Noise analysis and measurement of time delay and integration charge coupled device

Time delay and integration （TDI） charge coupled device （CCD） noise sets a fundamental limit on image sensor performance, especially under low illumination in remote sensing applications. After introducing the complete sources of CCD noise, we study the effects of TDI operation mode on noise, and the relationship between different types of noise and number of the TDI stage. Then we propose a new technique to identify and measure sources of TDI CCD noise employing mathematical statistics theory, where theoretical analysis shows that noise estimated formulation converges well. Finally, we establish a testing platform to carry out experiments, and a standard TDI CCD is calibrated by using the proposed method. The experimental results show that the noise analysis and measurement methods presented in this paper are useful for modeling TDI CCDs.

Investigating the Thermal Stress of Millisecond Pulsed Laser Irradiation on Charge-Coupled Devices

In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity of the CCD’s material parameters and the melting phase transition process of aluminum electrode materials was considered by using equivalent specific heat capacity method, the physical process where a laser pulse irradiating a CCD pixel array was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The temperature field and thermal stress field were calculated and analyzed. In order to clarify the mechanism producing damage on the CCD detector, Raman spectra from silicon were measured with a micro-Raman spectrometer to determine stress change in the CCD chip. The procedure presented herein illustrates a method for evaluating strain in a CCD after laser irradiation.

Surface contamination of the charge-coupled device

An experimental method to study the influence of surface contamination of a thinned, backside illuminated charge-coupled device(CCD) upon its quantum efficiency in soft X-ray region is suggested. A transmission grating spectrometer(TGS), in which the transmission grating is coupled to a thinned, backside illuminated charge coupled device, is used to measure the continuum X-ray emission from the end of cylindrical target irradiated by laser. In the measured spectra, only the carbon K absorption edge at wavelength of 4.4 um due to condensation of the vacuum oil oil the CCD surface is clearly seen. The surface contamination is considered as an effective "carbon filter" and the filter absorption to correct the quantum efficiency of the CCD camera is taken into account. The effective thickness of the carbon filter is determined by comparing the jump height of the measured spectra at 4.4um with those of the carbon absorption coefficient curves obtained from various carbon thickness. The accuracy of this method is tested by comparing the X-ray spectrum measured by the TGS with that obtained by a soft X-ray spectrometer.

Optimization of a precision symmetric fingerclamping garlic seed-metering device

This study aimed to address the sowing quality problems commonly encoun-tered in the mechanized process of sowing garlic seeds,such as a low single-seed rate.To rectify these types of issues,the symmetric seed-collection spoons and the seed-distribution plate structures were designed based on an existing finger clip plate garlic seed-metering device.First,the optimal installation angle of the seed-distribution plate and optimal number of seed-collection spoons were determined using single-factor simulation tests based on discrete element method-multibody dynamics(DEM-MBD)coupling,and the effects of different seed-collection spoon tapers,finger clip gradual closing angles,and seed tray rotation speeds on the performance of the seed-metering device were analyzed.Second,based on the single-factor simulation tests,a quadratic regression orthogonal rotary combination simulation test was conducted using the taper of the seed-collection spoon,finger clip gradual closing angle,and seed tray rotation speed as the test factors and the single-seed rate(1 seed per spoon),empty rate(O seed per spoon),and multiple-seed rate(≥2 seeds per spoon)as the test indices.Parameter optimization was performed using an established regression model.Finally,bench tests were conducted to verify the reliability of the simulation results.The results showed that the optimal parameter combinations were a seed-collection spoon taper of 1.6,a finger clip gradual closing angle of 21.4°,and a seed tray rotation speed of 31.5 r-min-1.Also,the seed-metering device exhibited a single-seed rate of 94.2%,an empty rate of 2.1%,and a multiple-seed rate of 3.7%.

