductor-Converter(SEPIC)converter is employed in proposed work to extricate most of power from renewable source.This proposed converter minimizes ripples,reduces electromagnetic interference due tofilter elements and the contin-uous input current improves the power output of PV panel.A Crow Search Algo-rithm(CSA)based Proportional Integral(PI)controller is utilized for controlling the converter switches effectively by optimizing the parameters of PI controller.The optimized PI controller reduces ripples present in Direct Current(DC)vol-tage,maintains constant voltage at proposed converter output and reduces over-shoots with minimum settling and rise time.This voltage is given to single phase grid via 1�Voltage Source Inverter(VSI).The command pulses of 1�VSI are produced by simple PI controller.The response of the proposed converter is thus improved with less input current.After implementing CSA based PI the efficiency of proposed converter obtained is 96%and the Total Harmonic Distor-tion(THD)is found to be 2:4%.The dynamics and closed loop operation is designed and modeled using MATLAB Simulink tool and its behavior is performed.

Maximizing aged photovoltaic array power:a computer modelling study

Photovoltaic(PV)modules age with time for various reasons such as corroded joints and terminals and glass coating defects,and their ageing degrades the PV array power.With the help of the PV array numerical model,this paper explores the effects of PV module ageing on the PV array power,and the power gains and costs of rearranging and recabling aged PV modules in a PV array.The numerical PV array model is first revised to account for module ageing,rearrangement and recabling,with the relevant equations presented herein.The updated numerical model is then used to obtain the array powers for seven different PV arrays.The power results are then analysed in view of the attributes of the seven PV array examples.A guiding method to recommend recabling after rearranging aged modules is then proposed,leading to further significant power gains,while eliminating intra-row mismatches.When certain conditions are met,it was shown that recabling PV modules after rearranging them may lead to further significant power gains,reaching 57%and 98%in two considered PV array examples.Higher gains are possible in other arrays.A cost-benefit analysis weighing annual power gains versus estimated recabling costs is also given for the seven considered PV array examples to guide recabling decisions based on technical and economic merits.In the considered examples,recabling costs can be recovered in<4 years.Compared with the powers of the aged arrays,power gains due to our proposed rearranging and recabling the PV arrays ranged between 73%and 131%in the considered examples—well over the gains reported in the literature.Moreover,the cost of our static module rearrangement and recabling method outshines the costs of dynamic reconfiguration methods recently published in the literature.

Improved sliding-mode control for tracking global maximum power of triple-series-parallel ladder photovoltaic arrays under uneven shadowing

This paper presents an innovative way to enhance the performance of photovoltaic(PV)arrays under uneven shadowing conditions.The study focuses on a triple-series–parallel ladder configuration to exploit the benefits of increased power generation while ad-dressing the challenges associated with uneven shadowing.The proposed methodology focuses on the implementation of improved sliding-mode control technique for efficient global maximum power point tracking.Sliding-mode control is known for its robustness in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances,making it suitable for dynamic and complex systems such as PV arrays.This work employs a comprehensive simulation framework to comment on the performance of the suggested improved sliding-mode control strategy in uneven shadowing scenarios.Comparative analysis has been done to show the better effectiveness of the suggested method than the traditional control strategies.The results demonstrate a remarkable enhancement in the tracking accuracy of the global maximum power point,leading to enhanced energy-harvesting capabilities under challenging environmental conditions.Furthermore,the proposed approach exhibits robustness and adaptability in mitigating the effect of shading on the PV array,thereby increasing overall system efficiency.This research contributes valuable insights into the development of advanced control strategies for PV arrays,particularly in the context of triple-series–parallel ladder configurations operating under uneven shadowing conditions.Under short narrow shading conditions,the improved sliding-mode control method tracks the maximum power better compared with perturb&observe at 20.68%,incremental-conductance at 68.78%,fuzzy incremental-conductance at 19.8%,and constant-velocity sliding-mode control at 1.25%.The improved sliding-mode control method has 60%less chattering than constant-velocity sliding-mode control under shading conditions.

A Simple Primary Key Algorithm Based Shade Dispersion Method for Maximizing PV Power Generation under Partial Shading Conditions

The output power generation of a photovoltaic(PV)array reduces under partial shading,resulting in multiple local maxima in the PV characteristics and inaccurate tracking of the global maximum power point(GMPP).Various interconnection schemes are available to reduce power losses under partial shading.In this study,a primary key algorithm is proposed for distributing shading across an array.This method is suitable for any n×n PV array configuration and involves fewer calculations and variables,leading to reduced computational complexity.The power generations of a 9×9 PV array under four different shading conditions were compared with the configurations of:total cross-tied(TCT)and Su Du Ku,physical relocation and fixed column position of modules with fixed electrical connection(PRFCPM-FEC),and magic square(MS)and improved-odd-even-prime(IOEP).The advantage of the proposed method is that once the primary key elements are obtained,the remaining array elements are numbered in a simpler manner.The results obtained using the proposed arrangement show that the power is enhanced with reference to the TCT and is comparable to the Su Do Ku,PRFCPM-FEC,MS,and IOEP reconfigurations.

