Diagnosis of Mixed Infection of CSFV, PRV and E.coli in a Modern Pig Farm of Guizhou Province

In order to understand the incidence reasons in a scaled pig farm of Guizhou Province, the infected pigs were diagnosed with epidemiological investigation, clinical observation, pathological diagnosis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, PCR/RT-PCR and bacterial isolation and identification. The results showed that the pigs were infected mixedly with classical swine fever virus （CSFV）, pseudorabies virus （PRV） and E. coli. Therefore, some measures should be adopted to control the incidence of CSF, PR and colibacillosis in the pig farm.

Construction of Risk Assessment Application Model of Epidemic Disease in Large-scale Pig Farms

The application model of epidemic disease assessment technology for Web-based large-scale pig farm was expounded from the identification of epidemic disease risk factors, construction of risk assessment model and development of risk assessment system. The assessed pig farm uploaded the epidemic disease risk data information through on-line answering evaluating questionnaire to get the immediate evaluation report. The model could enhance the risk communication between pig farm veterinarian, manager and veterinary experts to help farm system understand and find disease risk factors, assess and report the potential high risk items of the pig farm in the three systems of engineering epidemic disease prevention technology, biological safety and immune monitoring, and promote the improvement and perfection of epidemic disease prevention and control measures.

Nutrients and Trace Elements in a Pig Farm in Beijing： Chinese and German Recommendations

Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas of Beijing, capital of People＇s Republic of China. In the framework of the International Research Training Group and of the Sino-Project Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Origin in China, the status quo of a large pig farm is researched. The first phase of the project was focused on a detailed description of the nutrients and trace elements contained in the main inputs （water, feed） and outputs （manure, wastewater） of the pig farm. The compliance with the Chinese national standards or often referred to as GB standards （in Chinese ＂GuoBiao＂） and, current German recommendations were included. The analysis of nutrients and trace minerals followed the natural structure of the pig life cycle, i.e., gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. The main results showed that the pig drinking water met the recommendations for livestock drinking water, ground water and human drinking water. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn and As in the pig feeds samples displayed higher values compared to the Chinese and German recommendations. Average values of trace elements in the pig manure did not surpass the Chinese and German recommendations of biowastes, however, some manure samples showed excessive concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. Likewise, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn concentrations in the wastewater surpassed the recommendations for irrigation water.

Assessment of immunization procedures for foot-and-mouth disease in large-scale pig farms in China based on actual data and dynamics

Foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)is an acute,highly infectious and pathogenic animal disease.In recent years,with the rapid development of the swine breeding industry in China,pig farms have shown a trend of larger-scale development.Large-scale pig farms employ standardized management,a high level of automation,and a strict_system.However,these farms have a large trading volume,and increased transmission intensity of FMD is noted inside the farm.At present,the main control measure against FMD is pig vaccination.However,a standard for immunization procedures is not available,and currently adopted immunization procedures have not been effectively and systematically evaluated.Taking a typical large-scale pig farm in China as the research subject and considering the breeding pattern,piggery structure,age structure and immunization procedures,an individual-based state probability model is established to evaluate the effectiveness of the immune procedure.Based on numerical simulation,it is concluded that the optimal immunization program involves primary immunization at 40 days of age and secondary immunization at 80 days of age for commercial pigs.Breeding boars and breeding sows are immunized 4 times a year,and reserve pigs are immunized at 169 and 259 days of age.According to the theoretical analysis,the average control reproduction number of individuals under the optimal immunization procedure in the farm is 0.4927.In the absence of immunization,the average is 1.7498,indicating that the epidemic cannot be controlled without immunization procedures.

An Industrial Internet Platform for Massive Pig Farming (IIP4MPF)

Pig farming is becoming a key industry of China’s rural economy in recent years. The current pig farming is still relatively manual, lack of latest Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and scientific management methods. This paper proposes an industrial internet platform for massive pig farming, namely, IIP4MPF, which aims to leverage intelligent pig breeding, production rate and labor productivity with the use of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and big data intelligence. We conducted requirement analysis for IIP4MPF using software engineering methods, designed the IIP4MPF system for an integrated solution to digital, interconnected, intelligent pig farming. The practice demonstrates that the IIP4MPF platform significantly improves pig farming industry in pig breeding and productivity.

