Formation, distribution, and nature of Picea mongolica in China

Picea mongolica is an endemic and endangered species in China. Ecosystem made of Picea mongolica is a special sandy forest ecosystem in China. It is found at ecotone between forest and steppe, or agricultural district and pastoral area. Based on investigation, this paper discussed the formation and distribution of Picea mongolica and studied its nature according to ecotone theory. It is clarified that Picea mongolica belongs to Picea meyeri series. That is to say, it became a local race through long-term adaptation to the local climate, then formed allopatric semi-species, and finally turned into a taxonomical species. Picea mongolica forest is a super zonal climax community developing in ecotone between forest zone and steppe zone.

An environmental gradient change of Picea mongolica seedling from the center of a forest canopy gap in forest-steppe ecotone in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China

In sandy forest with a forest canopy gap for a period of over 30 years, the spruce（Picea mongolica） seedlings were monitored on two 5-m- wide transects from the center of a large gap into the surrounding forest. The farther they were to the far center, the taller grew the seedling and the more is the number of seedling. There were many seedlings under the canopy but almost all seedlings died before they grow up. Along the forest edge, growth of seedlings was temporarily enhanced by lateral penetration of light from the gap. The implications for natural forest regeneration dynamics are discussed. Our results prove that in P mongolica forest a gap disturbance creates a non-uniform environment for regeneration of the species, and determines that the forest was a non-even aged forest.

Fine roots refilling process in an artificial gap in a Picea mongolica forest

Picea mongolica is an endemic but endangered species in China. The spruce forest is only found in sandy forest-steppe ecotones. In this study, we examined the initial response of the quantity and refilling process of free roots in an artificial canopy gap with a diameter of 36 m in a P. mongolica forest. Under the canopy, the fine root length densities of trees, shrubs and herbs were 2,622, 864 and 3,086 m·m^- 2, respectively. The free root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 148, 62 and 65 g·m^- 2, respectively. In the gap, the fine root length density of trees was 151 m·m^- 2. The mean fine root densities of shrubs and herbs in the gap were 756 and 2,568 m·m^- 2. The fine root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 9, 52 and 47 g·m^- 2, respectively. Two growing seasons after the gap creation, hardly any fine tree roots were found in the middle of the gap. The living tree roots in the gap edge zone were mainly located within a 4.5 m distance from the standing trees. Indices developed to show the influence of trees on free root length density clearly revealed the effect of the vicinity of living trees on fine root length density. The root densities of shrubs and herbs did not show a clear response to gap creation despite the increase of their foliage. Our results suggest that in P mongolica forests a gap disturbance creates a distinct tree root gap and that the gap edge trees do not extend their root systems rapidly into the formed root gap.

Intraspecific diversity: adaptive differentiation of Picea mongolica W. D. Xu ecotypes

Picea mongolica W. D. Xu is an endemic and endangered species which is only found in semi-arid areas of northern China. It has been widely used as an afforestation tree in the establishment of the Three-North Shelterbelt System for its adaptation to arid soils and as a virescent tree in urban gardens and streets for its beautiful shape. Due to different microenvironments, P. mongolica populations may differentiate into many ecological groups with different adaptive abilities. Long-term adaptation to a dry environment makes P. mongolica differentiate into different ecotypes. Typical ecotypes are P. mongolica f. purpurea （Fp）, P. mongolica f. rubra （Fr） and P. mongolica f. viridis （Fv）. Our results show that cone size is clearly not uniform among different ecotypes; the largest cones are found in the Fv ecotype and the smallest in Fp. There were also distinct differences between these ecotypes in terms of height and length of squama. At the molecular level, the zymograms of peroxidase and lipase prove the existence of different ecotypes in P. mongolica. The results are useful for investigating and managing this rare spruce species in China.

