Phyllanthuse emblica polyphenols:Optimization of high-voltage pulsed electric field assisted extraction,an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro

Background:The polyphenols extraction of Phyllanthus emblica is primarily carried out using organic solvents,and assisted by physical fields such as ultrasound and microwave for extraction.High voltage pulsed electric field technology(PEF)is a non-thermal processing technology that has high efficiency and minimal damage to thermosensitive substances.PEF has been applied to plant extraction in many studies,however,the extraction of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF has still not been reported;Objective:This study explores the optimal extraction process of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF,and investigates its relaxation and anti-wrinkle based on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory experiment,in order to develop a Phyllanthus emblica extract with substantial efficacy;Materials and Methods:The method of Phyllanthus emblica extract using PEF is established,and compared with a traditional extraction method.The experimental conditions,such as electric field intensity(0.5–6.0 kV/cm),pulse times(20−120),extraction time(0–60 min)and material concentration(0.5%∼3%),are investigated and optimized using orthogonal experiments;Results:the polyphenols in the Phyllanthus emblica extract were highest at the electric field intensity of 5 kV/cm,120 pulses,extraction time of 30 min,and 2%material concentration.The PEFcontained more polyphenols than the conventional water extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.The Phyllanthus emblica extract had substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,with a good clearance effect on DPPH(IC50 of 1.82%)and ABTS(IC50 of 1.80%)radicals.At the Phyllanthus emblica extract concentration of 1.25%,inflammatory factors(TNF-α)were reduced by 47.08%;and Conclusion:The PEF is a leading-edge and promising method for preparing Phyllanthus emblica extracts.

Phytochemistry and ethnomedicinal qualities of metabolites from Phyllanthus emblica L.:A review

Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry is an integrated part of Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicines.For several decades,the well-known ancient herb has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine to cure diseases like fever,diabetes,constipation,jaundice,ulcers,biliousness,anemia,anorexia,and dyspepsia.In the traditional system,Indian gooseberry has various ethnomedicinal applications.In the Ayurvedic system,different methods of administration(anupan)have shown different ethnomedicinal properties of Indian gooseberry.Seventy well-known chemical components in Indian gooseberry have been identified through phytochemical evaluation,among which the flavonoids and phenols are most prominent.From the toxicity perspective,it is considered a safe herb in India,and is taken as a food supplement in European countries.The wide-spectrum pharmacological activities of the crude extracts and isolates of Indian gooseberry are attributed to the predominance of phenols and flavonoids.Thus,it is important to study the exact mechanism of the activity of the phytochemicals in Indian gooseberry,especially in anti-cancer activities.Extract of Indian gooseberry enhances proliferation in several cancer cells in vitro,including stem cells like ovarian cancer(OC)cells,and also has been observed to possess anti-proliferative characteristics in vivo.This review intends to explore the therapeutic potential of Indian gooseberry based on scientific reports and attempts to find the gaps for future research.

Two pyrrole acids isolated from Phyllanthus emblica L.and their bioactivities

An undescribed pyrrole acid,1-(4′-methoxy-4′-oxobutyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid(1)and one known pyr-role acid(2)were isolated from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica.The structures of these compounds were elucidated via the comprehensive analyses of IR,HRESIMS,1D and 2D spectroscopic data.A series of biological assays revealed that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit LPS-induced over-production of nitric oxide(NO),interleukin-6(IL-6),monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)by reducing the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK)and c-Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK)in RAW 264.7 cells.Additionally,compounds 1 and 2 were found to reduce lipid deposition and increase the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated RAW264.7 macrophages.

Therapeutic Activity of Partially Purified Fractions of Emblica officinalis （Syn, Phyllanthus embfica） Dried Fruits against Trypanosoma evansi

