Radix Phytolaccae is the dried root of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb or P.ameri-cana L,which is commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases like cirrhotic ascites,hepatitis B,nephrotic syndrome,psorias...Radix Phytolaccae is the dried root of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb or P.ameri-cana L,which is commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases like cirrhotic ascites,hepatitis B,nephrotic syndrome,psoriasis,etc.However,there is no exact basis for its clinical application safety.In this paper,the toxic effects and mechanism of Saponin A(EsA),the main component of Radix Phytolaccae,were summarized by searching the results and reports of toxicology related to the plant from 1991 to 2023 on CNKI and pubmed,aiming to provide reference for the toxicological research and future research direction of Radix Phytolaccae,so that Radix Phytolaccae can be safely and effectively used in clinical practice.展开更多
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (P acinosa) is a recently discovered manganese hyperaccumulator plant from southern China. It is a good candidate for phytoremediation of manganese(Mn) polluted soil for its high biomass a...Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (P acinosa) is a recently discovered manganese hyperaccumulator plant from southern China. It is a good candidate for phytoremediation of manganese(Mn) polluted soil for its high biomass and fast growth. Knowledge of the tissue localization and identification of heavy metals can provide essential information on metal toxicity and bioaccumulation mechanisms. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SRXRF) microprobe was used in this study to investigate the cellular distributions of Mn and other elements in root, stem, leaf, petiole and midrib of P. acinosa. The highest Mn content was found in the vascular tissues of root, stem, petiole and midrib. Cortex in root played a key role in Mn absorption and Mn was limited in the vascular bundle during the process of transportation in stem. Moreover, Mn content in leaf epidermis was higher than that in mesophyll, which suggested that the sequestration of Mn in leaf epidermis might be one of the detoxification mechanisms of P. acinosa. The significance of other elemental (such as P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu) distribution patterns and the correlation with Mn were also discussed.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: Preventive measures against skin melanoma like chemotherapy are useful but suffer from chronic side effects and drug resistance. Ethanolic extract of Phytolacca decandra (PD), used in homeopathy for the ...OBJECTIVE: Preventive measures against skin melanoma like chemotherapy are useful but suffer from chronic side effects and drug resistance. Ethanolic extract of Phytolacca decandra (PD), used in homeopathy for the treatment of various ailments like chronic rheumatism, regular conjunctivitis, psoriasis, and in some skin diseases was tested for its possible anticancer potential. METHODS: Cytotoxicity of the drug was tested by conducting 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on both normal (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and A375 cells. Fluorescence microscopic study of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-stained cells was conducted for DNA fragmentation assay, and changes in cellular morphology, if any, were also recorded. Lactate dehydrogenase activity assay was done to evaluate the percentages of apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, if any, and expression study of apoptotic genes also were evaluated to pin-point the actual events of apoptosis. RESULTS: Results showed that PD administration caused a remarkable reduction in proliferation of A375 cells, without showing much cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Generation of ROS and DNA damage, which made the cancer cells prone to apoptosis, were found to be enhanced in PD-treated cells. These results were duly supported by the analytical data on expression of different cellular and nuclear proteins, as for example, by down- regulation of Akt and Bcl-2, up-regulation of p53, Bax and caspase 3, and an increase in number of cell deaths by apoptosis in A375 cells. CONCLUSION: Overall results demonstrate anticancer potentials of PD on A375 cells through activation of caspase-mediated signaling and ROS generation.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the berries of Phytolacca dodecundra(P.dodecandra) for its effect on Histoplasma cupsulatum var.farciminosum(HCF) and for the treatment of cases of epizootic lymphangitis(ELi.Methods:Samples were...Objective:To evaluate the berries of Phytolacca dodecundra(P.dodecandra) for its effect on Histoplasma cupsulatum var.farciminosum(HCF) and for the treatment of cases of epizootic lymphangitis(ELi.Methods:Samples were collected from un-ruptured nodules of cases of EL at Debre Zeit and Akaki(central Ethiopia).Mycologieal culture and isolation of HCF were performed at the Akliln Lemma Institute of Pathobiology.Phytochemical screening was done for n-butanol extract of P.dodecandra to delect alkaloids,saponins,phenolic compounds and flavonoids.