Growth responses of Picea mongolica seedlings to defoliation rate

Picea mongolica W. D. Xu. is an endemic species in China. The spruce forest is only found in semi-arid habitat in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Based on the simulative defoliation experiment, it was proved that Picea mongolica seedlings had the compensatory and overcompensatory effects under the certain defoliation rate. The results of variance analysis on growth indexes showed that in PM Ⅰ(natural regeneration seedlings under Picea mongolica forest), the differences of H 1(height in June 23) and H 2(height in September 3) were extremely significant, and the difference of D(diameter at the breast height) were not significant. In PM Ⅱ(artificial regeneration seedlings under Betula platyphylla Suk. forest), the difference of H 1 was significant, the difference of H 2 was not significant, and the difference of D was extremely significant. The regression equations were established and the compensatory and overcompensatory points were obtained. In PM Ⅰ, the compensatory points of H 1, H 2, and D were 0.7628, 0.7436, 0.5725, and the overcompensatory points were 0.6056, 0.5802 and 0.2909 respectively. In PM Ⅱ, the compensatory points of H 1, H 2, and D are 0.5012, 0.3421, 0.2488, and the overcompensatory points are 0.4137, 0.2633 and 0.0747 respectively. These results suggested that the induction of compensatory growth mechanisms in spruce seedlings required a threshold level of defoliation, and the insects in Picea mongolica forest could be controlled in a certain degree.

Phylogenetic relationship of Picea mongolica with other Picea species in the same area based on chloroplast gene variations

Picea mongolica is a conifer with a limited distribution in China and its taxonomic status is controversial.In order to explore genetic diff erences between P.mongolica and other nearby Picea species and to investigate its taxonomic status,phylogenetic relationships were analyzed between P.mongolica and Picea koraiensis,Picea meyeri and Picea wilsonii by three chloroplast gene sequences matK,chlB and atpA.The length of joint chloroplast sequence is 2379 bp.The fi fteen haplotypes were identifi ed by haplotype network analysis,among which two were major haplotypes and nine were unique.In addition,the genetic diversity of the sample collection species was inferred.Based on the haplotype network and Neighbor Joining phylogenetic tree analysis,P.mongolica was located on the basal clade of the phylogenetic tree which had more primitive taxa,and the genetic diversity of P.mongolica was highest.The signifi cant diff erences between P.mongolica and these other Picea species were identifi ed by this research.

沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)农田防护林带不同配置模式的防风效果

沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)为常绿针叶乔木,可作为荒漠区防护林体系建设的优良植物材料,其株高和植株构型明显区别于杨树等传统的防护林树种。因此,本文通过风洞模拟实验,在8、10、15m·s-1的风速条件下,研究了沙地云杉农田防护林单林带前后的风速流场特性和防风效能。单林带采用3种配置模式,即两行等株行距(Ⅰ型)、两行"品"字型(Ⅱ型)和四行簇状"品"字型(Ⅲ型),基于垂直风速流场对3种模式进行了比较。结果表明:(1)3种配置模式沙地云杉防护林带前后垂直高度上的风速流场分布特征有很大区别,相同配置模式的流场分布特征相似,随着风速的增大,风速流场的等值线变得更加密集。(2)3种配置模式防护林带前后垂直高度的风速加速率依次为Ⅰ型>Ⅱ型>Ⅲ型。(3)林带后20 H范围内1~20cm高度上防风效能依次为Ⅲ型(47.2%)>Ⅱ型(37.3%)>Ⅰ型(16.2%)。研究结果可为沙地云杉防护林配置理论研究奠定基础,为沙地云杉在农田防护林建设中的实际应用提供依据。

干旱荒漠区不同盐渍化土壤沙地云杉造林试验

为解决干旱荒漠区盐渍化土壤造林成活率低的问题,本研究在民勤沙生植物园选择不同的土壤类型,对沙地云杉5年生苗木进行造林试验,同时在同一立地条件下开展5年和12年苗的造林试验,通过造林成活率、生长量调查研究,总结出民勤干旱区适宜于沙地云杉造林的技术方案。研究结果表明:沙地云杉在民勤地区造林适宜的土壤类型为沙壤土,适宜造林的苗木规格为5年生以上的苗木,苗龄超过5年的,带土移栽造林成活率会显著提高,裸根苗适宜的造林时间为春季4月底,带土球移栽在春季或秋季均可进行,夏季温度过高,不易开展造林。

