A Novel Multi-Tube Photoreactor with UV Light and Immobilized TiO_2 Thin Film for Water Treatment

A novel multi-tube photoreactor with 0.0188m3 valid reaction volume was constructed in pilot-scale. This rectangular reactor consisted of 13 regularly distributed silica glass tubes coating with TiO2 thin film photo-catalyst. Total active area of TiO2 thin film is 0.3916m2. The ratio of surface area to volume achieves 20.8m-1. Photocatalytic experiment of phenol red demonstrates that the apparent reaction rate constant (k) is 0.074 65 h-1 and 0.16502h-1 for reaction system with and without micro-bubbles mixing. The corresponding apparent quantum efficiency (a) is 8.1771 X 10-7g.J-1 and 4.9036 x 10-7g-J-1, respectively. COD value of reactant could decrease to 17mg.L-1 and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) only shows two absorption peaks in 24 h pho-tocatalytic process time, so this photoreactor has good photomineralization effect. Experimental results reveal that photocatalytic destruction of organics is possible by using the multi-tube photoreactor.

Nanohybrid membrane in algal-membrane photoreactor: Microalgae cultivation and wastewater polishing

Microalgae cultivation has gained tremendous attention in recent years due to its great potential in green biofuel production and wastewater treatment application. Membrane technology is a great solution in separating the microalgae biomass while producing high quality of permeate for recycling. The main objective of this study was to investigate the filtration performance of Ag/GO-PVDF(silver/graphene oxide-polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane in an algalmembrane photoreactor(A-MPR) by benchmarking with a commercial PVDF(com-PVDF) membrane. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae was cultivated in synthetic wastewater in an A-MPR for ammoniacal-nitrogen and phosphorus recovery and the wastewater was further filtered using Ag/GO-PVDF and com-PVDF membranes to obtain high quality water. Spectrophotometer was used to analyze the chemical oxidation demand(COD), ammoniacal nitrogen(NH3-N) and phosphate(PO43-). The concentration of proteins and carbohydrates was measured using Bradford method and phenol-sulfuric acid method, respectively. The COD of the synthetic wastewater was reduced from(180.5 ± 5.6) ppm to(82 ± 2.6) ppm due to nutrient uptake by microalgae. Then, the Ag/GO-PVDF membrane was used to further purify the microalgae cultivated wastewater, resulting in a low COD permeate of(31 ± 4.6) ppm. The high removal rate of proteins(100%) and carbohydrates(86.6%) as the major foulant in microalgae filtration, with low membrane fouling propensity of Ag/GO-PVDF membrane is advantageous for the sustainable development of the microalgae production. Hence, the integrated A-MPR system is highly recommended as a promising approach for microalgae cultivation and wastewater polishing treatment.

Comparative study of performance efficiency for three kinds of photoreactors

This paper generalized the structure characteristics of three different configuration photoreactors: annular type irradiated by lamp, solar shallow pond and solar flat plate and compared their performance efficiency at the same reaction condition level which was determined by the first order rate constant in photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange in TiO 2 suspension. It was demonstrated that solar could be considered as an alternative light source in photoreactors not only for low running and construction cost but also for their successful performance. The evidence has proved the feasibility of solar photocatalytic oxidation as an additional or alternative advantage stage of wastewater treatment process.

Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater Utilizing a Semicircular Section Tubular Photoreactor

A semicircular section tubular photoreactor has been constructed, characterized and applied to the treatment of groundwater contaminated with As（V） by means of the SORAS （solar oxidation and removal of arsenic） technique, using ferrous and citrate salts. The solar concentrator was built with recyclable waste materials： glass tubes from fluorescent lamps and 6-inch diameter PVC pipes cut in half and covered by aluminum foil. The reactor concentrates solar radiation up to 2.8 times its natural intensity. Batch irradiation experiments followed by controlled agitation （shear rate = 30-33 s^-1; 20 min agitation period） showed that the photoreactor accelerates the formation of settleable floccules （Dp 〉 0.5mm）, compared with a fluorescent lamp glass tube alone and a 2 L PET （polyethylene terephthalate） bottle. Irradiation times necessary for floccule formation in the photoreactor, the fluorescent lamp tube and the PET bottle were 15 min, 25 min and 60 min, respectively. Continuous flow experiments using a photoreactor with a photo-collection area of 0.9 m^2 and a hydraulic retention time （equal to the irradiation time） of 15 rain showed that immediate formation of floccules of good settleability occurs when the solution is subjected to moderate agitation （33 s^-1）. An efficiency of 98.36% for As（V） removal was obtained with a final concentration of 16.5 ktg/L in decanted waters. In accordance to these results, the photoreactor is able to treat approximately 130 L/m^2 within a 5-h period with UVA irradiation intensities of 50-70 W/mE.