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations(MFCs) ol aqueous and n-butanol extracts of P.dodecandra against FICF were determined by agar dilution assay.For the in vivo trial.5%simple ointment was prepared from n-butanol extract and applied topically to 24(twelve early and twelve moderate) cases of F.L.Results:Phytochemical screening showed that n-butanol extract ol P.dodecandra was positive lor alkaloids.saponins and phenolic compounds but negative for flavonoids.The MFCs of n-butanol and aqueous extracts of P.dodecandra were(0.039%-0.078%) and(0.625%-1.250%),respectively.The MFCs of n-butanol and aqueous extracts of P.dodecandra were(0.078%t-0.156%)and(1.250%-2.500%),respectively.The MIC and MFC of ketoconazole(positive control) was(1.200×10^(-5)%-2.500×10^(-5)%) and(5.000× 10^(-5)%-1.000×10^(-4)%),respectively while growth was observed on free medium(negative control).From the total of 24 treated cases of EL,14(58.3%) responded lo treatment;however,10(41.7%) did not respond to treatment.There was no significant difference in the degree of response to treatment between early and moderate cases(χ~2=0.086:P=0.408.Conclusions:It can be concluded that n-butanol extract of P.dodecandra demonstrates antifungal effects while the aqueous extract shows no antifungal activity.展开更多
[ Objective ] This study aimed to obtain Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. polyploids and provide high-efficiency raw materials for the preparation of biological pesticides. [Method] Terminal bud growing points of Phytolacca a...[ Objective ] This study aimed to obtain Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. polyploids and provide high-efficiency raw materials for the preparation of biological pesticides. [Method] Terminal bud growing points of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. seedlings were treated with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% colchicine and 1% agar solution for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, while Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. without treatment was adopted as the control. The mutagenic effect of various concentrations of colchicine was calculated. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. mutants were identified using morphological, anatomical and cytological methods. [ Result] Induction with 0. 2% colchicine for 48 h led to the highest mntagenic effect. Compared with the control, leaf width and leaf thickness of mutants were enhanced by 40. 15% and 33. 25%, respectively; vertical and horizontal diameter of stomata of mutants were enhanced by 30.25% and 60.82%, respectively ; the stomata density of mutants was improved by 150%. Identification of meiotic chromosome of pollen mother cells using compression method showed that the chromosome number of microspore cells of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. mutants was n = 2 x = 36, while that of the control was n = x = 18, indicating that the mutants were tetraploids. [ Conclusion ] Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. polyploids were induced using the traditional liquid droplet method, which was easy and direct with simple operation and good effect to acquire a large number of polyploid materials within a short time.展开更多
某铀尾矿区生长着大量美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana L.),目前还未见美洲商陆耐受及富集铀相关蛋白质组学研究报道。为了找到铀耐受及富集表达相关蛋白,建立了铀尾矿区和对照区2种不同生境美洲商陆根系蛋白质组研究技术。通过全蛋白...某铀尾矿区生长着大量美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana L.),目前还未见美洲商陆耐受及富集铀相关蛋白质组学研究报道。为了找到铀耐受及富集表达相关蛋白,建立了铀尾矿区和对照区2种不同生境美洲商陆根系蛋白质组研究技术。通过全蛋白质制备条件优化、2DE电泳条件摸索以及染色方法选择,得到了重现性好、分离效果和清晰度都很高的美洲商陆根系双向电泳差异凝胶图谱。经软件分析,筛选出了铀耐受及富集相关蛋白24个,上调表达11个、下调表达13个。展开更多
To further study the floral organogenesis and discussing the floral origin of Phytolacca, the procedures of floral organogenesis were observed in Phytolacca esculenta and Phytolacca zhejiangensis. The results showed t...To further study the floral organogenesis and discussing the floral origin of Phytolacca, the procedures of floral organogenesis were observed in Phytolacca esculenta and Phytolacca zhejiangensis. The results showed that the floral organogenesis was consistent in Phytolacca. Their sepals were 2/5 helix, and with counter-clockwise and clockwise, usually the first sepal located at non-median of abaxial side. The first sepal of Phytolacca esculenta was initiated at non-median of adaxial side. There was no evident relationship between sepal and stamen initiating position, and the stamens initiated on ring meristem, they initiated approximately at the same time, and when the androecium member was numerous, they initiated centrifugally, the outer stamen initiated irregularly. Carpel initiated alternately with inner stamens. And the carpels connected by septum, if the septum grew more, the carpel was syncarpous at morphology, otherwise the carpel was apocarpous at morphology. So the syncarpous and the apocarpous have no successively relationship on evolution. Ovule initiated inside the carpel and opposite to carpel. Androecium, carpel and ovule initiated at ring meristem.展开更多
