Physiological signal processing in heart rate variability measurement:A focus on spectral analysis

Human physiological(biological)systems function in such a way that their complexity requires mathematical analysis.The functioning of the brain,heart and other parts are so complex to be easily comprehended.Under conditions of rest or work,the temporal distances of successive heartbeats are subject to fluctuations,thereby forming the basis of Heart Rate Variability(HRV).In normal conditions,the human is persistently exposed to highly changing and dynamic situational demands.With these demands in mind,HRV can,therefore,be considered as the human organism’s ability to cope with and adapt to continuous situational requirements,both physiologically and emotionally.Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)is used in various physiological signal processing,such as heart rate variability.FFT allows a spectral analysis of HRV and is great help in HRV analysis and interpretation.

Effect of Microelements (B, Zn) on Cotton Plant’s Productivity, Its Leaf Area and Plant Height

In this article, for the first time applied in our republic, the results of the effect of nano-micro fertilizers on cotton plant are given. The results of the study of the effect of microelements on the leaf area, plant height formation and yield of cotton in the conditions of the gray soil of the Zarafshan Valley are presented. Currently, the demand for ecological and safe food is increasing not only in Uzbekistan, but also in the whole world. The solution to this problem is effective use of land and increasing the amount of macrofertilizers, and after increasing the yield per unit of area, the micronutrients in the soil will decrease more, and less attention was paid to fertilizing with trace elements. This will affect the quality of the product, as well as the decrease in productivity and salinity of the land. Therefore, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly and more economical approaches that do not harm the environment. The best solution for this is to reduce micronutrient deficiency in combination with agrotechnical methods. One of the urgent issues is the development of the technology of applying macro- and micro-fertilizers in the appropriate proportions, convenient terms, norms and methods for the cultivation of high-quality cotton crops under the soil conditions of our republic. The optimal rate of using microelements had a positive effect on the leaf area and dry mass of cotton plants. The highest result was observed when N200P140K100 + KUPRUMHITE + NANOSEREBRO kg/ha was applied with mineral fertilizer.

Role of sex hormones in gastrointestinal motility in pregnant and non-pregnant rats

AIM: To correlate gastric contractility, gastrointestinal transit, and hormone levels in non-pregnant(estrous cycle) and pregnant rats using noninvasive techniques. METHODS: Female rats(n = 23) were randomly divided into(1) non-pregnant,(contractility, n =6; transit, n = 6); and(2) pregnant(contractility, n = 5; transit, n = 6). In each estrous cycle phase or at 0, 7, 14, and 20 d after the confirmation of pregnancy, gastrointestinal transit was recorded by AC biosusceptometry(ACB), and gastric contractility was recorded by ACB and electromyography. After each recording, blood samples were obtained for progesterone and estradiol determination. RESULTS: In the estrous cycle, despite fluctuations of sex hormone levels, no significant changes in gastrointestinal motility were observed. Days 7 and 14 of pregnancy were characterized by significant changes in the frequency of contractions(3.90 ± 0.42 cpm and 3.60 ± 0.36 cpm vs 4.33 ± 0.25 cpm) and gastric emptying(168 ± 17 min and 165 ± 15 min vs 113 ± 15 min) compared with day 0. On these same days, progesterone levels significantly increased compared with control(54.23 ± 15.14 ng/m L and 129.96 ± 30.52 ng/mL vs 13.25 ± 6.31 ng/mL). On day 14, we observed the highest level of progesterone and the lowest level of estradiol compared with day 0(44.3 ± 15.18 pg/mL vs 24.96 ± 5.96 pg/mL). CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal motility was unaffected by the estrous cycle. In our data, high progesterone and low estradiol levels can be associated with decreased contraction frequency and slow gastric emptying.

Roles of ANP32 proteins in cell biology and viral replication

The acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 kDa(ANP32)family con sists of evolutionarily con served proteins of 220-291 amino acids characterized by an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain(LRR)and a C-terminal low-complexity acidic region(LCAR).ANP32 family proteins regulate a variety of physiological functions,including chromatin remodeling apoptosis and nervous system development.Abnormal ANP32 expression is closely related to tumori-genesis.In recent years,the role of ANP32 family proteins in viral infections has received considerable attention due to their activity supporting influenza virus replication and restriction of virus cross-species transmission.Moreover,ANP32 proteins are closely related to the replication of HIV and nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses(NNSVs).In this review,the general physiological functions of ANP32 family proteins,as well as their roles in virus replication,are summarized in detail.

G-protein β subunit AGB1 positively regulates salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis

The heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins（G-proteins） in eukaryotes consisted of α, β and γ subunits and are important in molecular signaling by interacting with G-protein-coupled receptors（GPCR）, on which to transduce signaling into the cytoplast through appropriate downstream effectors. However, downstream effectors regulated by the G-proteins in plants are currently not well defined. In this study, the transcripts of AGB1, a G protein β subunit gene in Arabidopsis were found to be down-regulated by cold and heat, but up-regulated by high salt stress treatment. AGB1 mutant（agb1-2） was more sensitive to high salt stress than wild-type（WT）. Compared with WT, the cotyledon greening rates, fresh weight, root length, seedling germination rates and survival rates decreased more rapidly in agb1-2 along with increasing concentrations of Na Cl in normal（MS） medium. Physiological characteristic analysis showed that compared to WT, the contents of chlorophyll, relative proline accumulation and peroxidase（POD） were reduced, whereas the malonaldehyde（MDA） content and concentration ratio of Na＋/K＋ were increased in agb1-2 under salt stress condition. Further studies on the expression of several stress inducible genes associated with above physiological processes were investigated, and the results revealed that the expressions of genes related to proline biosynthesis, oxidative stress response, Na＋ homeostasis, stress- and ABAresponses were lower in agb1-2 than in WT, suggesting that those genes are possible downstream genes of AGB1 and that their changed expression plays an important role in determining phenotypic and physiologic traits in agb1-2. Taken together, these findings indicate that AGB1 positively regulates salt tolerance in Arabidopsis through its modulation of genes transcription related to proline biosynthesis, oxidative stress, ion homeostasis, stress- and ABA-responses.

Exploring the functional roles of small-molecule metabolites in disease research:Recent advancements in metabolomics

Metabolism encompasses a series of intricate biochemical processes that are vital for the sustenance of life in organisms.Metabolomics,an essential scientific discipline,is a field of study within the broader domain of systems biology that focuses on the comprehensive analysis of small molecules,known as metabolites including lipids,coenzymes,etc.,which are synthesized during metabolism.With the contin-uous development of metabolomics,the multiple biological functions of metabolites are constantly being discovered,encompassing signal transduction and enzyme stimulation,while concurrently exhibiting as-sociations with afflictions like cancer and diabetes.The comprehension of metabolite functionalities and their intricate interplay with disease conditions assumes paramount importance in both disease-focused research endeavors and the development of diagnostic tools.This scholarly exposition undertakes an ex-tensive review of recent advancements in the investigation of functional roles assumed by metabolites,with specific emphasis on metabolites in lipid synthesis,glucose metabolism and exogenous metabolites.