Photodegradation of Methylene Blue in a Batch Fixed Bed Photoreactor Using Activated Carbon Fibers Supported TiO2 Photocatalyst

A batch fixed bed photoreactor,using felt-form activated carbon fibers(ACF)supported TiO2 photocatalyst(TiO2/ACF),was developed to carry out photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)solution.The effects of TiO2 particle size,loaded TiO2 amount,initial MB concentration,airflow rate and successive run on the decomposition rate were investigated.The results showed that photodegradation process followed a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic law.The apparent first-order reaction constant kapp was larger than 0.047 min- 1 with half reaction time t1/2 shorter than 15 min,which was comparable to reported data using suspended Degussa P-25 TiO2 particles.The high degradation rate was mainly attributed to adsorption of MB molecules onto the surface of TiO2/ACF.The photocatalytic efficiency still remained nearly 90%after 12 successive runs,showing that successive usage of the designed photoreactor was possible.The synergic enhancement effect in combination of adsorption with ACF and photodegradation with TiO2 was proved by comparing MB removal rates in the successive degradation and adsorption runs,respectively.

Progress on gas-solid phase photoreactor and its application in CO_(2) reduction

The burgeoning field of photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)has emerged as a remarkable promising solution to address some of the most pressing global energy and environmental issues which we face today.Researchers around the global have been striving to augment the efficiency of CO_(2)photocatalytic reduction,employing strategies that range from modifying the fundamental properties of photocatalysts to suppress the electron-hole recombination,optimizing reaction conditions to achieve the highest yield,and conceptualizing and constructing photoreactors to improve the adsorption process.Among these factors,the photoreactor plays a critical role in enhancing the overall photocatalytic efficiency.Understanding the various types of photoreactors and their operational dynamic can significantly influence the experimental design,thus guiding the data collecting and analysis.Compared to the solid-liquid phase,gas-solid phase photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)is gaining recognition for its potential advantages,such as rapid molecular diffusion rates,adjustable CO_(2)concentrations,and uniform and sufficient light exposure.Nonetheless,the currently reported gas-solid phase photoreactors are still in their infancy.In this review,we dissect the underlying mechanism of photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction and the performance evaluation criteria of photoreactors,and review the development process of gas-solid phase photoreactors.Furthermore,we explore the evolution of gas-solid phase photoreactors,elucidating their growth trajectory and future possibilities.We present a comprehensive classification of gas-solid phase photoreactors,offering a new insight into their design and functionality,summarizing their strengths and inevitable limitations.Finally,we provide a forward-looking perspective on the future developmental prospects of carbon neutrality.

Photocatalytic degradation of 4-tert-octylphenol in a spiral photoreactor system

A spiral photoreactor system （SPS） was developed for the degradation of 4-tert-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in aqueous phase. 4-t-OP was previously considered as a endocrine disrupting compound frequently present in water. The direct photodegradation reaction caused by the SPS was found to accord with the characteristic of apparent first-order reaction with reaction rate constant k = 4.8 x 10-2 min-1. However, the direct photodegradation reaction could not make the 4-t-OP mineralized. The photodegradation efficiency increased from 88% to 91.2% in 45 min irradiation period after the internal surface of SPS was sintered with TiO2 thin film as catalyst. Catalyst concentration, number of catalyst coating layers and initial concentration of 4-t-OP were proven to be the factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation performance of the SPS on aqueous 4-t-OP. The degradation mechanism was investigated and the byproducts were analyzed using total organic carbon analyzer （TOC） and LC-MS. The possible chemical structures of the products were suggested. SPS with single layer of TiO2 prepared by sintering 13.6% of TiO2 precursor was proven to be more efficient than most of previous systems for removal of 4-t-OP from aqueous phase. 28.3% of the 4-t-OP was mineralized in 45 min according to the decreased amount of TOC value.

Constructing S-scheme 2D/0D g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) NPs/MPs heterojunction with 2D-Ti3AlC2 MAX cocatalyst for photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to CO/CH_(4) in fixed-bed and monolith photoreactors