The methanol extract form the leaves of Phytolacca icosandra L.,afforded the unprecedented artificial triterpenoid fatty acid ester 1 derived from the new natural triterpenoid phytolaccagenic acid 3-O-myristate(1a),al...The methanol extract form the leaves of Phytolacca icosandra L.,afforded the unprecedented artificial triterpenoid fatty acid ester 1 derived from the new natural triterpenoid phytolaccagenic acid 3-O-myristate(1a),along with the three known triterpenoids serjanic,acinosolic and phytolaccagenic acid(2-4).Their structures were stablished by HR-EI-MS,1D and 2D NMR techniques.The possible mechanistic formation of 1 is proposed,and the in vitro toxicity of all compounds was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality assay(BSLA).展开更多
Background: Pain is a common problem encountered in daily life among humans and animal and it is commonly managed conventionally using modern medicines and traditionally by use of medicinal plants. Phytolacca dodecand...Background: Pain is a common problem encountered in daily life among humans and animal and it is commonly managed conventionally using modern medicines and traditionally by use of medicinal plants. Phytolacca dodecandra is a common herb in Uganda, used traditionally to alleviate pain and inflammatory conditions. However, its activity in alleviating pain and inflammatory diseases has not been fully scientifically evaluated. Aim of Study: To evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: It was a laboratory-based experimental study. Acetic acid-induced writhing test was used to determine the analgesic activity and the histamine-induced paw edema formation for anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. Twenty eight animals were divided into 7 groups each with 4 rats and two (2) sets of data were obtained from each animal per group as per guidance of the refinement rule of 3Rs. For analgesic activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 150.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac sodium (Na) drug (positive control). For anti-inflammatory activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), Group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 300.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na. The percentage mean paw volume inhibition and percentage writhing protection were determined. Results: The mean percentage paw volume inhibitions were 29.1%, 74.2% and 32.3% at doses of 5.0, 40.0 mg/kg bwt and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. The mean percentage writhing protection was 8.9%, 10.4%, 78.5% and 98.7% at doses of 150.0, 600.0, 1000.0 mg/kg of extract and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. Conclusions: Total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity that may be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic, saponins and many others phytochemicals that are present in the plant.展开更多
The in vivo effects of Phytolacca acinosa poly-saccharides I (PEP-I) on immunologic cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal macrophages and its production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) were studied....The in vivo effects of Phytolacca acinosa poly-saccharides I (PEP-I) on immunologic cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal macrophages and its production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) were studied. PEP-I 80 or 160 mg kg was given ip twice every 4 day. Both doses were found to have significant enhancing activity on macrophages cytotoxicity against S180 sarcoma cells and malignant transformed fibroblast L929 cells. Peritoneal activated macrophages were incubated with LPS for 2 and 24 hrs to induce TNF and IL-1, respectively. The TNF and IL-1 activities were tested from cytotoxicity against L929 cells in an absorbence assay of enzymatic reaction and proliferation of thymocytes co-stimulated assay separately. The optimal time for TNF production was found on day 8. Significant increases in TNF and IL-1 were observed. In comparison of the effect of PEP-I on TNF with that of known priming agent BCG, there was no difference between them, but PEP-I had a high effect on IL-1. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of macrophages primed by PEP-I is closely related to its TNF and IL-1 production.展开更多