Economic Viability Analysis of Investment Alternatives for the Use of Biogas in a Pig Farming in the Middle East Area of Brazil

This paper presents an economic viability analysis of two investment alternatives for a pig farming located in the city of Jatai, Goias State, Brazil. The first investment alternative consists of the implementation of a biodigester, being the biogas burned in a flare. The second alternative also consists of a biodigester, nevertheless the produced biogas is used to generate electricity. The methodologies to estimate the methane production in anaerobic reactors are presented, as well as those for the quantification of the baseline and project emissions and of the electricity that can be generated. The results showed that the use of biogas for the electricity generation is the alternative more economically viable.

Recycling of the Waste from Large-scale Pig Farms

The management mode, economic benefits and technology integration of large-scale pig breeding are superior to those of traditional pig breeding by scattered peasant households, and it has a significant agglomeration effect. However, the waste from large-scale pig farms are discharged in a concentrated manner, which aggravates environmental pollution and increases treatment difficulty, and improper disposal can lead to serious environmental problems. The main pollutants in the waste from large-scale pig farms are high-concentration organic pollutants, nitrogen and phosphorus. Meanwhile, they are also the main nutrients needed for the growth of plants, animals and microorganisms. By a series of key techniques, the waste from large-scale pig farms can be recycled as fertilizer, feed and energy.

Research on Influence Factors of Pig Farmers' Ecological Farming Behavior: Based on the TPB and SEM

China's extensive development model of pig industry gives rise to serious resource and environment bottleneck restriction,it is urgent to transform the existing development model into ecological farming model. In this process,farmers' behavior will play a key role. On the basis of summarizing development connotation and characteristics of ecological agriculture,using survey data of 323 pig farmers in 6 provinces,based on the Theory of Planned Behavior( TPB) it introduced individual characteristics and external environment constraint variables,and made an empirical analysis on factors influencing intention and behavior of pig farmers' ecological farming using the Structural Equation Model( SEM). Results indicate:( i) ecological farming intention of pig farmers has the largest direct effect on their ecological farming behavior;( ii)ecological farming cognition of pig farmers has significant positive effect on their ecological farming behavior;( iii) external environment has the largest indirect effect on their ecological farming behavior,followed by the overall effect,and external environment has significant positive effect on ecological farming attitude and cognition of pig farmers;( iv) individual characteristics( educational level and income level) of pig farmers influence ecological farming behavior of pig farmers through their ecological farming attitude and intention,but the degree of influence is limited.

Occurrence of antibiotics in typical pig farming and its wastewater treatment in Thailand

This study investigated antibiotics in pig feed and drinking water and their excretion together with manure and wastewater at a typical pig farm in Thailand.Among the 21 antibiotics analyzed,tetracyclines,macrolides,b-lactams,aminoglycosides,quinolones,sulfonamides,pleuromutilin,and florfenicol classes,were found as active ingredients in feed and drinking water and excreted together with pig wastes.Among them,doxycycline,tilmicosin,and amoxicillin were detected higher concentrations in wastewater(12.9e459.1 mg L^(-1)),sediment(0.074e0.62 mg kg^(-1)),and pig manure(0.45e4.1 mg kg^(-1)).During wastewater treatment,those major antibiotics were remaining in pond water and settled sludge up to 79.5 mg L-1 and 24.2 mg kg^(-1),respectively.The normalized excretion mass of total antibiotics was determined as 11.2 mg head-1 day-1,contributed mainly from doxycycline(5.9 mg head-1 day-1),tilmicosin(2.8 mg head-1 day-1),and amoxicillin(2.2 mg head-1 day-1).Based on total pig production in Thailand,the excreted mass of antibiotics was estimated at 79.3 tons year-1.

