Medicinal and Edible Plant——Physalis alkekengi L.and Its Cultivation Techniques

Botanical morphological characteristics of Physalis alkekengi L.is first introduced,and its medicinal and edible value is elaborated.Cultivation techniques of P.alkekengi L.are mainly introduced.The research aims to provide a certain basis for the better development and application of P.alkekengi L.

Polysaccharide from Fruits of Physalis Alkekengi L. Enhances Antitumor Efficacy by a DNA Vaccine

Physalis. alkekengi fruit has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for tumor therapy. In the present study, using plasmids that encode ovalbumin (OVA) gene, we investigate the adjuvant activity of a polysaccharide fraction (PPSB) isolated from P.alkekengi fruit. Formulation by simple procedures of mixing of the OVA-encoding pCI-neo-sOVA plasmid with PPSB not only induced specific antibody responses, but also induced antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses (Graph abstract). Furthermore, immunization using this vaccine prevented the growth of OVA-expressing B16-OVA tumor cell growth in the immunized mice. Thus, we provide evidence supporting the adjuvant activity of PPSB in DNA vaccine against tumor.

Extraction,Purification,and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Steroid Fraction from Physalis Alkekengi L.Var.Franchetii(Mast.)Makino

Objective: As a traditional medicinal plant listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii(Mast.) Makino(PAF) has a long medicinal history and high economic value. PAF has immunomodulatory properties and can be used to treat acute lung injury and eczema.The aim of this study is to solve the problems of extraction and purification of active components from PAF. Materials and Methods: The solvent to be used for extraction and its concentration, the solid-to-liquid ratio, and extraction duration were investigated using a single-factor experiment.An orthogonal design(L_(9)[3^(4)]) was used to determine the optimum extraction conditions. After optimization, the sample’s concentrations and flow velocity, the eluents and their velocity, adsorption time, and the removed water volume were measured. The content of the five steroids in the sample was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). We also investigated the anti-inflammatory property of PAF calyxes before and after purification. Results: The optimum extraction and purification processes were determined by single-factor analysis.AB-8 was identified as the best macroporous adsorption resin for enrichment. After optimization, the average total steroid content was 71.83%,and the average recovery was 90% after purification. Among the five steroid components detected by HPLC, physalin F showed the highest content. Furthermore, the sample obtained after purification could significantly inhibit paw edema by egg whites induced. Conclusions: An environmentally-sustainable, efficient, and stable process was first optimized for enriching and purifying total steroids from PAF. The process has the potential for further development and utilization in the pharmaceutical industry.

A novel cytotoxic neophysalin from Physalis alkekengi var.francheti

A new neophysalin, named 5α-hydroxy-25,27-dihydro-4,7-didehydro-7-deoxyneophysalin A（1）, along with three other known neophysalins （2-4） were isolated from the calyxes of Physalis alkekengi L. var.francheti （Mast.） Makino. The structure of 1 was determined by means of 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR and mass spectra. Compound 1 displayed potent cytotoxicities in vitro against PC- 3 and LNCaP cell lines.

Three new physalins from Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii

Three new physalin steroids,physalin Ⅲ(1),physalin IV(2),3-O-methylphysalin X(3),together with five known physalins(4-8)were isolated from the 80%EtOH extract of calyces of Physalis alkekengi var.franchetii.The structures of the new compounds were revealed through 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic studies.

Study on Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Physalis alkekengi

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate optimal conditions for callus induction and plant regeneration of Physalis alkekengi. [ Method ] P. alkek- eng/was employed as the experimental material and different concentrations of 6-BA and c^-NAA were added to MS medium to prepare the differentiation medium, to investigate the effect of different concentrations of plant hormones on callus differentiation of P. alkekengi. [ Result ] Under low or high concentrations of 6-BA, ratio of the total number of adventitious buds/explants and differentiation rate were reduced with the increasing concentration of ct-NAA ; when the concentrations of 6-BA and ct-NAA were respectively 1.0 and 0.2 mg/L, ratio of the total number of adventitious buds/explants and differentiation rate reached the maximum. [ Conclusion] When the concentrations of α-NAA were maintained unchanged, ratio of the total number of adventitious buds/explants reached the maximum under the moderate concentrations of 6-BA, while the differentiation rate showed irregular variations. In MS medium with supplement of 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L α-NAA, ratio of the total number of adventitious buds/explants and differentiation rate reached the peak. This study provided reference for callus induction of P. alkekengi.

Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of Ground Cherry(Physalis angulata L.)standardized CO2 phytopharmaceutical preparation

AIM To investigate the effects of Ground Cherry(Physalis angulata L.)standardized supercritical CO_2 extract in trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid(TNBS)model of rat intestinal inflammation.METHODS The animals were divided into groups that received vehicle or P.angulata extract(PACO_2)orally at the doses 25,50 and 100 mg/kg daily by 5 d before TNBS damage.Protective effects of PACO_2 were assessed by macroscopic analysis,biochemical determinations of the levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),glutathione and cytokines(such as INF-γ,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10 and TNF-α),gene expression evaluation(including Hsp70,heparanase,NF-κB,mitogenactivated protein kinases(Mapk)1,3,6 and 9,and the mucins genes Muc 1,2,3 and 4)and histopathological studies using optical,and electronic(transmission and scanning)microscopy.RESULTS PACO2 extract promoted a significant reduction in MPO and ALP activities,reducing oxidative stress and neutrophil infiltration.These effects were accompanied by significant reduction of colonic levels of IFN-γand IL-6 and down-regulation of heparanase,Hsp70,Mapk3,Mapk9,Muc1 and Muc2 genes expression when compared with TNBS-control animals.In addition,protective effects were also evidenced by reduced neutrophil infiltration,recovery of cell architecture and replacement of mucin by histopathological and ultrastructural analysis.CONCLUSION Physalis angulata supercritical CO2 extract is an intestinal anti-inflammatory product that modulates oxidative stress,immune response and expression of inflammatory mediators,with potentially utility for treating inflammatory bowel disease.

Methanolic extract of ceplukan leaf(Physalis minima L.)attenuates ventricular fibrosis through inhibition of TNF-α in ovariectomized rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ceplukan leaf(Physalis minima L),which contain phytoestrogen physalin and withanolides,toward ventricular TNF-αlevel and fibrosis in ovariectomized rats.METHODS Wistar rats divided into six groups(K1:normal;K2:5 weeks ovariectomy(OVX);K3:9weeks ovariectomy(OVX),K4,K5,and K5:9weeks OVX+4 weeks ceplukan leaf's methanolic extract dose 500,1500,and 2500 mg·kg-1,respectively.TNF-αlevel measured with ELISA method.Fibrosis measured as blue color percentage in Masson′s Trichrome staining.RESULTS This study showed that prolonged hypoestrogen increase ventricular fibrosis(P<0.05).Ceplukan leaf treatment also resulted in a decreased ventricular fibrosis and TNF-αlevel in dose dependent manner compared with those of without treatment group(P<0.05).Furthermore,the TNF-αlevel normalized in rat treated with 2500mg·kg-1 Physalis minima L(P<0.05).Reduction of fibrosis positively correlated with TNF-αlevel(P<0.05,r= 0.873).CONCLUSION Methanolic extract of ceplukan leaf decrease ventricular fibrosis through inhibition of ventricular TNF-αin ovariectomized rats.Duration of hypoestrogen increase ventricular fibrosis.

A review of the ethnobotanical value,phytochemistry,and pharmacology of Physalis pubescens L.

Physalis pubescens L.(P.pubescens)was widely used for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases,such as sore throat,aphonia,phlegm,heat,and cough in folk medicine.The fruits of P.pubescens are commonly consumed as fruit in many areas of the world.In the past few decades,the phytochemistry and pharmacology of P.pubescens were extensively investigated.About 170 chemical constituents were purified from P.pubescens.The extract and chemical constituents of P.pubescens demonstrate diverse pharmacological effects,including anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,anticancer,antimicrobial activity,immunomodulation,diuretic effect,hypoglycemic,and hypolipidemic in vitro and in vivo.Herein,we systematically summarized the ethnomedicinal uses,botanical characterization,distribution,phytochemistry,and pharmacology of P.pubescens,and establish the correlation between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects.

模糊数学结合响应面法优化酸浆多糖酸奶工艺

以酸浆多糖、纯牛奶为主要原料,加入发酵菌粉进行发酵,研制一款具有独特酸浆香气且营养丰富的酸奶。以感官评分为指标,在单因素试验基础上采用模糊数学评价法与响应面法相结合的方法,优选出酸奶生产工艺。结果表明,当酸浆多糖添加量为2.2%,木糖醇添加量为4.9%,菌粉添加量为0.15%,发酵时间为8 h时,参照此条件制作的酸浆多糖酸奶组织均匀,润滑细腻且香气浓郁,感官评分为87.17分,与预测值相近。

Modulative effect of Physalis alkekengi on both gut bacterial and fungal micro-ecosystem