Exfoliated 2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) conductive cocatalyst anchored with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) to construct 2D/0D/2D het-erojunction has been explored for enhanced CO_(2) photoreduction in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreac-tor.The TiO_(2) particle sizes(NPs and MPs)were systematically investigated to determine effective metal-support interaction with faster charge carrier separation among the composite materials.When TiO_(2) NPs were anchored with 2D Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX structure,10.44 folds higher CH_(4) production was observed com-pared to anchoring TiO_(2) MPs.Maximum CH_(4) yield rate of 2103.5μmol g^(−1) h^(−1) achieved at selectivity 96.59%using ternary g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2)2D/0D/2D composite which is 2.73 and 7.45 folds higher than using binary g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX and TiO_(2) NPs/Ti_(3)AlC_(2) samples,respectively.A step-scheme(S-scheme)photocatalytic mechanism operates in this composite,suppressed the recombination of useful electron and holes and provides higher reduction potential for efficient CO_(2) conversion to CO and CH_(4).More im-portantly,when light intensity was increased by 5 folds,CH_(4) production rate was increased by 3.59 folds under visible light.The performance of composite catalyst was further investigated in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreactor and found monolithic support increased CO production by 2.64 folds,whereas,53.99 times lower CH_(4) production was noticed.The lower photocatalytic activity in a monolith photore-actor was due to lower visible light penetration into the microchannels.Thus,2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) composite catalyst can be constructed for selective photocatalytic CO_(2) methanation under visible light in a fixed-bed photoreactor.

Mercury removal performance over a Ce-doped V-W/TiO_(2) catalyst in an internally illuminated honeycomb photoreactor

A new type of internally illuminated honeycomb photoreactor was designed. The honeycomb catalyst prepared by using Cedoped TiO2 with 1%–2% vanadium and tungsten was employed for mercury removal from simulated industrial flue gas. The adsorption kinetics in the reaction process were studied. The results showed that the internally illuminated honeycomb photoreactor had good mercury removal performance. When the temperature was 25℃ and the ultraviolet(UV) light intensity reached 80 μW/cm2, the mercury removal efficiency reached 92.5%. The mercury removal efficiency increased significantly with the doping ratio of Ce. XPS analysis showed that the oxidation state of Ce changed from 4 to 3 in the mercury removal reaction and produced lattice oxygen, which acts as an oxidant. O2 can promote mercury removal by honeycomb catalysts;SO2 and HCl also had positive effects, while NO had an inhibitory effect on mercury removal. Kinetic research in the reaction process showed that the quasi-first-order dynamic model had good fitting results, and the correlation coefficients of the fitting results for multiple sets of experimental data were more than 0.999.

三相流化床中光催化降解反应特性的研究

在设计并建立的流态化光催化反应器中,采用负载型光催化剂对甲基橙水溶液进行了光催化降解实验研究。优化了三相流化状态下光催化反应器的操作条件, 其结果为:气体流量200-250Lh-1,液体流量30 Lh-1,催化剂用量为1.5gkg-1处理液;考察了该反应器中催化剂的使用寿命,为光催化降解技术的工业应用研究提供了参考。

不同酸碱条件下胶体迁移对含水介质渗透性的影响

文章通过室内土柱实验,研究胶体在迁移过程中对含水介质渗透性的影响以及不同酸碱条件下含水介质渗透性变化的特征,并从胶体的动电性质、粒径分布以及胶体与含水介质的空间排斥效应等方面对含水介质渗透性变化的微观机理进行探讨。研究结果表明,胶体溶液的酸碱度对含水介质的渗透性影响很大,中性和碱性条件下,胶体容易迁移,含水介质渗透性变化小。不同酸碱度条件下胶体粒度、表面动电性质不同:在酸性环境下出水胶体表面zeta电势和淌度为正,由于胶体带正电荷与含水介质表面所带负电荷的电性相反,电荷之间的吸引作用使胶体沉积作用加大,随着胶体聚沉在含水介质表面上渗透性急剧降低;在碱性环境中出水胶体表面zeta电势和淌度为负,电荷间的排斥作用将极大地促进胶体在含水介质中的迁移。

半导体光催化氧化技术的研究进展

作为一种高级氧化工艺,半导体光催化氧化技术能有效降解多种对环境有害的污染物,使污染物矿化为CO2、H2O及其他无机小分子物质 在诸多半导体光催化剂中,TiO2由于无毒、催化活性高、氧化能力强、稳定性好、成本低,成为最常用、也是最具潜力的一种光催化剂 阐述了TiO2光催化氧化的反应机理,介绍了决定TiO2光催化性能的因素及提高其活性的方法,总结了光催化反应器的发展及影响光催化反应效率的因素,并展望了半导体光催化氧化技术的前景。

连续循环固定床光催化反应器动力学研究(1)操作参数对光催化效率的影响

本工作对连续循环固定床光催化氧化水处理系统 ,系统地考察了操作参数对光催化氧化效率的影响 ,结果表明 ,流体流速显著地影响光催化效率 ,液相、气相流速分别达到 2 80 L/h和1 0 0 L/h时 ,模拟反应物达到最好的降解率 ;在一定条件下反应体系的光催化效率存在饱和行为 ;增加光强度明显提高反应速度 ;溶液 p H值影响很大 ,大于 1 0或小于 4,光催化效率都较高 ;添加H2 O2