Emblica officinalis （E. oJficinalis） dried fruits were evaluated for its antitrypanosomal activity and cytotoxic effects. Vero cell line maintained in DMEM （Dubecco＇s Modified Eagle Medium） and incubated with Trypanosoma evansi for more than 12 h. MPE was added to the Vero cell culture medium at different concentrations （250-1,000 μg/mL） with trypanosomes concentration （1 × 106 trypanosomes/mL in each ELISA plate well） and incubated at appropriate conditions for 72 h. In-vitro cytotoxieity of MPE of E. officinalis was determined on Vero cells at concentrations （（1.56-100 ~tg/mL）. Acute toxicity and in-vivo infectivity tests were done in mice. Obtained MPE ofE. officinalis underwent process of purification via column chromatography, preparative chromatography and HPLC （higher performance liquid chromatography） with bioassay at different strata on Alsever＇s medium. In-vivo assay for trypanocidal activity, MPE and PPFs （partially purified fractions） of E. officinalis with two sets of mice, each mouse was inoculated with 1 × 104/mL oftrypanosomes and treated （48 h post inoculation） at concentrations （12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight） were administered at dose rate of 100 [tL per mouse via intraperitoneal route （in treating parassitemic mice） to different groups of mice, 6 mice per concentration. HPLC of partially purified fractions ofE. officinalis was carried out with mobile phase ofacetonitdle： water （40：60） in gradient mode. In vitro, MPE induced immobilization and killing of the parasites in concentration-time dependent manner. Significant reduction of trypanosomes counts from concentration of 250μg/mL and complete killing of trypanosomes at 5th hour of observation, which was statistically equivalent to 4th hour of Diminazine Aceturate （Berenil）, standard reference drug used. HPLC of the partially purified fractions revealed two major prominent peaks at retention time of 1-4 min. In vivo, both MPE and PPFs of test material did prolong lives of mice by 6-9 days but could not cure them. At concentration of 2,000 kg/kg body weight of MPE in acute test, all mice survived. For in-vivo infectivity test, mice injected with immobilized trypanosomes developed parasitemia and died while, the other group survived. MPE, PPFs and Diminazine Aceturate were toxic to Vero cells at all concentrations exception of 1.56, 1.56-3.13 and 1.56-6.25 μg/mL, respectively. From this report, PPFs ofE. officinalis dried fruits demonstrated potential pathway for a new development oftrypanocide in near future if additional investigations are put in place.

余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.)Vc含量分析

采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法分析比较了余甘子各器官之间、同品种不同植株之间、不同余甘子品种之间以及与野生资源之间的Vc含量以及不同预处理方法对Vc测定的影响。结果表明,Vc在余甘子各器官中均有分布,以果实与初生幼叶中居多,茎、根中含量较低;皇帝甘与粉甘含量较多,但与其它品种的差异不大;5个野生资源单株Vc含量差异极显著,其中有3个野生单株的果肉Vc含量高于主栽品种粉甘。

余甘(Phyllanthus emblica L.)大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育研究

采用常规石蜡切片技术,对平丹1号余甘大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育进行研究。结果表明:药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层为腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂时胞质分裂为同时型;产生四面体形四分体;成熟的花粉粒为二细胞型花粉;平丹1号余甘的雌蕊为上位子房,3心皮3室,每室含倒生胚珠2枚,为厚珠心,具珠心喙,胚囊为蓼形;平丹1号余甘部分大孢子母细胞、大孢子及胚囊发育异常,致使不能形成正常的卵细胞,不能进行受精。

Anti-diabetic activity of quercetin extracted from Phyllanthus emblica L.fruit: In silico and in vivo approaches

In this study, molecular interactions of the ligands, quercetin, gallic acid, and metformin with various diabetes mellitus-related protein targets, such as glycogen phosphorylase and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma, were assessed. It was revealed that quercetin possesses good binding affinity to both targets. Quercetin is a major constituent of methanolic extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit. The antihyperglycemic effect of quercetin in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats was examined. The isolated quercetin administered at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight produced a maximum decrease of14.78% in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats after 7 days of treatment. Furthermore, quercetin doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg were shown to significantly improve the profiles of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol at the end of the study in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The administration of quercetin(25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight)daily for 28 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose and urine sugar levels, with a considerable rise in plasma insulin and hemoglobin levels. Therefore, quercetin is a potential drug with antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic action mediated by changes in the levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides as indicated by in silico and in vivo studies.

Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellerica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents:Doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells

AIM: To examine the growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) and Terminalia bellerica (T. bellerica) extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and lung carcinoma (A549) cells and their synergistic effect with doxorubicin or cisplatin. METHODS: HepG2 and A549 cells were treated with P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts either alone or in combination with doxorubicin or cisplatin and effects on cell growth were determined using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The isobologram and combination index (CI) method of Chou-Talalay were used to evaluate interactions between plant extracts and drugs. RESULTS: P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts demonstrated growth inhibitory activity, with a certain degree of selectivity against the two cancer cell lines tested. Synergistic effects (CI < 1) for P. emblica /doxorubicin or cisplatin at different dose levels were demonstrated in A549 and HepG2 cells. The T. bellerica/ cisplatin or doxorubicin also showed synergistic effects in A549 and HepG2 cells. In some instances, the combinations resulted in antagonistic effects. The dose reduction level was different and specific to each combination and cell line. CONCLUSION: The growth inhibitory activity of doxorubicin or cisplatin, as a single agent, may be modified by combinations of P. emblica or T. bellerica extracts and be synergistically enhanced in some cases. Depending on the combination ratio, the doses for each drug for a given degree of effect in the combination may be reduced. The mechanisms involved in this interaction between chemotherapeutic drugs and plant extracts remain unclear and should be further evaluated.

Synergistic anti - Staphylococcus aureus activity of amoxicillin in combination with Emblica officinalis and Nymphae odorata extracts

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn(E.officinalis: Family:Euphorbiaceae) seed and Nymphae odorala Aiton(N.odorala:Family:Nymphaeaceae) stamen extracts,alone and in combination,and in combination with amoxicillin(Ax) against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Methods:Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of amla,E.officinalis,seed(AMS:500μg) and sapla,N.odorala,stamen(SAP:500 p g) for 12 methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA) isolates was determined following agar diffusion:in order to assess the combined antibacterial activity,AMS(250μg) plus SAP(250μg) were considered.The Ax(10μg) activity alone and in combination with AMS(250μg),and SAP(250μg) was determined by disk diffusion.The zone diameters of inhibition(ZDIs) for the agents were recorded,and growth inhibitory indices(GIIs) were calculated.Results:The MRSA isolates (n=12) had AMS(500μg) and SAP(500μg) ZDIs of 12-19 mm and 21-24 mm,respectively.The ZDIs(range 24-27 mm) increased by 3-4 mm due to combined action of AMS(250μg) and SAP(250μg) indicating synergy between extracts for MRSA(GII 0.634-0.742).The MRSA isolates were resistant to Ax(ZDI:8-11 mm),which in combination with AMS and SAP had synergistic effect,both due to increased ZDI[mean±SD=(3.5±0.577) mm]and GII(0.631-0.894).Conclusions:The data suggest that the plants,E.officinalis and N.odorala alone or in combination,are promising in the development of phytomedicines,which may be used,alone or in combination with the antibiotic. Ax,against MRSA infection.

Effect of Phyllanthus emblica Linn.on Candida adhesion to oral epithelium and denture acrylic

Objective:To investigate the effect of Phyllanthus emblica(P.emblica) Linn,ethanolic extract on the adhesion of Candida albicans(C.albicans) to human buccal epithelial cells(BECs) and denture acrylic surfaces.Methods:Human BECs and transparent acrylic strips were pretreated with ethanolic extract solution of P.emblica fruits at concentration ranged from 18.7 to 300 mg/mL.After washing BECs and the strips were inoculated with three strains of C.albicans (ATCC 10281 and two clinical isolates)(10~7 cells/mL).Normal saline solution(NSS) and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate were used as negative and positive controls,respectively.BECs were harvested on 12μm-polycarbonate filters(Millipore,USA).The membrane filters and the strips were stained with Gram stain.Adherent yeast cells on 100 randomly selected epithelial cells and 20 randomly selected fields on each strip were counted under microscope.The statistical significance was calculated by Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests at a significant level of P【0.05. Results:Significant lower numbers of all strains of yeasts adhering to BECs and acrylic strips were observed after exposure to 75-300 mg/mL of plant extract compared with NSS.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that P.emblica ethanolic extract interferes with the adhesion of C. albicans to BECs and denture acrylic surfaces in vitro.

Emblica officinalis improves glycemic status and oxidative stress in STZ induced type 2 diabetic model rats

Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis(E.officinalis)fruit on normal and type 2 diabetic rats.Methods:Type 2 diabetes was induced into the male Long-Evans rats.The rats were divided into nine groups including control groups receiving water,type 2 diabetic controls,type 2 diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide(T2GT)and type 2diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of fruit pulp of E.officinalis.They were fed orally for8 weeks with a single feeding.Blood was collected by cutting the tail tip on 0 and 28 days and by decapitation on 56 day.Packed red blood cells and serum were used for evaluating different biochemical parameters.Results:Four weeks administration of aqueous extract of E.officinalis improved oral glucose tolerance in type 2 rats and after 8 weeks it caused significant(P<0.007)reduction in fasting serum glucose level compared to 0 day.Triglycerides decreased by 14%but there was no significant change in serum ALT,creatinine,cholesterol and insulin level in any group.Furthermore,reduced erythrocyte malondialdehyde level showed no significant change(P<0.07)but reduced glutathione content was found to be increased significantly(P<0.05).Conclusions:The aqueous extract of E.officinalis has a promising antidiabetic and antioxidant properties and may be considered for further clinical studies in drug development.