Successful invasions by exotic plants are often attributed to a loss of co-evolved specialists and a re-allocation of resources from defense to growth and reproduction. However, invasive plants are rarely completely r...Successful invasions by exotic plants are often attributed to a loss of co-evolved specialists and a re-allocation of resources from defense to growth and reproduction. However, invasive plants are rarely completely released from insect herbivory because they are frequently attacked by generalists in their introduced ranges. The novel generalist community may also affect the invasive plant's defensive strategies and resource allocation. Here, we tested this hypothesis using American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), a species that has become invasive in China, which is native to North America. We examined resistance, tolerance, growth and reproduction of plant populations from both China and the USA when plants were exposed to natural generalist herbivores in China. We found that leaf damage was greater for invasive populations than for native populations, indicating that plants from invasive ranges had lower resistance to herbivory than those from native ranges. A regression of the percentage of leaf damage against mass showed that there was no significant difference in tolerance between invasive and native populations, even though the shoot, root, fruit and total mass were larger for invasive populations than for native populations. These results suggest that generalist herbivores are important drivers mediating the defensive strategies and resource allocation of the invasive American pokeweed.展开更多
Although seed dispersal is a key process determining the regeneration and spread of invasive plant populations,few studies have explicitly addressed the link between dispersal vector behavior and seedling recruitment ...Although seed dispersal is a key process determining the regeneration and spread of invasive plant populations,few studies have explicitly addressed the link between dispersal vector behavior and seedling recruitment to gain insight into the invasion process within an urban garden context.We evaluated the role of bird vectors in the dispersal of pokeweed(Phytolacca americana),a North American herb that is invasive in urban gardens in China.Fruiting P.americana attracted both generalist and specialist bird species that fed on and dispersed its seeds.The generalist species Pycnonotus sinensis and Urocissa erythrorhyncha were the most frequent dispersers.Seedling numbers of P.americana were strongly associated with the perching behavior of frugivorous birds.If newly recruited bird species use seedling-safe perching sites,the P.americana will regenerate faster,which would enhance its invasive potential.Based on our observations,we conclude that the 2 main bird vectors,P.sinensis and U.erythrorhyncha,provide potential effective dispersal agents for P.americana.Our results highlight the role of native birds in seed dispersal of invasive plants in urban gardens.展开更多
文摘Radix Phytolaccae is the dried root of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb or P.ameri-cana L,which is commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases like cirrhotic ascites,hepatitis B,nephrotic syndrome,psoriasis,etc.However,there is no exact basis for its clinical application safety.In this paper,the toxic effects and mechanism of Saponin A(EsA),the main component of Radix Phytolaccae,were summarized by searching the results and reports of toxicology related to the plant from 1991 to 2023 on CNKI and pubmed,aiming to provide reference for the toxicological research and future research direction of Radix Phytolaccae,so that Radix Phytolaccae can be safely and effectively used in clinical practice.
文摘针对目前国内锰超富集植物商陆属(Phytolacca)植物名称混乱的状态,在重新审查锰超富集植物——商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)的野外标本和温室培养植物的基础上,比对中国科学院昆明植物所标本馆的腊叶标本,并查阅相关文献资料,以期正确认定锰超富集累植物的学名。结果表明,湘潭锰矿尾矿废弃地原生的锰超富集植物实为垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana L.),国内外相关研究论文中出现的商陆和美洲商陆实为垂序商陆的同物异名。这一植物名称的认定,将对避免锰超富集植物研究重复进行、保证相关研究正常有序开展具有重要意义。
文摘Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (P acinosa) is a recently discovered manganese hyperaccumulator plant from southern China. It is a good candidate for phytoremediation of manganese(Mn) polluted soil for its high biomass and fast growth. Knowledge of the tissue localization and identification of heavy metals can provide essential information on metal toxicity and bioaccumulation mechanisms. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SRXRF) microprobe was used in this study to investigate the cellular distributions of Mn and other elements in root, stem, leaf, petiole and midrib of P. acinosa. The highest Mn content was found in the vascular tissues of root, stem, petiole and midrib. Cortex in root played a key role in Mn absorption and Mn was limited in the vascular bundle during the process of transportation in stem. Moreover, Mn content in leaf epidermis was higher than that in mesophyll, which suggested that the sequestration of Mn in leaf epidermis might be one of the detoxification mechanisms of P. acinosa. The significance of other elemental (such as P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu) distribution patterns and the correlation with Mn were also discussed.