Dual-Schottky-junctions coupling device based on ultra-longβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)single-crystal nanobelt and its photoelectric properties

High qualityβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)single crystal nanobelts with length of 2−3 mm and width from tens of microns to 132μm were synthesized by carbothermal reduction method.Based on the grown nanobelt with the length of 600μm,the dual-Schottky-junctions coupling device(DSCD)was fabricated.Due to the electrically floating Ga_(2)O_(3)nanobelt region coupling with the double Schottky-junctions,the current I_(S2)increases firstly and rapidly reaches into saturation as increase the voltage V_(S2).The saturation current is about 10 pA,which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of a single Schottky-junction.In the case of solar-blind ultraviolet(UV)light irradiation,the photogenerated electrons further aggravate the coupling physical mechanism in device.I_(S2)increases as the intensity of UV light increases.Under the UV light of 1820μW/cm^(2),I_(S2)quickly enters the saturation state.At V_(S2)=10 V,photo-to-dark current ratio(PDCR)of the device reaches more than 104,the external quantum efficiency(EQE)is 1.6×10^(3)%,and the detectivity(D*)is 7.5×10^(12)Jones.In addition,the device has a very short rise and decay times of 25−54 ms under different positive and negative bias.DSCD shows unique electrical and optical control characteristics,which will open a new way for the application of nanobelt-based devices.

井筒-射孔-裂缝全耦合双暂堵压裂实验装置研发与应用

为将基于缝间(段内)射孔暂堵球与缝内暂堵剂的“缝间-缝内”暂堵压裂技术转化为实验教学内容,该文设计了井筒-射孔-裂缝全耦合暂堵压裂物理模拟实验装置。装置能够设置泵注压力、排量、射孔参数、裂缝粗糙程度、裂缝宽度等实验条件,开展非常规储层暂堵压裂物理模拟实验,并通过进出口流量监测、多点测压、可视化图像处理等方式对实验结果进行精细化表征,对段内暂堵与缝内暂堵两种压裂辅助工艺进行评价优化。该实验装置占地面积小、操作简便安全、功能丰富,是储层改造技术创新实践平台的重要组成部分。

油气藏相变岩石力学理论方法及应用场景

针对部分油气藏钻采过程中的固态烷烃相关混合物受热相变、超压砂体瞬间泄压触发砂体液化流动和孔隙充填物降压气化引发骨架垮塌3个典型的相变岩石力学现象,系统分析了目前在理论认识、实验方法、数学表征方面的研究进展,同时探讨了3个相变岩石力学现象对应的工程应用场景,揭示了其力学规律及工程应用效果,在此基础上,讨论了油气藏相变岩石力学目前所面临的挑战、潜在的发展趋势与亟待探索的方法。研究表明:不同的油气藏相变岩石力学现象需要采用相应的、特殊的实验及数学方法开展研究,确定其独特的多场耦合力学响应机制,以有效指导资源开采控制、致灾程度评价、地层稳定分析等。为满足该学科的发展需要,未来需挖掘更多油气资源开采中的相变岩石力学问题,开发特定的新型实验设备,借助人工智能与数字孪生技术,实现岩石相态变化力学过程的实时仿真与动态可视化。

面向自动驾驶汽车的新型转向系统设计及仿真分析

针对目前由于法规要求和技术成熟度的限制,面向自动驾驶汽车的转向系统必须具备驾驶员接管功能的需求,将永磁耦合装置嵌入转向系统中,设计出一款新型转向系统,可实现自动驾驶模式和驾驶员接管模式的切换。对新型转向系统进行整体方案设计,该系统能够实现转向盘静默、路感模拟、过载保护和机械转向冗余等功能,在不增加额外硬件的情况下实现转向系统的冗余设计。对该系统的关键部件永磁耦合装置开展了仿真分析和台架测试,对其传递特性进行了研究。搭建了整车和转向系统模型。通过Simulink-CarSim-PreScan联合仿真对新型转向系统进行功能分析,验证了该系统功能安全和冗余设计的有效性。

Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Semi-submersible Wind-Tidal Combined Power Generation Device