Objective: Gut microbiome is an intricate micro-ecosystem mediating the human health and drug efficacy. Physalis alkekengi(PAL) is an edible and time-honored traditional Chinese medicine. Several pharmacological effects of PAL have been verified and gut bacteria are implied in its therapeutic actions.However, the detailed modulation of PAL on gut bacterial species and on gut fungi remains largely unknown. We, therefore, designed a preliminary experiment in normal mice to reveal the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and fungi, and explore the interaction between them.Methods: Herein, the aqueous extract of PAL was orally administrated to normal C57BL/6 mice for four weeks. The full-length 16S rRNA and ITS1/2 gene sequencing were explored to detect the taxa of gut bacteria and gut fungi after PAL treatment, respectively.Results: Oral administration of PAL notably enriched anti-infammatory bacterial species such as Duncaniella spp. and Kineothrix alysoides, whereas decreased pro-infammatory species such as Mucispirillum schaedleri. Simultaneously, PAL increased the abundance of gut fungi Aspergillus ochraceus,Cladosporium sp. and Alternaria sp., and decreased Penicillium janthinellum. Correlation network analysis identified two co-existing microbial groups(groups 1 and 2) that were negatively associated with each other. The group 1 comprised PAL-enriched bacteria and fungi, while group 2 was mainly normal chow-enriched bacteria and fungi. In group 1, Antrodia monomitica, Aspergillus clavatus, Mortierella kuhlmanii and Sarcinomyces sp. MA 4787 were positively correlated with Bifidobacterium globosum,Romboutsia ilealis and so on. In group 2, Chaetomium subspirilliferum, Septoria orchidearum and Cephaliophora tropica were positively related to Lactobacillus spp.Conclusion: Altogether, this preliminary study first demonstrated the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and gut fungi, which may shed light on the elucidation of PAL’s pharmacological mechanism.

RP-HPLC测定酸浆药材中3种有效成分的含量

目的:采用 RP-HPLC 建立同时测定酸浆药材中酸浆苦味素 A、酸浆苦味素 D 及木犀草素含量的方法。方法:分析柱采用 Diamonsil C_(18)(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%醋酸(45:55,v/v);流速:1.0 mL·min^(-1);检测波长:220 nm。结果:酸浆苦味素 A、酸浆苦味素 D 及木犀草素浓度分别在0.15～1.20 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9995),0.10～0.81 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9996),0.12～0.96 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9997)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,酸浆苦味素 A 平均回收率分别为95.9%,97.1%,103%;RSD 分别为2.0%,0.7%,1.4%。酸浆苦味素 D 的平均回收率分别为97.3%,101%,97.1%;RSD 分别为1.0%,1.9%,1.3%。木犀草素的平均回收率分别为97.8%,97.8%,97.7%;RSD 分别为0.4%,2.9%,0.5%。结论:采用 RP-HPLC 同时测定酸浆药材中酸浆苦味素 A、酸浆苦味素 D 及木犀草素3种成分的含量,该法简单、可靠,可作为控制酸浆药材质量的参考标准。

锦灯笼果实泡腾片制备工艺研究

目的通过对处方组成和工艺进行优选制备锦灯笼果实泡腾片。方法以锦灯笼果实为原料,以甜菊糖苷、柠檬酸、碳酸氢钠、α-乳糖、聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为辅料,采用酸碱混合制粒的方法制备锦灯笼果实泡腾片。并在以锦灯笼果实提取物添加量、甜菊糖苷添加量、崩解剂添加量等为考查因素进行单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面试验优化设计锦灯笼果实泡腾片的制备工艺。结果锦灯笼果实提取物的添加量为30%,甜菊糖苷添加量为0.15%,崩解剂添加量为50%(酸碱比为1∶1)作为最佳工艺条件,在此条件下制得的泡腾片片剂完整,表面呈浅咖色,崩解速度快,口感好,具有锦灯笼香气,苦甜适宜。结论该泡腾片的处方及制备工艺合理。

HPLC法测定锦灯笼果实中5种黄酮类成分含量

建立同时测定锦灯笼果实中5种黄酮类成分的高效液相色谱方法,为以后的锦灯笼质量评价研究做铺垫,并对5个不同产地的锦灯笼果实中黄酮含量进行测定。采用HPLC法,流动相甲醇-水,梯度洗脱;柱温30℃;流速1.0 m L/min;检测波长350 nm。结果表明5种黄酮类成分的线性关系良好,精密度、稳定性良好,符合测定要求。采用高效液相色谱法测定锦灯笼果实中5种黄酮类成分方法简便、准确,对5个不同产地样品测定结果稳定,重现性好。