基金financially supported by a grant sanctioned to Prof. A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh, Department of Zoology,University of Kalyani, by Boiron Laboratories, Lyon, France
文摘OBJECTIVE: Preventive measures against skin melanoma like chemotherapy are useful but suffer from chronic side effects and drug resistance. Ethanolic extract of Phytolacca decandra (PD), used in homeopathy for the treatment of various ailments like chronic rheumatism, regular conjunctivitis, psoriasis, and in some skin diseases was tested for its possible anticancer potential. METHODS: Cytotoxicity of the drug was tested by conducting 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on both normal (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and A375 cells. Fluorescence microscopic study of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-stained cells was conducted for DNA fragmentation assay, and changes in cellular morphology, if any, were also recorded. Lactate dehydrogenase activity assay was done to evaluate the percentages of apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, if any, and expression study of apoptotic genes also were evaluated to pin-point the actual events of apoptosis. RESULTS: Results showed that PD administration caused a remarkable reduction in proliferation of A375 cells, without showing much cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Generation of ROS and DNA damage, which made the cancer cells prone to apoptosis, were found to be enhanced in PD-treated cells. These results were duly supported by the analytical data on expression of different cellular and nuclear proteins, as for example, by down- regulation of Akt and Bcl-2, up-regulation of p53, Bax and caspase 3, and an increase in number of cell deaths by apoptosis in A375 cells. CONCLUSION: Overall results demonstrate anticancer potentials of PD on A375 cells through activation of caspase-mediated signaling and ROS generation.
基金supported by the Graduate Program the Addis Ababa University and Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Addis Ababa University(grant No.CAOR/PY-059/2011)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the berries of Phytolacca dodecundra(P.dodecandra) for its effect on Histoplasma cupsulatum var.farciminosum(HCF) and for the treatment of cases of epizootic lymphangitis(ELi.Methods:Samples were collected from un-ruptured nodules of cases of EL at Debre Zeit and Akaki(central Ethiopia).Mycologieal culture and isolation of HCF were performed at the Akliln Lemma Institute of Pathobiology.Phytochemical screening was done for n-butanol extract of P.dodecandra to delect alkaloids,saponins,phenolic compounds and flavonoids.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations(MFCs) ol aqueous and n-butanol extracts of P.dodecandra against FICF were determined by agar dilution assay.For the in vivo trial.5%simple ointment was prepared from n-butanol extract and applied topically to 24(twelve early and twelve moderate) cases of F.L.Results:Phytochemical screening showed that n-butanol extract ol P.dodecandra was positive lor alkaloids.saponins and phenolic compounds but negative for flavonoids.The MFCs of n-butanol and aqueous extracts of P.dodecandra were(0.039%-0.078%) and(0.625%-1.250%),respectively.The MFCs of n-butanol and aqueous extracts of P.dodecandra were(0.078%t-0.156%)and(1.250%-2.500%),respectively.The MIC and MFC of ketoconazole(positive control) was(1.200×10^(-5)%-2.500×10^(-5)%) and(5.000× 10^(-5)%-1.000×10^(-4)%),respectively while growth was observed on free medium(negative control).From the total of 24 treated cases of EL,14(58.3%) responded lo treatment;however,10(41.7%) did not respond to treatment.There was no significant difference in the degree of response to treatment between early and moderate cases(χ~2=0.086:P=0.408.Conclusions:It can be concluded that n-butanol extract of P.dodecandra demonstrates antifungal effects while the aqueous extract shows no antifungal activity.