Energy shortages and environmental pollution are becoming increasingly severe globally. The exploitation and utilization of renewable energy have become an effective way to alleviate these problems. To improve power production capacity, power output quality, and cost effectiveness, comprehensive marine energy utilization has become an inevitable trend in marine energy development. Based on a semi-submersible wind-tidal combined power generation device,a three-dimensional frequency domain potential flow theory is used to study the hydrodynamic performance of such a device. For this study, the RAOs and hydrodynamic coefficients of the floating carrier platform to the regular wave were obtained. The influence of the tidal turbine on the platform in terms of frequency domain was considered as added mass and damping. The direct load of the tidal turbine was obtained by CFX.FORTRAN software was used for the second development of adaptive query workload aware software, which can include the external force. The motion response of the platform to the irregular wave and the tension of the mooring line were calculated under the limiting condition(one mooring line breakage). The results showed that the motion response of the carrier to the surge and sway direction is more intense, but the swing amplitude is within the acceptable range. Even in the worst case scenario, the balance position of the platform was still in the positioning range, which met the requirements of the working sea area. The safety factor of the mooring line tension also complied with the requirements of the design specification. Therefore, it was found that the hydrodynamic performance and motion responses of a semi-submersible wind-tidal combined power generation device can meet the power generation requirements under all design conditions, and the device presents a reliable power generation system.

Performance of a plastic scintillation fiber dosimeter based on different photoelectric devices

The photoelectric device of a scintillation dosimeter converts photons produced by radiation into an electrical signal.Its features directly determine the overall performance of the dosimeter.For a plastic scintillation fiber dosimeter(PSFD)with a current readout mode,systematic studies of the stability and light-dose response were performed for the photomultiplier tube(PMT),silicon photomultiplier(SiPM),avalanche photodiode(APD),and photodiode(PD).The temperature stability,long-term stability,repeatability,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),and current dose response of the PSFD with the abovementioned photoelectric devices were studied using a pulsed LED light source and the Small Animal Radiation Therapy platform.An exponential relationship between the dark/ne current and temperature was obtained for all the devices.I is shown that the APD is the most sensitive device to temperature,with a current dependence on temperature reaching 6.5%C^(-1)at room temperature,whereas for the other devices this dependence is always<0:6%C^(-1).In terms of long-term stability,the net current of PD can change by up to 4%when working continuously for 8 h and 2%when working intermittently for 32 h,whereas for the other devices,the changes are all<1%.For the dose response,the PMT and SiPM exhibit excellent linear responses and SNRs within the range of 0.1-60 Gy/min For the PSFD with a current readout mode,the performance of the PMT and SiPM is concluded to be better than that of the other devices in the study.In particular,the SiPM,which has a compact size,low bias voltage,and antimagnetic interference,has great advantages for further applications.

In-fiber photoelectric device based on graphene-coated tilted fiber grating

Graphene and related two-dimensional materials have attracted great research interests due to prominently optical and electrical properties and flexibility in integration with versatile photonic structures.Here,we report an in-fiber photoelec-tric device by wrapping a few-layer graphene and bonding a pair of electrodes onto a tilted fiber Bragg grating(TFBG)for photoelectric and electric-induced thermo-optic conversions.The transmitted spectrum from this device consists of a dense comb of narrowband resonances that provides an observable window to sense the photocurrent and the electrical injection in the graphene layer.The device has a wavelength-sensitive photoresponse with responsivity up to 11.4 A/W,allowing the spectrum analysis by real-time monitoring of photocurrent evolution.Based on the thermal-optic effect of electrical injection,the graphene layer is energized to produce a global red-shift of the transmission spectrum of the TF-BG,with a high sensitivity approaching 2.167×10^(4)nm/A^(2).The in-fiber photoelectric device,therefore as a powerful tool,could be widely available as off-the-shelf product for photodetection,spectrometer and current sensor.

Feedforward compensation of the insertion devices effects in the SSRF storage ring

The lattice of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF) storage ring was upgraded in the Phase-II beamline project, and thus far, 18 insertion devices(IDs) have been installed. The IDs cause closed-orbit distortions, tune drift, and coupling distortions in the SSRF storage ring, all of which are significant issues that require solutions. In this study, an ID orbit feedforward compensation system based on a response matrix using corrector coils was developed, and it was applied to all commissioned IDs in the SSRF storage ring. After correction, the maximum ID-induced horizontal and vertical orbit distortions were less than 5.0 and 3.5 μm, respectively. Some interesting phenomena observed during the measurement process were explained. Additionally, optical and coupling feedforward systems were developed using quadrupole and skew quadrupole magnets installed on the front and back of elliptically polarizing undulators(EPUs). Moreover, over nearly four months of operation, the developed strategy delivered a satisfactory performance in the SSRF storage ring.