燕北山地不同海拔对沙地云杉幼树生长的影响

沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)是内蒙古乡土树种,是优良的园林绿化、治沙造林、荒山造林树种。目前,赤峰市沙地云杉人工林总体上处于中幼龄林阶段。采用样带调查法,调查了喀喇沁旗旺业甸实验林场燕山北麓山地东北坡沙地云杉人工林幼树生长情况,结果表明,在半阴坡全坡面,以3.5年生(S_(1-1-1.5))实生容器苗雨季造林,海拔1400 m以下的地块保存率极显著高于1400 m以上地块,随着海拔升高,幼树平均树高呈下降趋势,造林5~8 a后,逐渐达到差异显著性水平,平均冠幅差异不显著。

沙地云杉生态型对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应

采用干旱胁迫处理不同生态型沙地云杉幼苗,对其主干高生长、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量进行了测定。结果表明,沙地云杉幼苗高生长明显受到干旱胁迫的抑制,绿果型沙地云杉在水分条件良好的情况下,高生长迅速,明显高于紫果型沙地云杉。随着干旱胁迫强度的增强,其高生长受抑制的程度高于紫果型沙地云杉。红果型沙地云杉处于二者之间。同时干旱胁迫也影响沙地云杉生长进程,使得其封顶时间提前一个多月,MDA含量无论在叶还是根中呈上升趋势,只是在土壤含水量在10％左右出现轻度胁迫时略有下降;叶片中MDA含量明显高于根中;从不同生态型来看,紫果型沙地云杉体内MDA含量高,绿果型低且具有较大的变化幅度。脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫强度增加而增加;绿果型沙地云杉根部脯氨酸含量在处理4之前高于另外两种生态型,叶绿素的变化规律,紫果型和红果型沙地云杉基本相同,只是红果型含量略微低于紫果型,其叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量都是开始逐渐升高;随着胁迫强度增加,叶绿素含量下降;绿果型沙地云杉叶绿素含量总体上都呈下降趋势,只有叶绿素b含量在胁迫初期有所增加。从叶绿素a/b值出现下降趋势,但不同生态型表现不一样。绿果型沙地云杉由最高下降到最低,紫果型沙地云杉下降幅度较小,红果型介于二者之间。表明不同?

沙地云杉育苗技术及苗木年生长规律研究

采用不同做床方式、不同播种密度 ,夏季苗床不同遮荫方式等方法研究了沙地云杉育苗技术及其年生长规律 .结果表明 :适时早播有利于苗木地径、苗高、苗木质量的提高 ;单层和双层遮荫对幼苗生长影响不大 ,但适当遮荫有利于幼苗生长 ;条播、使用菌根粉的苗木明显优于撒播、不使用菌根粉的苗木 .而苗木年生长规律研究表明 :苗木地径和苗高的年生长规律基本相似 .从 6月下旬开始随着气温的增高 ,高生长呈直线稳步上升 ,地径的生长也不断加快 ,在 7月中旬达到苗高生长的最高峰 ,而地径的生长期比高生长期长 ,在 8月中旬才达到最大值 ,尔后进入硬化期 ,苗木地上部分逐渐木质化 .通过相关分析发现 ,影响地径和苗木生长的主要因子分别为地面温度、地面最高温度、1 5cm土壤温度和地面温度、地面最高温度以及 2

光照、温度和水分条件对沙地云杉种子萌发影响的研究

沙地云杉是内蒙古浑善达克沙地特有的常绿针叶树种。该研究对光照、温度和水分等环境因子对沙地云杉种子萌发的影响进行了测定 ,结果表明 :持续光照时沙地云杉种子萌发最适宜温度为 1 5℃ ,持续黑暗时沙地云杉种子萌发最适宜温度为 2 0℃ ,在 1 6h光照 /8h黑暗时沙地云杉种子萌发最适宜温度为 30℃ ;沙地云杉种子萌发最适宜土壤含水量为 1 5 %。

沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱盐碱胁迫的响应

利用控制实验研究了水分、盐分生态因子对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以探索沙地云杉和青海云杉种子对水分、盐分生态因子的适应性。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫和盐分胁迫对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,可显著的降低种子的发芽率,两种云杉种子对水分胁迫的临界值和极限值分别是-0.03、-0.15 MPa和-0.5、-0.58 MPa;对盐分胁迫的临界值和极限值分别是78、148 mmol/L和284、345mmol/L;其幼苗长度随着渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加而显著减小。(2)沙地云杉和青海云杉种子恢复发芽率及恢复后的幼苗长度随着渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加先增加后减少。(3)在相同的水势条件下,PEG溶液比等渗的NaCl溶液对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发具有更大的抑制作用,种子萌发过程中渗透胁迫比离子毒害的抑制作用更大。研究发现,沙地云杉和青海云杉种子对水分和盐分胁迫表现出不同程度的耐受性,两者对盐分胁迫的忍耐能力超过对水分胁迫;而且青海云杉种子比沙地云杉更耐旱、耐盐;早期的低盐和充分的水分条件是沙地云杉和青海云杉存活的关键。

温度对樟子松和沙地云杉种子萌发特征的影响

通过对不同温度条件下樟子松和沙地云杉种子的发芽特征研究,分析了温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响。结果表明,温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响均达到极显著水平。10-25℃温度范围内樟子松和沙地云杉均有较高的发芽率,20-25℃为樟子松和沙地云杉发芽的最适温度;温度超过30℃时发芽种子有腐烂现象,所以温度高于30℃不适合樟子松和沙地云杉种子发芽。在适宜温度下,沙地云杉发芽率大于樟子松,且发芽整齐,但樟子松生长快于沙地云杉,耐高温也优于沙地云杉。

生态场理论在沙地云杉种群更新中的应用

生态场理论是物理生态学的基本理论，它基于植物分布格局、植物生长模型、植物竞争以及资源利用的研究。研究森林草原过渡带上沙地云杉种群在更新中产生的生态场的特性，结果表明：沙地云杉种群生态场是半椭圆形特殊的非均匀场；生态场强度随着与母树距离的增大而变化，开始时迅速增大，３～５ｍ处场强达到最大，然后逐渐下降；由于生态场的重叠而使叠加部分的场强明显增大；生态场的作用范围与坡度、坡长等地形因子及树高、冠半径等测树因子都有密切的关系。长轴半径（Ｒ）与坡度（Ｘ）、坡长（Ｌ）和树高（Ｈ）存在下列多元线性关系：Ｒ＝０．９２３Ｈ＋０．３１６Ｘ＋０．０１５Ｌ－４．３１４（ｒ＝０．８２５）

内蒙古沙地云杉分类的研究

内蒙古沙地云杉究竟是哪一种，在植物分类学上是一个争论性问题。本文通过三种云杉的形态解剖比较、栽培实验观察、同工酶和核型分析以及生态地理分布的研究，结果表明，内蒙古沙地云杉既不同于红皮云杉（ＰｉｃｅａｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓＮａｋａｉ），也不同于白扦云杉（ＰｉｃｅａｍｅｙｅｒｉＲｅｈｄ．ｅｔＷｉｌｓ．），应划分为一个独立种更为合适，即将原来发表为白扦云杉的变种新组合之为独立的种，沙地云杉（ＰｉｃｅａｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａＨ．Ｑ．Ｗｕ）Ｗ．Ｄ．Ｘｕ（ＰｉｃｅａｍｅｙｅｒｉＶａｒ．ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａＨ．Ｑ．Ｗｕ）。