文摘[ Objective ] This study aimed to obtain Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. polyploids and provide high-efficiency raw materials for the preparation of biological pesticides. [Method] Terminal bud growing points of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. seedlings were treated with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% colchicine and 1% agar solution for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, while Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. without treatment was adopted as the control. The mutagenic effect of various concentrations of colchicine was calculated. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. mutants were identified using morphological, anatomical and cytological methods. [ Result] Induction with 0. 2% colchicine for 48 h led to the highest mntagenic effect. Compared with the control, leaf width and leaf thickness of mutants were enhanced by 40. 15% and 33. 25%, respectively; vertical and horizontal diameter of stomata of mutants were enhanced by 30.25% and 60.82%, respectively ; the stomata density of mutants was improved by 150%. Identification of meiotic chromosome of pollen mother cells using compression method showed that the chromosome number of microspore cells of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. mutants was n = 2 x = 36, while that of the control was n = x = 18, indicating that the mutants were tetraploids. [ Conclusion ] Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. polyploids were induced using the traditional liquid droplet method, which was easy and direct with simple operation and good effect to acquire a large number of polyploid materials within a short time.
文摘某铀尾矿区生长着大量美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana L.),目前还未见美洲商陆耐受及富集铀相关蛋白质组学研究报道。为了找到铀耐受及富集表达相关蛋白,建立了铀尾矿区和对照区2种不同生境美洲商陆根系蛋白质组研究技术。通过全蛋白质制备条件优化、2DE电泳条件摸索以及染色方法选择,得到了重现性好、分离效果和清晰度都很高的美洲商陆根系双向电泳差异凝胶图谱。经软件分析,筛选出了铀耐受及富集相关蛋白24个,上调表达11个、下调表达13个。
文摘To further study the floral organogenesis and discussing the floral origin of Phytolacca, the procedures of floral organogenesis were observed in Phytolacca esculenta and Phytolacca zhejiangensis. The results showed that the floral organogenesis was consistent in Phytolacca. Their sepals were 2/5 helix, and with counter-clockwise and clockwise, usually the first sepal located at non-median of abaxial side. The first sepal of Phytolacca esculenta was initiated at non-median of adaxial side. There was no evident relationship between sepal and stamen initiating position, and the stamens initiated on ring meristem, they initiated approximately at the same time, and when the androecium member was numerous, they initiated centrifugally, the outer stamen initiated irregularly. Carpel initiated alternately with inner stamens. And the carpels connected by septum, if the septum grew more, the carpel was syncarpous at morphology, otherwise the carpel was apocarpous at morphology. So the syncarpous and the apocarpous have no successively relationship on evolution. Ovule initiated inside the carpel and opposite to carpel. Androecium, carpel and ovule initiated at ring meristem.
基金The authors would like to thank USB-DID(project S1-IC-CB-004–15)for financial support。
文摘The methanol extract form the leaves of Phytolacca icosandra L.,afforded the unprecedented artificial triterpenoid fatty acid ester 1 derived from the new natural triterpenoid phytolaccagenic acid 3-O-myristate(1a),along with the three known triterpenoids serjanic,acinosolic and phytolaccagenic acid(2-4).Their structures were stablished by HR-EI-MS,1D and 2D NMR techniques.The possible mechanistic formation of 1 is proposed,and the in vitro toxicity of all compounds was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality assay(BSLA).