HPLC法测定锦灯笼宿萼中槲皮素的含量

[目的]建立HPLC测定锦灯笼[Physalis alkekengi L.var.franchetii（Mast.）Makino]宿萼中槲皮素含量的方法。[方法]色谱柱为Diamonsil-C18（250.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液（V∶V=55∶45）;流速为1.0 ml/min;进样量为20μl;检测波长为360 nm;柱温为50℃。[结果]槲皮素进样浓度在4.0~40.0μg/ml范围内,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 6）;槲皮素平均回收率为98.17%,RSD值为0.46%。[结论]该方法简便、准确,可用于锦灯笼宿萼的质量控制。

NaCl胁迫对酸浆试管苗生理特性的影响

目的：研究NaCl对酸浆试管苗生长及生理特性的影响,以探讨其耐盐性。方法：在附加0.2%-1.0%NaCl的胁迫培养基上对试管苗进行培养,测定其脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白、叶绿素、丙二醛（MDA）含量和质膜相对透性及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性,并对其进行分析。结果：当NaCl为0.6%及以下时,随浓度的增加酸浆试管苗株高、茎粗、根长、生根数及叶绿素含量均逐渐降低,而当NaCl为0.8%及以上时,试管苗株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量急剧下降,根的发生被显著抑制;脯氨酸含量及SOD活性均随NaCl浓度的增加呈上升趋势,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白及CAT和POD活性均随NaCl浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,但可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均高于对照;MDA含量和质膜透性在0.6%NaCl及以下时积累缓慢,而NaCl为0.8%及以上时急剧增加。结论：酸浆试管苗具有适应一定浓度（≤0.6%NaCl）的盐渍生境能力,在其受到盐胁迫时可通过提高体内渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性来缓解盐害。

黄菇娘红茶复合饮料的制作工艺研究

以新鲜黄菇娘、红茶为原材料,通过单因素试验与正交试验进行配方优化,对黄菇娘汁添加量、红茶浸提液添加量、白砂糖添加量、柠檬酸添加量等因素进行优化研究,以感官评价为指标,确定黄菇娘红茶复合饮料的最佳配比。结果表明,当红茶浸提液添加量为35%,黄姑娘汁添加量为15%,白砂糖添加量为10%,柠檬酸添加量为0.08%时,制得的黄菇娘红茶复合饮料呈淡黄色,组织细腻均匀,口感微酸,并且具有黄菇娘的独特水果清香和红茶特有的香气。

HPLC法同时测定锦黄咽炎片中7种黄酮的含量

目的建立同时测定锦黄咽炎片中7种黄酮类成分含量的HPLC法。方法采用Phenomenex Synergi C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,4μm),甲醇(A)-体积分数0.2%磷酸溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为349 nm。结果木犀草苷、野黄芩苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、木犀草素、黄芩素和汉黄芩素在10倍浓度范围内线性相关系数>0.999 0,方法精密度RSD≤2.6%(n=6),回收率在97.9%～103.8%内。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于锦黄咽炎片的质量控制。

HPLC法测定菇茑果实中叶黄素的含量

建立用于测定菇茑果实中叶黄素含量的检测方法。方法以正己烷为溶剂,采用浸泡法提取样品中的叶黄素,NaOH-CH_3OH溶液皂化后利用HPLC测定其含量。色谱柱为Kromassil C_(18)柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),流动相为甲醇,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为445nm。结果叶黄素在2.3~36.8μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系。结论该方法准确度高、重现性好,可适于菇茑果实中叶黄素含量的定量分析。

基于UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS的锦灯笼化学成分分析

目的:利用UPLC-Q-Exactive四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱仪联用技术,对锦灯笼中的化学成分快速识别和鉴定。方法:采用Thermo Scientific Accucore^(TM)C_(18)色谱柱(100 mm×3 mm,2.6μm),以0.1%甲酸水(A)-0.1%甲酸乙腈(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL/min,柱温30℃。高分辨质谱采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),正负离子模式进行扫描,扫描方式为全扫描/数据依赖二级扫描(Full MS/dd-MS^(2))。结果:共鉴定出41个化学成分,包括酸浆苦味素类10个、黄酮类10个、有机酸类9个、氨基酸类6个、蒽醌类2个、香豆素类2个、核苷类2个。另外,对锦灯笼中的蔗糖脂肪酸酯类成分的裂解规律进行归纳总结,研究发现12组具备不同分子式的蔗糖脂肪酸酯类成分,且该类成分在锦灯笼中均为首次发现。结论:该方法可快速分析鉴定锦灯笼中的化学成分,为进一步研究锦灯笼的全面质量控制方法、药效物质基础以及合理开发其药用价值提供科学依据。