沙地云杉种子萌发及育苗试验

沙地云杉是沙地造林的首选树种之一。通过对其种子萌发机理的研究,为沙地云杉在干旱区的推广及林地幼苗更新提供理论依据。在试验室和室外花盆内对沙地云杉的种子进行处理,测定种子含水率及吸胀速率,研究不同温度、不同覆土厚度、不同浓度盐溶液、不同种子处理方式对沙地云杉种子萌发及出苗的影响。结果表明:(1)沙地云杉种子发芽的适宜温度为15～25℃,当温度低于5℃时种子将不能萌发,高于35℃萌发率较高,但会严重影响幼苗生长;(2)种子在吸胀初期,吸水量急剧增加,但随着时间的延长,绝对吸水量逐渐减小,达到一定时间后,种子含水量相对不变,即达饱和状态;(3)种子耐盐性较差,当NaCl溶液浓度高于0.6%时,会严重影响种子萌发,显著降低种子发芽率;(4)种子育苗适宜的覆沙厚度为0.5～0.75cm,大于1.0cm会显著降低发芽出苗率;(5)沙地云杉种子经3种方式处理播种后,以沙藏处理的种子发芽出苗率最高,自来水处理次之,60℃恒温处理最差。在人工对沙地云杉进行繁育时,种子宜先沙藏处理,萌发适宜温度15～25℃,土壤含盐量不宜高于0.6%,不覆土或覆土太厚均不利于种子的萌发。

干旱荒漠区沙地云杉育苗技术及幼苗生长规律研究

[目的]研究沙地云杉在干旱荒漠区的育苗技术及幼苗生长规律。[方法]将供试种子用不同方法处理后播种,采用3种苗床设计和3种播种密度的随机区组设计进行育苗试验。[结果]播种前用冷水浸种处理种子,育苗苗床选择高床,播种量采用中密度,有利于提高出苗率和保苗率,且能够显著降低病害发生率。幼苗的年生长规律表现为:高生长从6月进入快速生长期,地径生长从6月20日进入快速生长期,地径生长滞后于苗高生长约20d,到7月苗高生长和地径生长趋于平缓,至8月苗高生长和地径生长趋于停止。相关分析表明,影响地径和苗高生长的主要环境因子为最低气温和20、15、10cm土层的土壤温度。[结论]该研究为沙地云杉在干旱荒漠区的推广种植提供了技术支持。

沙地云杉种内、种间竞争的研究

根据调查资料，采用Ｈｅｇｙｉ提出的单木竞争指数模型ＣＩ＝∑Ｎｊ＝１（Ｄｊ／Ｄｉ）１Ｌｉｊ对内蒙古白音敖包自然保护区的沙地云杉种内、种间的竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明：沙地云杉种内竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小；种内竞争和种间竞争的强度顺序为：山杨＞沙地云杉种内＞白桦＞家榆。竞争强度与对象木的胸高直径服从幂函数关系ＣＩ＝ＡＤ－Ｂ，当沙地云杉胸高直径达到４０ｃｍ以上时，竞争强度变化很小。利用模型预测了沙地云杉种内、种间的竞争强度。说明Ｈｅｇｙｉ的单木竞争模型可为种内、种间竞争指数的研究提供可适用的数量指标。

沙地云杉生态型同工酶研究

沙地云杉是内蒙古地区特有树种,只分布于浑善达克沙地东部边缘;由于长期适应干旱生态条件,分化出3种土壤生态型,即紫果型、红果型和绿果型沙地云杉,并在很多生态、生理特征上表现出明显的差异.本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了3种生态型沙地云杉的过氧化物同工酶和酯酶同工酶的酶谱特征.结果表明:不管是过氧化物同工酶还是酯酶同工酶,紫果型沙地云杉的酶带条数最多,红果型其次,绿果型酶带条数最少.在酶带强度方面也有类似的结果,紫果型沙地云杉具有较多的强、次强、中带,红果型其次,绿果型最少.这在一定程度上表明,在干旱条件下产生的3种不同生态型沙地云杉,以紫果型对干旱抗性最强,绿果型最弱,红果型居于二者之间,这一结论将为沙地云杉的经营管理及品种选择提供科学依据.