Aerial pollutants on a pig farm in peri-urban Beijing,China

The study was carried out to evaluate the airborne gases and suspended particulate matter concentrations in the pig barns of a commercial pig farm situated in the peri-urban area of Beijing,China.The measurements followed the natural pig life-stages namely:gestation,farrowing,weaning,and fattening.In order to accomplish these objectives,three different measurement devices were employed:(i)color diffusion tubes,(ii)a portable gas measuring device,and(iii)a dust measuring instrument.Due to the rotation of the devices in the different sampling places,the measurements were performed at different time periods during the months of the summer and winter season in Beijing.The pig farm had a capacity of 15000 pigs per year and the manurial system was identified as“gan qing fen”or dry cleaning of the manure.The main by-products generated by the farm were irrigation water and small-scale biogas production.High dust concentrations were identified in the pig barns,especially during the feeding and manure cleaning events inside the farrowing and weaning barns with slatted floors.Inhalable dust ranged from 0 mg/m3 to 12.45 mg/m3,while the allowable dust ranged from 0 mg/m3 to 9.62 mg/m3.Ammonia concentration ranged from 0 ppm to 20 ppm(1 ppm=1 cm3/m3),and the carbon dioxide concentration ranged from 300 ppm to 8000 ppm.The highest ammonia concentration was recorded in the fattening barn during the summer season,while the highest carbon dioxide concentration was reported in the weaning barn during the summer season.The results of this study were similar to the results of studies performed on pig farms under natural and mechanical ventilation systems.On the other hand,the problems encountered during the gas measurements on the pig farm were directly related to the inadequate housing layout due to the obstruction of windows,fans and air channels for indoor ventilation,and thus the measurement devices faced harsh working conditions.Therefore,it is recommended that the housing system should be improved with repaired windows and curtains especially for the winter season;similarly,the repair of the fans should be attempted in order to improve the ventilation,especially in the gestation barns.

Potential regulation of small RNAs on bacterial function activities in pig farm wastewater treatment plants

Small RNAs(sRNAs)are key players in the regulation of bacterial gene expression.However,the distribution and regulatory functions of sRNA in pig farm wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)remains unknown.In this study,the wastewaters in anoxic and oxic tanks of the WWTPs were collected.The profiles of the community structure,mRNA expression,and sRNA expression of bacteria in pig farm wastewater were investigated using transcriptome sequencing and qPCR.This study demonstrated that there was a higher abundance of sRNA in the pig farm WWTPs and 52 sRNAs were detected.The sRNAs were mainly present in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes,including the potential human pathogenic bacteria(HPB)(Escherichia,Shigella,Bordetella and Morganella),crop pathogen(Pectobacterium)and denitrifying bacteria(Zobellella).And the sRNAs were involved in the bacterial functional activities such as translation,transcription,drug resistance,membrane transport and amino acid metabolism.In addition,most sRNAs had a higher abundance in anoxic tanks which contained a higher abundance of the genes associated with infectious diseases and drug resistance than that in oxic tanks.The results presented here show that in pig farm WWTPs,sRNA played an important role in bacterial function activities,especially the infectious diseases,drug resistance and denitrification,which can provide a new point of penetration for improving the pig farm WWTPs.

Farm-Scale Applicability of Three Covers (Peat, Polystyrene Balls and Synthetic Sheet Roof) to Reduce Ammonia Emissions from Pig Slurry Storage