Effect of Total Flavonoids from Phyllanthus emblica L. on Tumor Proliferation and Immune Function

[Objectives]To explore the effect of total flavonoids from Phyllanthus emblica L.on tumor proliferation and immune function.[Methods]The effects of total flavonoids of P.emblica L.on the proliferation of 6 different tumor cell lines(human hepatoma cell line HepG-2,human cervical cancer cell line Hela,human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901,human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2,human lung cancer cell line H460 and human ovarian cancer cell line A2780)were compared by SRB method.The effect of total flavonoids from P.emblica L.on the proliferation of mouse lymphocytes induced by concanavalin(ConA)or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)in vitro was detected by CCK-8 method.[Results]The results of SRB assay showed that compared with the normal group,the total flavonoids of P.emblica L.had obvious inhibitory effect on 6 kinds of tumor cells.Among them,the inhibitory effect on H460 cells and CNE-2 cells was the most significant,and the IC50 was(471.36±50.66),(463.26±40.75)μg/mL,respectively.The high dose group of total flavonoids from P.emblica L.had the same inhibitory effect as the positive drug 5-Fu.The results of CCK-8 assay showed that compared with the blank group,the total flavonoids of P.emblica L.significantly inhibited the proliferation of mouse lymphocytes induced by ConA or LPS(*P<0.05,**P<0.01).[Conclusions]The total flavonoids of P.emblica L.had significant anti-tumor activity.

Investigation of Antidiabetic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>Linn. Fruits in Experimental Animal Models

Hypoglycemic effects were investigated in the ethanolic extract of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. with long evans rats (100-120 g). Residual gut sucrose content, gut perfusion and disaccharidase activity studies were carried out to assess these activities. The residual gut sucrose content study was carried out to reveal the amount of sucrose remaining in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT) at six different segments. The ethanolic fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. significantly increases the residual sucrose content throughout the gut after sucrose ingestion. Study on intestinal enzyme activity showed that the extract caused a significant (p 0.05), dose dependent inhibition of intestinal disaccharidase enzyme activity. Evaluation of the effect of the plant extract on intestinal enzyme activity showed significant inhibition of intestinal disaccharidase activity, suggesting that reduction of sucrose absorption may be partly related to the inhibition of disaccharidase activity in the gut. The gut perfusion analysis showed that the extract significantly reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The results of the present study suggest that ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. has significant antidiabetic effects in a dose dependent manner and this may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.

Investigation of the Phytoconstituents and Bioactivity of Various Parts of Wild Type and Cultivated <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>L.

Phyllanthus emblica L. belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae is a common medicinal plant in Bangladesh. In order to evaluate the phytoconstituents and bioactivity of various parts of P. emblica, both the wild type (i.e., small) and cultivated (i.e., big) fruits were collected from the local market of Bangladesh and six ethanolic extracts were prepared from various parts of the collected fruits for this current study. A comparative analysis of the phytochemical compositions and various bioactivities especially antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity of the six ethanolic extracts were accomplished. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of large amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and resins etc. The maximum antioxidant activity was observed for wild type P. emblica seed extracts and the minimum activity was observed for cultivated flesh extracts. Moreover, among the samples the wild type P. emblica extracts have excellent amount of total phenol contents and the highest free radical scavenging activity. It is also found that P. emblica samples were active against both gram-positive (i.e., B. subtilis) and gram-negative (i.e., E. coli, and S. typhi) bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was achieved in the wild type P. emblica seed extracts against both pathogenic (S. typhi) and non-pathogenic bacterial strains (E. coli, and B. subtilis). These samples showed almost no activity against Fusarium sp. fungus.