A Novel Triple-tied-cross-linked PV Array Configuration with Reduced Number of Cross-ties to Extract Maximum Power Under Partial Shading Conditions

Partial shadings cause output power reduction from Photovoltaic(PV)arrays due to mismatch losses.The selection of PV array configurations play a vital role in maximum power generation.This paper proposes a novel Triple-Tied-Cross-Linked(T-T-C-L)configuration to extract maximum power with a lesser number of cross ties than a Total-Cross-Tied(T-C-T)configuration.The performance of the proposed T-T-C-L configuration has been compared with various conventional PV array configurations,such as Series(S),Parallel(P),Series-Parallel(S-P),Bridge-Link(B-L),Honey-Comb(H-C),and T-C-T under Partial Shading Conditions(PSCs)by considering the 9×9 PV array.The PSCs considered are uneven row,column,diagonal,random,short&narrow,short&wide,long&narrow,long&wide shadings and uniform half module shading.The measures,such as open circuit voltage,short circuit current,maximum power,voltages and currents at maximum power,mismatch losses,fill factor and efficiency have been used for performance analysis of various configurations.From the results,it can be concluded that the performance of the proposed T-T-C-L configuration is optimal compared to other configurations.

Design of a Hybrid System for Rural Area Electricity Supply in Comoros

Comoros Islands suffering from energy stress due to rolling power cuts in the country mainly due to problems with failures heat engines fuelled with diesel. These blackouts induce shortages of energy while demand for energy does not cease to grow with the population. An alternative way for the Comoros Islands to get out of this energy crisis is to exploit the existing energy renewable sources, in particular to invest in the hybrid energy, a promising technology in terms of economic efficiency. The north of Ngazidja Island, in the region of Mitsamiouli, is considered among the economic lungs of this Island. It is spread in the field of tourism but also an area developed in agriculture and fishing. The Village of Koua Mitsamiouli located in rural area of this region is well known for its efficient yield in agricultural production, although the latter suffers from an energy stress in its last years. This lack of energy and water permanently to farmers has caused its production capacity to fall. In order to increase its agricultural profitability, and to satisfy the needs of the population for their activities such as trade, health, education, banking transactions, product preserving in retail stores, the energy autonomy of this village is more than necessary. It is important to notice that, the use of renewable energies in Comoros is very limited by photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. Hybrid technology and other renewable energy sources are not yet developed in Comoros Island. The main objective of this work is to propose the best possible sizing of a hybrid system for the production of electricity from renewable and non-renewable energy resources in order to satisfy the electrical needs in a reliable manner of the remote of village, Koua Mitsamiouli, for energetic autonomy. Indeed, two energy resources, composed by solar photovoltaic (PV) system and diesel generator are considered in the hybrid system. This study estimates the community demand with HOMER analysis. In order to check the performance of the overall system combination photovoltaic (PV)/generator, several numerical simulations were performed with the HOMER software using data from the national meteorological agency in Comoros and the results obtained by authors are satisfactory in terms of cost and reliability of the system.

Optimal PV Array Configuration for Extracting Maximum Power Under Partial Shading Conditions by Mitigating Mismatching Power Losses

The grid-connected or standalone PV central inverter architecture is comprised of several PV modules which are connected in different ways to form the PV array.The power generation capability of the PV array is primarily affected by partial shading conditions(PSC).Due to PSCs,the power output of the PV array is dramatically reduced,and mismatching losses are induced in the PV modules.Based on the extent of these problems,multiple peaks also appear in the power-voltage(P-V)curve,which makes it very difficult to track the global maximum power point(GMPP).The main objective of this research paper is to model and simulate the series(S),series-parallel(SP),bridge-link(BL),honey-comb(HC),total-cross-tied(TCT)and proposed triple-tied(TT)solar PV array configurations under various partial shading scenarios.The performance of all PV configurations is evaluated under a uniform approach,considering eight different shading scenarios.The performance of the considered PV configurations is analyzed in terms of their mismatching power losses,fill factors,efficiency,global maximum power points(GMPPs),local maximum power points(LMPPs),voltages and currents at GMPPs,open circuit voltage and short circuit currents.The above-mentioned PV configurations are modeled and simulated in a Matlab/Simulink environment by considering the KC-200GT module parameters.

Performance Investigation of Hybrid and Conventional PV Array Configurations for Grid-connected/Standalone PV Systems

Currently,the critical challenge in solar photovoltaic(PV)systems is to make them energy efficient.One of the key factors that can reduce the PV system power output is partial shading conditions(PSCs).The reduction in power output not only depends on a shaded region but also depends on the pattern of shading and physical position of shaded modules in the array.Due to PSCs,mismatch losses are induced between the shaded modules which can cause several peaks in the output power-voltage(P-V)characteristics.The series-parallel(SP),total-cross-tied(TCT),bridge-link(BL),honey-comb(HC),and triple-tied(TT)configurations are considered as conventional configurations,which are severely affected by PSCs and generate more mismatch power losses along with a greater number of local peaks.To reduce the effect of PSCs,hybrid PV array configurations,such as series-parallel:total-cross-tied(SP-TCT),bridge-link:total-cross-tied(BL-TCT),honey-comb:total-cross-tied(HC-TCT)and bridge-link:honey-comb(BL-HC)are proposed.This paper briefly discusses the modeling,simulation and performance evaluation of hybrid and conventional 7×7 PV array configurations during different PSCs in a Matlab/Simulink environment.The performance of hybrid and conventional PV configurations are evaluated and compared in terms of global maximum power(GMP),voltage and currents at GMP,open and short circuit voltage and currents,mismatch power loss(MPL),fill factor,efficiency,and a number of local maximum power peaks(LMPPs).