Covering the slurry pit has been shown to be one of the best ways to reduce ammonia emissions (NH3) during manure management. Yet, few studies have been conducted at farm scale. We studied the feasibility of three cover materials (peat, polystyrene balls and synthetic sheet roof) to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions during on-farm storage of pig slurry. The impact on greenhouse gas emissions, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) of covering the slurry pit was also evaluated. Simultaneous field experiments were carried out using two similar pits at a farm with peat and polystyrene ball covers, which allowed direct comparison of the feasibility of the two covers to reduce gas emissions (measured using the dynamic chamber technique). Emissions from the third option (using a synthetic sheet roof) were estimated by measuring the concentrations in the headspace under the cover and the air leakage from the cover with a tracer gas (CO2). Results showed that the polystyrene balls cover reduced emissions of NH3 during storage by up to 80% whatever the season, but increased potential greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in summer. No consistent reduction was achieved with the peat cover even though some individual results seemed to indicate up to 25% reduction in ammonia emissions;moreover, there was a 30% increase in CH4 and CO2 emissions during the storage period. The use of a synthetic sheet roof enabled up to 90% reduction in NH3, CH4 and CO2 emissions whatever the season.

Driving factors of direct greenhouse gas emissions from China's pig industry from 1976 to 2016

Livestock cultivation is a significant source of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, accounting for 14.5% of the total anthropogenic emissions. China is responsible for a considerable share of the global livestock emissions, particularly caused by pork production. We used the Kaya identity and the logarithmic mean Divisia index(LMDI) to decompose the national annual GHG emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management in pig farming in China from 1976 to 2016. We decomposed the sources of the emissions into five driving factors:(1) technological progress(e.g., feed improvement);(2) structural adjustment in the livestock sector;(3) structural adjustment in agriculture;(4) affluence;and(5) population growth. The results showed that the net GHG emissions from the pig sector in China increased 16 million tons(Mt) of carbon dioxide equivalents(CO2 eq) during the study period. The decomposition analysis revealed that structural adjustment in agriculture, growing affluence, and population growth contributed to an increase of the GHG emissions of pork production by 23, 41, and 13 Mt CO2 eq, respectively. The technological progress and structural changes in animal husbandry mitigated emissions by –51 and –11 Mt CO2 eq, respectively. Further technological progress in pig production and optimizing the economic structures are critical for further reducing GHG emissions in China's pig industry. Our results highlight the dominant role of technological changes for emission reductions in the pig farming.

Treatment Effect of Pig Manure-derived Biochar-based Metal Catalyst for Pig Breeding Wastewater

[Objectives]To treat pig farm wastewater and solve the problem of pollution caused by it to surface water or groundwater.[Methods]Fe and Zn/biochar(AC)was prepared by dipping method using pig manure-derived biochar as carrier.The preparation conditions were investigated,and the screened metal-loaded biochar was characterized.Pig farm waste water was treated with metal-loaded biochar-H2O2 catalytic oxidation method.[Results]At the COD concentration of 2904 mg/L,0.02 g Zn/AC and 0.005 mL H2O2 showed the highest COD removal rate(qe)from pig breeding wastewater under conditions of reaction time of 8 h,pH value of 7 and temperature of 55℃,reaching 70.98%.[Conclusions]Fe or Zn-loaded biochar made from pig manure-derived activated carbon has a certain catalytic capacity for the actual oxidation treatment of pig farm wastewater.The activity of Zn/AC was higher,and its COD removal rate from pig farm wastewater was also higher.

Composition of Pig Manures and Wastewaters under the Gan Qing Fen System in China

A large scale pig farm located in the North West of Beijing that applies the gan qing fen manure management system was selected and a continuous sampling of manures and wastewaters was performed from June to October 2009. Samples were collected once a week based on the pig production cycle, namely gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. Analysis of nutrients and heavy metals were determined by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy （ICP）. Total Nitrogen （TN） was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The main results showed that pig manures were characterized by high nutrients and heavy metals contents that might be due to the solid fraction separation from the liquid fraction under the gan qing fen manure management system. Further, piggery wastewaters were characterized by very low concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals as result of their dilution with flushing water mainly used for cleaning the pigsties. Manure and wastewaters samples from weaning pigs contained the highest concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals that could be due to high supplementation rates of these minerals in the weaner diets. In general, it seems that the manual daily collection of pig manures in the gan qing fen system is an efficient practice in order to maintain nutrient contents in pig manures but the use of flushing water should be reduced as it can lead to further environmental pollution.