Prolonged Seed Dormancy in <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>L. Can Be Overturned by Seed Scarification and Gibberellin Pre Treatment

Phyllanthus emblica L. is an important constituent of Ayurvedic medicine and a fresh fruit species in the market in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it has a high potential to be established as a commercial fruit crop. The seeds of P. emblica are semi orthodox and exhibit a long dormancy period hindering the natural sexual propagation. Therefore, it still remains as an underutilized fruit crop in Sri Lanka due to its lack of quality planting material and poor propagation techniques. Long term dormancy also causes a big challenge in germinating seeds to create populations in breeding programs. In order to promote P. emblica from its underutilized status, what seems most feasible is to develop a method to break up the seed dormancy artificially. In order to do so, the methods of breaking the dormancy of P. emblica seeds have to be studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify a method to break up the seed dormancy of P. emblica. The seeds were extracted from 21 trees belonging to three different districts in Sri Lanka. The selected viable seeds were subjected to four different pre treatments: none treated seeds (i.e. control), seeds scarified, seeds scarified and treated with 1% gibberellin and seed coat removed and followed by seeds treated with 1% gibberellin. From the four treatments, seed dormancy was overturned with a germination percentage of 43% by the seed pre treatment where the seeds were scarified and treated with 1% gibberellin and no other pre treatment methods were successful in breaking the dormancy. This suggests that the natural germination potential of P. emblica seeds is very low and it can be overridden by seed scarification and gibberellin pre treatment.

Effects of 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose from P. emblica on HBsAg and HBeAg Secretion in HepG2.2.15 Cell Culture

A polyphenolic compound, 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose （1246TGG）, was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Phyllanthus emblica L. （Euphorbiaceae） and assayed for its potential as an anti-hepatitis B virus （HBV） agent. The cytotoxicity of 1246TGG on HepG2.2.15 as well as HepG2 cells was determined by observing cytopathic effects, and the effects of 1246TGG on secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells were assayed by enzyme immunoassay. Results indicates that treatment with 1246TGG （6.25 ~tg/mL, 3.13 ~tg/mL）, reduced both HBsAg and HBeAg levels in culture supernatant, yet the inhibitory effects tend to decline with the assay time. This study provides a basis for further investigation of the anti-HBV activity and possible mechanism of action of 1246TGG

余甘子斑点病病原菌鉴定、生物学特性及防治药剂筛选

【目的】明确余甘子果实斑点病的病原菌种类,了解其生物学特性,筛选有效的防治药剂,为余甘子果实斑点病的科学诊断和田间防治提供理论依据。【方法】从广东省汕尾市陆河县余甘子产业园种植基地采集发生斑点病的余甘子果实,采用组织分离法对余甘子斑点病病果进行病原菌分离,通过形态学特征和基于多基因(ITS、TUB和EF1-α)的系统发育进化分析对病原菌进行鉴定;采用针刺接种法测定病原菌菌株的致病力;采用菌丝生长速率法测定不同培养条件对病原菌菌丝生长的影响;通过室内毒力测定评估12种常见杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌活性。【结果】从余甘子病果中分离出1株病原真菌菌株PE3,致病性测定结果表明,该菌株为余甘子斑点病致病菌,其形态特征与间座壳菌Diaporthe phoenicicola相似,且其ITS、TUB和EF1-α基因系统发育进化树分析显示与D.phoenicicola聚在同一分支。生物学特性测定结果显示,菌株PE3菌丝生长的最适温度为25℃,最适p H为7,最适生长碳源为甘油和蔗糖,最适生长氮源为酵母提取物。室内毒力测定结果显示,450 g/L咪鲜胺乳油对菌株PE3菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,抑制中浓度(EC_(50))为0.019 mg/L;其次是8%氟硅唑微乳剂、10%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂,EC_(50)分别为0.023、0.124和0.194 mg/L;而2%春雷霉素水剂对菌株PE3菌丝生长的抑制效果最差,EC_(50)为402.336 mg/L。【结论】间座壳菌D.phoenicicola是引起余甘子果实斑点病的病原菌,450 g/L咪鲜胺乳油、8%氟硅唑微乳剂、10%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂能有效防治余甘子果实斑点病,可在余甘子种植中推广应用。