Charge Couple Device-Based Systemfor3-di mensional Real Ti me Positioning on the Assessment of Segmental Range of Motion of Lumbar Spine

Objective： To observe the tested results of the segmental range of motion （ROM） of lumbar spine by charge couple device （CCD）-based system for 3-dimensional real-time positioning （CCD system）, and to analyze its clinical significance. Methods： Seven patients with lumbar joint dysfunction and 8 healthy subjects were tested twice by the CCD-based system with an interval of 10 min. Results： The ROM of the patients was obviously lesser than that of the healthy subjects. The measuring data of segmental ROM of lumbar spine by CCD system is correlated significantly to the same data checked later on the same subjects in every direction of the movements. The differences between two checks are usually less than 1 degree. Conclusion： Specially designed CCD based system for 3-dimensional real-time positioning could objectively reflect the segmental ROM of lumbar spine. The system would be of great clinical significance in the assessment of the biomechanical dysfunction of lumbar spine and the effect of the treatment applied.

Coupling strength effect on shot noise in boron devices

The shot noise properties in boron devices are investigated with a tight-binding model and the non-equilibrium Green＇s function. It is found that the shot noise and Fano factors can be tuned by changing the structures, the size, and the coupling strength. The shot noise is suppressed momentarily as we switch on the bias voltage, and the electron correlation is significant. The Fano factors are more sensitive to the ribbon width than to the ribbon length in the full coupling context. In the weak-coupling context, the Fano factors are almost invariant with the increase of length and width over a wide bias range.

Mn^(4+) activated phosphors in photoelectric and energy conversion devices

Owing to their high luminous efficiency and tunable emission in both red light and far-red light regions,Mn^(4+)ion-activated phosphors have appealed significant interest in photoelectric and energy conversion devices such as white light emitting diode(W-LED),plant cultivation LED,and temperature thermometer.Up to now,Mn^(4+)has been widely introduced into the lattices of various inorganic hosts for brightly redemitting phosphors.However,how to correlate the structure-activity relationship between host framework,luminescence property,and photoelectric device is urgently demanded.In this review,we thoroughly summarize the recent advances of Mn^(4+)doped phosphors.Meanwhile,several strategies like co-doping and defect passivation for improving Mn^(4+)emission are also discussed.Most importantly,the relationship between the protocols for tailoring the structures of Mn^(4+)doped phosphors,increased luminescence performance,and the targeted devices with efficient photoelectric and energy conversion efficiency is deeply correlated.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of Mn^(4+)doped phosphors for practical applications are anticipated.We cordially anticipate that this review can deliver a deep comprehension of not only Mn^(4+)luminescence mechanism but also the crystal structure tailoring strategy of phosphors,so as to spur innovative thoughts in designing advanced phosphors and deepening the applications.

Application of Photoelectric Devicesto Robot Soft Grasp

A robot slide tactile sensor based on photoelectric devices is introduced.The sensor is mounted on the hydraulic manipulator and used in a soft grasp control system.The experimental results are also presented.