Performance of Biogas Production from Anaerobic Codigestion of Dead Pigs and Pig Manure

With the development of large-scale and intensive pig breeding,the harmless disposal of dead pigs has become increasingly prominent.The method to process dead pigs by biogas engineering can realize resource utilization of dead pigs and and obtain high economic benefit. In this paper,through a batch of experiments,the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of dead pigs and pig manure was verified,and effects of addition proportion of dead pigs and reaction temperature on biogas production from the anaerobic co-digestion were analyzed. The results showed that when the reaction temperature was 35 ℃ and the adding proportion of the dead pig was 12%,the fermentation could get the best effect,and the maximum of methane content could reach 64. 72%,while the total biogas yield was up to 5 310 ml,which was 26% higher than single fermentation of pig manure. Meanwhile,the unit TS and VS biogas yield could rise by 30% and 22% respectively.

规模化猪场粪污处理利用现状及案例分析

规模化猪场在养殖过程中会产生大量的粪污,如果不加以妥善处理与利用,将对环境和公共健康造成严重威胁。粪污处理与资源化利用成为实现养猪业可持续发展的关键环节。本文探讨了规模化猪场粪污的危害,介绍了规模化猪场粪污集中收集系统及目前规模化猪场在猪舍粪污处理中使用的尿泡粪和机械清粪2种清粪工艺,并详细讨论了生物发酵、厌氧消化、好氧处理等多种方法对固体粪污和液体污水的处理技术,以满足不同规模化养猪场的清粪需求。同时,探讨了规模化猪场种养结合生态循环利用和工业化深度处理2种主要的粪污处理利用模式。展望了未来科技创新对粪污处理与利用的推动作用,呼吁各方共同努力,以实现养猪企业的可持续发展、保障环境和人类健康的计划。本文为规模化养猪场选择粪污处理技术和利用模式提供了有益的参考,有助于环境保护和养猪业可持续发展。

减少猪场臭气生成的饲粮配制技术与养殖技术研究进展

随着养殖规模和集约化程度的不断提高,养殖场产生的臭气严重危害人畜健康和周边生态环境,臭气污染问题备受关注。解决猪场臭气污染的重要途径之一是减少臭气物质产生,而改进饲粮技术和养殖技术是减少猪场臭气物质生成的关键技术措施。本文综述了猪场臭气组成及产生途径、猪场中关键致臭物质及筛选方法、有效减少臭气生成的饲粮技术和养殖技术,旨在为加强猪场臭气方面的基础研究及减排技术的推广提供参考,进一步推进养猪业的高质量发展。

母猪精准养殖智能感知技术研究进展

母猪的生长状况、繁殖性能与健康状况是猪场管理的重要生产要素,直接关系到猪场的经济效益。我国母猪养殖还存在生产管理智能化水平低、健康管理效率低、生产力水平低等突出问题,制约了我国养殖业的高质量发展。本文从母猪生长信息感知技术、繁殖行为监测技术、健康状态感知技术等3个方面,总结了母猪精准养殖管理中生长、生理、健康监测的研究和发展现状,分析了母猪精准养殖技术的薄弱环节,对母猪养殖智慧管控系统的建设提出了建议,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为我国养猪业绿色高效智能转型升级与智能养猪工厂的建设提供参考。

基于物联网的生猪健康状态监测及预警平台设计

生猪规模化养殖的疾病预防和控制是提升养殖效率和质量的重要保障。为了实现生猪健康状态的即时监测和预警,有效提升生猪养殖管理的数字化、智能化水平,本研究通过总结和借鉴现有研究成果和经验,结合实际需求和条件,设计了基于物联网的生猪健康状态监测及预警平台,实现分类别的用户管理、圈舍管理、状态监测、预警等功能,能够为相关人员提供针对性的防控建议。该平台的推广和应用,为生猪规模化养殖管理提供了一种低成本、高质量、智能化的解决方案。