超声辅助不同小分子糖渗透处理后真空冷冻干燥油柑的品质比较

该研究评价了超声辅助五种小分子糖渗透处理后冻干油柑的理化特性及体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:相比对照组,经超声辅助渗糖处理的油柑水分损失率、固形物增加率升高;冻干油柑内部孔隙更加致密,硬度显著提高、脆度基本保持,复水性下降;低聚异麦芽糖处理组的吸湿率(18.25%)低于对照组(22.54%);葡萄糖和麦芽糖处理组的冻干油柑色差ΔE小,分别为2.73和1.71,即颜色保留率高;低聚麦芽糖和蔗糖对冻干油柑的风味强化效果较好;蔗糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖处理组的冻干油柑可滴定酸含量较低;与对照组玻璃化转变温度(T_(g)=43.66℃)相比,麦芽糖处理组的T_(g)升高到45.53℃,其他处理组则显著降低了样品的T_(g);除木糖醇处理组(9.44 mg/g)外,不同超声渗糖处理组的总酚保留率均较高;蔗糖和低聚异麦芽糖渗透处理可有效保持冻干油柑的体外抗氧化能力。总的来说,超声辅助蔗糖和低异聚麦芽糖渗透处理的冻干油柑品质较好,其中低异聚麦芽糖可作为一种蔗糖替代品用于开发功能性冻干油柑。

余甘子水提物对黑腹果蝇寿命及攀爬能力的保护作用

目的:余甘子(PE)是一种富含多种酚类物质和有机酸等化合物的药食两用植物资源。本研究拟探讨PE水提物对正常生理条件和镉(Cd)胁迫条件下果蝇寿命及攀爬能力的影响。方法:采用1.6、8、16 mg/mL PE水提物分别作用于野生型雌雄红黑腹果蝇,寻找有效提高其寿命及攀爬能力的最佳PE水提物浓度和最佳处理时间,并检测最佳浓度PE水提物处理后对雌雄果蝇体内SOD、CAT活性、MDA含量的影响。用5、10、20、40 mg/L CdCl_(2)单独作用于雌雄果蝇,摸索有效降低果蝇寿命的最适CdCl_(2)浓度,在此基础上采用1.6、8、16 mg/mL PE水提物联合最适浓度CdCl_(2)处理雌雄果蝇,探讨PE水提物对Cd胁迫下雌雄果蝇寿命及攀爬能力的影响。结果:与对照组相比,16 mg/mL PE水提物有助于延长正常生理条件下雌雄果蝇寿命(P<0.05);在最佳浓度(雌性1.6 mg/mL、雄性8 mg/mL)PE水提物处理下,有效提高雌雄果蝇攀爬能力的最佳处理时间呈现出性别差异,雌果蝇的最佳处理时间为22 d,雄果蝇为10 d,但最佳浓度PE水提物分别处理雌雄果蝇10、22、33、45 d均不能提高其体内抗氧化酶活性。与对照组相比,40 mg/L CdCl_(2)作用下雌雄果蝇的平均寿命降低最多(P<0.01),后续以40 mg/L作为最适Cd胁迫浓度。与对照组比较,8和16 mg/mL PE水提物有助于延长40 mg/L CdCl_(2)胁迫下雄果蝇的寿命但处理18 d后其攀爬能力显著降低(P<0.05),1.6、8和16 mg/mL PE水提物处理对雌果蝇的寿命和攀爬能力则均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:PE水提物有助于延长正常生理条件下雌雄果蝇的寿命和攀爬能力,延长Cd胁迫下雄果蝇的寿命但降低其攀爬能力,表明PE对果蝇的保护作用存在性别差异。

余甘子提取物与四种中药提取物复配的促消化效果的研究

通过小鼠小肠运动、胃排空、大鼠摄食量、体重增加、食物利用率、胃蛋白酶测定等实验对比余甘子提取物分别与四种提取物(陈皮、茯苓、山楂及白术)两两复配(两两复配产品),及五种提取物复配产品的促消化效果。结果表明两两复配产品及五种提取物复配产品均能显著提高小鼠小肠推进率,并能显著提高其胃排空率;五种提取物复配产品组较空白组显著提升大鼠食物利用率(P<0.05);余甘子山楂复配产品组,余甘子茯苓复配产品组及五种提取物复配产品组相较空白组大鼠的胃蛋白酶活性都有明显提升(P<0.05);除了余甘子陈皮复配提取物外,相较空白组,其他两两复配产品组均有提升大鼠胃蛋白酶排出量的效果(P<0.05)。其作用可能与提高胃肠动力及提高胃蛋白酶活力相关,本研究为余甘子等复配提取物改善胃肠消化功能提供理论依据,并为研发提高胃肠动力的产品提供思路。