文摘Background: Pain is a common problem encountered in daily life among humans and animal and it is commonly managed conventionally using modern medicines and traditionally by use of medicinal plants. Phytolacca dodecandra is a common herb in Uganda, used traditionally to alleviate pain and inflammatory conditions. However, its activity in alleviating pain and inflammatory diseases has not been fully scientifically evaluated. Aim of Study: To evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: It was a laboratory-based experimental study. Acetic acid-induced writhing test was used to determine the analgesic activity and the histamine-induced paw edema formation for anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. Twenty eight animals were divided into 7 groups each with 4 rats and two (2) sets of data were obtained from each animal per group as per guidance of the refinement rule of 3Rs. For analgesic activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 150.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac sodium (Na) drug (positive control). For anti-inflammatory activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), Group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 300.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na. The percentage mean paw volume inhibition and percentage writhing protection were determined. Results: The mean percentage paw volume inhibitions were 29.1%, 74.2% and 32.3% at doses of 5.0, 40.0 mg/kg bwt and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. The mean percentage writhing protection was 8.9%, 10.4%, 78.5% and 98.7% at doses of 150.0, 600.0, 1000.0 mg/kg of extract and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. Conclusions: Total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity that may be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic, saponins and many others phytochemicals that are present in the plant.
文摘The in vivo effects of Phytolacca acinosa poly-saccharides I (PEP-I) on immunologic cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal macrophages and its production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) were studied. PEP-I 80 or 160 mg kg was given ip twice every 4 day. Both doses were found to have significant enhancing activity on macrophages cytotoxicity against S180 sarcoma cells and malignant transformed fibroblast L929 cells. Peritoneal activated macrophages were incubated with LPS for 2 and 24 hrs to induce TNF and IL-1, respectively. The TNF and IL-1 activities were tested from cytotoxicity against L929 cells in an absorbence assay of enzymatic reaction and proliferation of thymocytes co-stimulated assay separately. The optimal time for TNF production was found on day 8. Significant increases in TNF and IL-1 were observed. In comparison of the effect of PEP-I on TNF with that of known priming agent BCG, there was no difference between them, but PEP-I had a high effect on IL-1. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of macrophages primed by PEP-I is closely related to its TNF and IL-1 production.
基金We would like to thank Xue-Fang Yang and Shun-Liang Feng for plant harvests. We also thank English editing by Van Driesche Scientific Editing. This work was sup- ported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470447 and 31200286 to W. Huang, 31370404 to J. Ding).
文摘Successful invasions by exotic plants are often attributed to a loss of co-evolved specialists and a re-allocation of resources from defense to growth and reproduction. However, invasive plants are rarely completely released from insect herbivory because they are frequently attacked by generalists in their introduced ranges. The novel generalist community may also affect the invasive plant's defensive strategies and resource allocation. Here, we tested this hypothesis using American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), a species that has become invasive in China, which is native to North America. We examined resistance, tolerance, growth and reproduction of plant populations from both China and the USA when plants were exposed to natural generalist herbivores in China. We found that leaf damage was greater for invasive populations than for native populations, indicating that plants from invasive ranges had lower resistance to herbivory than those from native ranges. A regression of the percentage of leaf damage against mass showed that there was no significant difference in tolerance between invasive and native populations, even though the shoot, root, fruit and total mass were larger for invasive populations than for native populations. These results suggest that generalist herbivores are important drivers mediating the defensive strategies and resource allocation of the invasive American pokeweed.
基金supported by the National 973 Key Project of Basic Science Research(no.2012CB430405)National Natural Science Foundation Foundation of China(No.31470512+1 种基金No.41101172)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015M571734).
文摘Although seed dispersal is a key process determining the regeneration and spread of invasive plant populations,few studies have explicitly addressed the link between dispersal vector behavior and seedling recruitment to gain insight into the invasion process within an urban garden context.We evaluated the role of bird vectors in the dispersal of pokeweed(Phytolacca americana),a North American herb that is invasive in urban gardens in China.Fruiting P.americana attracted both generalist and specialist bird species that fed on and dispersed its seeds.The generalist species Pycnonotus sinensis and Urocissa erythrorhyncha were the most frequent dispersers.Seedling numbers of P.americana were strongly associated with the perching behavior of frugivorous birds.If newly recruited bird species use seedling-safe perching sites,the P.americana will regenerate faster,which would enhance its invasive potential.Based on our observations,we conclude that the 2 main bird vectors,P.sinensis and U.erythrorhyncha,provide potential effective dispersal agents for P.americana.Our results highlight the role of native birds in seed dispersal of invasive plants in urban gardens.