Pressure control method and device innovative design for deep oil in-situ exploration and coring

Deep oil exploration coring technology cannot accurately maintain the in-situ pressure and temperature of samples, which leads to a distortion of deep oil and gas resource reserve evaluations based on conventional cores and cannot guide the development of deep oil and gas resources on Earth. The fundamental reason is the lack of temperature and pressure control in in-situ coring environments. In this paper, a pressure control method of a coring device is studied. The theory and method of deep intelligent temperature-pressure coupling control are innovatively proposed, and a multifield coupling dynamic sealing model is established. The optimal cardinality three term PID (Proportional-Integral-Differential) intelligent control algorithm of pressure system is developed. The temperature-pressure characteristic of the gas-liquid two-phase cavity is analyzed, and the pressure intelligent control is carried out based on three term PID control algorithms. An in-situ condition-preserved coring (ICP-Coring) device is developed, and an intelligent control system for the temperature and pressure of the coring device is designed and verified by experiments. The results show that the temperature-pressure coupling control system can effectively realize stable sealing under temperature-pressure fields of 140 MPa and 150 °C. The temperature-pressure coupling control method can accurately realize a constant pressure inside the coring device. The maximum working pressure is 140 MPa, and the effective pressure compensation range is 20 MPa. The numerical simulation experiment of pressure system control algorithm is carried out, and the optimal cardinality and three term coefficients are obtained. The pressure steady-state error is less than 0.01%. The method of temperature-pressure coupling control has guiding significance for coring device research, and is also the basis for temperature-pressure decoupling control in ICP-Coring.

Effectiveness of Radiofrequency Inductively Coupled Plasma Sources for Space Propulsion

Evolution of geometric forms of antenna coils for radiofrequency(RF)inductively coupled plasma(ICP)sources is analyzed.Top effectiveness of flat ICPSs generating plasma"tablet"is shown.Especially effective are ICPSs using antenna coils enhanced with ferromagnetic cores(FMICPS).It is found that the design of flat ICPSs is simpler and more convenient for the arrangement of plasma diagnostics in comparison with ICPSs of other geometries.Effective flat FMICPS models of different diameters ranging from 10 cm to 100cm are considered.Recommendations are given for development engineers dealing with ICPS devices in general and with radio frequency ion thrusters(RITs)in particular.

High Power Fiber Bundle Array Coupled LDA Module

An optical fiber bundle array coupling module with high output power is presented in this paper. The device integrated the coupling technique of the high power laser diode array (LDA) and the micro-ball lenses fiber array. This module can efficiently couple the output laser of the LDA into 19 fibers array with micro-ball lens end-surface. The difference of the couple efficiency between the flat-end fiber and micro-ball-end fiber is discussed. The micro-ball lenses fiber array made of 19 fibers have the same fiber core diameter of 200 m, and then the end-surfaces of 19 fibers are fused to 19 micro-ball lenses. The micro-ball lenses fiber array are fixed precisely in the neighborhood on the V-grooves, and the fiber array has the same arrange period with the semiconductor laser units of LDA. This configuration of micro-ball lens fiber array can greatly reduce the divergence of the laser beam from all directions, and a very efficient laser beam homogenizer and shaper are obtained. Finally, high output power of 30.1 W of the fiber coupled LDA is achieved, and the maximal coupling efficiency is >83% with the numeral aperture (NA) of 0.16.

基于UIS测试的Si/SiC级联器件雪崩特性分析

与机械式断路器相比,使用半导体功率器件构成的直流固态断路器在响应时间方面有较大的优势。由低压硅金属—氧化物—半导体场效应晶体管(Si MOSFET)和高压碳化硅结型场效应晶体管(SiC JFET)构成的Si/SiC级联型器件具有优异的开断特性。半导体功率器件可靠性一直是直流固态断路器所关注的焦点问题,非箝位感性负载开关(unclamped inductive switching,UIS)测试是评估半导体功率器件可靠性的重要方法。文中通过实验和仿真的方式分析了Si/SiC级联器件在非箝位感性负载开关过程的雪崩特性。首先,通过增加器件导通时间得到了不同负载电流下的雪崩特性,结果表明,随着导通时间的增加,Si/SiC级联器件在雪崩期间出现了雪崩电压下降的异常特性。随后,通过分立式Si/SiC级联器件进行UIS测试,发现异常特性是由于SiC JFET在雪崩期间出现导通而形成的。最后,通过Si/SiC级联器件的三维电—热耦合仿真,结果表明雪崩期间SiC JFET芯片栅极铝金属层和键合线温度升高,导致SiC JFET栅极等效电阻增加,最终使得SiC JFET在雪崩期间出现导通。