平板构型太阳光催化反应系统中甲基橙降解脱色研究

利用太阳光作为光源，采用自制的非聚焦开放式平板构型光催化反应装置和二氧化钛悬浆体系，以甲基橙溶液光催化脱色为依据，考虑了不同催化剂投加量、溶液初始浓度、ＵＶ辐射强度及体系流量等因素条件下，反应系统的运行情况．实验结果表明，自制的平板式太阳光反应系统能够很好的利用太阳光，在较广泛的运行条件下均能达到较高的去污效果．本实验的最佳运行条件为：平均ＵＶ光照强度２６９３Ｗ／ｍ２的晴天，ＴｉＯ２催化剂投加量１ｇ／Ｌ，系统循环流量１６００Ｌ／ｈ，初始浓度为２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲基橙溶液１５Ｌ，光照１ｈ色度去除率达８３６％以上，光照２ｈ达９７９％．

半导体气固相光催化氧化反应介绍

介绍了气固相光催化氧化过程的基本原理、反应动力学 ,探讨了反应器模拟和设计计算以及反应器的型式 ,综述了多相光催化反应半导体光催化剂的制备、使用和失活 ,以及大量的光催化制品。

负载化纳米TiO_2光催化降解气相甲苯

使用高比表面积的玻璃弹簧为载体,水热合成法制备了TiO2膜光催化剂,并在密闭循环式反应系统中进行甲苯的气相光催化降解实验。考察了气体流速、空气相对湿度、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对甲苯降解效率的影响,并采用GC/MS测定光催化降解过程中的气体组分及其含量,没有发现除甲苯以外的其它气相组分,最后测试了催化剂在高污染物浓度时的使用寿命。

苯在TiO_2上的气相光催化反应性能

在一个循环式光反应系统中进行了苯的气相光催化实验.考察了催化剂与反应物的接触面积,催化剂用量和苯的初始浓度对苯光催化氧化反应的影响.结果表明,催化剂与反应物的接触面积和光强度的共同作用是影响苯光催化降解速度的主要因素.实验条件下,催化剂接触面积增加2倍,反应时间缩短260min.再将光强度提高1倍,反应时间缩短320min;催化剂用量对反应过程的影响主要是催化剂层吸附能力的影响,随着催化剂用量的增加这种影响逐渐减弱.当催化剂用量从0.1g增加到0.5g时,反应时间缩短100min,而从0.5g增加到1.5g时只缩短20min;当系统中苯的浓度较低时,随着初始浓度的增加反应中苯的浓度变化增大,但在高浓度系统中初始浓度的影响不明显.

负载型TiO_2固定相光催化氧化剂固定化技术研究

以耐火砖颗粒为载体 ,用浸涂法制备了负载型TiO2 光催化氧化剂 ,并设计了一种二相流化床光催化反应器。考察了固相催化剂制备过程中粘结剂的量、载体粒度及催化剂的表面处理方式等因素对催化剂的活性影响。结果表明 ,在流化床光催化反应器中 ,利用该方法制备的负载型TiO2 光催化氧化剂 ,对染料 4BS溶液的降解脱色反应具有很好的光催化活性及光催化效果的稳定性 ,为光催化技术的实际应用提供了有意义的尝试。

旋转薄膜式光催化反应器降解水中有机污染物

提出了一种强化薄膜浆态反应器的新型反应器——旋转薄膜式光催化反应器(RFFS)。以苯酚为模拟有机污染物,以商品的Degussa P25为光催化剂,首先研究了RFFS反应器的性能,然后与常规的鼓泡式光催化反应器进行了光催化性能比较。实验结果表明,RFFS反应器形成的旋转浆态薄膜扩大了与空气和光源的接触面积,强化了光催化体系的传质,提高了体系中催化剂对光能的利用率,并且能够在较高光催化剂浓度的条件下运行。在苯酚初始浓度为30mg/L,催化剂投加量为3.0g/L,通气气速1.0L/min,浆料循环流量为3.3L/min,光距为10cm的条件下,与传统反应器相比,苯酚的催化反应速率提高了1.6倍。

采用鼓泡柱式光生物反应器培养螺旋藻的研究

鼓泡柱式光生物反应器是一类简单、高效的光生物反应器。本文对鼓泡柱式光生物反应器中影响螺旋藻生长的因素：光强、温度、二氧化碳、气泡、通气速度等以及分批培养生长模型进行了研究。采用有气泡分布器的１．２ｌ，鼓泡柱式光生物反应器分批培养螺旋藻，在光强Ｅ＝１６ｋｌｘ，温度Ｔ＝３０～３３℃，以通气速度Ｖｇ＝４６ｌ／ｈ通入纯净空气时，第５ｄ可达最大细胞干重：３．３ｇ／ｌ。