Effect of safety valve types on the gas venting behavior and thermal runaway hazard severity of large-format prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries

The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway(TR)and gas venting behavior of LIBs,as well as the TR hazard severity of LIBs,are not known.In this paper,the TR and gas venting behavior of three 100 A h lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries with different safety valves are investigated under overheating.Compared to previous studies,the main contribution of this work is in studying and evaluating the effect of gas venting behavior and TR hazard severity of LFP batteries with three safety valve types.Two significant results are obtained:(Ⅰ)the safety valve type dominates over gas venting pressure of battery during safety venting,the maximum gas venting pressure of LFP batteries with a round safety valve is 3320 Pa,which is one order of magnitude higher than other batteries with oval or cavity safety valve;(Ⅱ)the LFP battery with oval safety valve has the lowest TR hazard as shown by the TR hazard assessment model based on gray-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.This study reveals the effect of safety valve type on TR and gas venting,providing a clear direction for the safety valve design.

Effect of Dynamic Pressure Feedback Orifice on Stability of Cartridge-Type Hydraulic Pilot-Operated Relief Valve

Current research on pilot-operated relief valve stability is primarily conducted from the perspective of system dynamics or stability criteria,and most of the existing conclusions focus on the spool shape,damping hole size,and pulsation frequency of the pump.However,the essential factors pertaining to the unstable vibration of relief valves remain ambiguous.In this study,the dynamic behavior of a pilot-operated relief valve is investigated using the frequency-domain method.The result suggests that the dynamic pressure feedback orifice is vital to the dynamic characteristics of the valve.A large orifice has a low flow resistance.In this case,the fluid in the main spring chamber flows freely,which is not conducive to the stability of the relief valve.However,a small orifice may create significant flow resistance,thus restricting fluid flow.In this case,the oil inside the main valve spring chamber is equivalent to a high-stiffness liquid spring.The main mass-spring vibration system has a natural frequency that differs significantly from the operating frequency of the relief valve,which is conducive to the stability of the relief valve.Good agreement is obtained between the theoretical analysis and experiments.The results indicate that designing a dynamic pressure feedback orifice of an appropriate size is beneficial to improving the stability of hydraulic pilot-operated relief valves.In addition,the dynamic pressure feedback orifice reduces the response speed of the relief valve.This study comprehensively considers the stability,rapidity,and immunity of relief valves and expands current investigations into the dynamic characteristics of relief valves from the perspective of classical control theory,thus revealing the importance of different parameters.

STUDY ON VARIATION OF SETTING AND STOPPING PRESSURES OF SAFETY VALVE WITH STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION

The possibility of pressure control with the structural change of a safety valve is investigated Safety valve is commonly used as safety devices for numerous applications which include boilers,ships,industrial plants,and piping Setting and stopping pressures of a safety valve, p set and p sto ,are traditionally adjusted with a fine tuning of seat ring and valve ring heights, h sr and h vr However, it is not easy to achieve the proper setting and stopping pressures of a safety valve in practice The depth of inside and outside grooves in a valve, d i and d o are modified and their effects on setting and stopping pressures of a safety vlave are tested The most appropriate values appear 1 0 mm in d i and 0 5～1 0 mm in d o,respectively The valve ring height, h vr ,shows that the best results can be achieved at 2 3 mm for setting pressures of 0 1～0 4 MPa and 1 0 mm for setting pressures of 0 5～1 0 MPa The stopping pressures increases with the increase of seat ring height, h sr , upto certain h sr value and then becomes independent to the seat ring height This implies that there exists the optimum h sr ,which provides the largest flow rate and the proper stopping pressure Stopping pressures of a safety valve are adjusted with the seat ring and valve ring heights This study,however,demonstrated that the modification of value grooves also changes setting and stopping pressures of a safety valve Therefore,the proper selection in dimensions of the inside and outside grooves should be considered for the safety valve design

Properties analysis of a large flow-rate safety valve test device

In order to solve the problem of property test of large flow-rate safety, the property parameter of safety valve test system was analyzed, and a device for property oflarge flow-rate safety valve test was designed.The device used accumulators as power source and a united function cylinder, which can realized the large flow-rate output for the test system.Analyzed the test data and made a particular research on the test device by testing different flow-rate safety valves;it verifies that the test device can be used tode-sign larger flow-rate safety valve test system and can make the flow-rate test and analysis and dynamic characteristics for the large-flow safety valve.

Safety and effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in cardiac surgery:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Lack of mobilization and prolonged stay in the intensive care unit(ICU)are major factors resulting in the development of ICU-acquired muscle weakness(ICUAW).ICUAW is a type of skeletal muscle dysfunction and a common complication of patients after cardiac surgery,and may be a risk factor for prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation,associated with a higher risk of readmission and higher mortality.Early mobilization in the ICU after cardiac surgery has been found to be low with a significant trend to increase over ICU stay and is also associated with a reduced duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay.Neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)is an alternative modality of exercise in patients with muscle weakness.A major advantage of NMES is that it can be applied even in sedated patients in the ICU,a fact that might enhance early mobilization in these patients.AIM To evaluate safety,feasibility and effectiveness of NMES on functional capacity and muscle strength in patients before and after cardiac surgery.METHODS We performed a search on Pubmed,Physiotherapy Evidence Database(PEDro),Embase and CINAHL databases,selecting papers published between December 2012 and April 2023 and identified published randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that included implementation of NMES in patients before after cardiac surgery.RCTs were assessed for methodological rigor and risk of bias via the PEDro.The primary outcomes were safety and functional capacity and the secondary outcomes were muscle strength and function.RESULTS Ten studies were included in our systematic review,resulting in 703 participants.Almost half of them performed NMES and the other half were included in the control group,treated with usual care.Nine studies investigated patients after cardiac surgery and 1 study before cardiac surgery.Functional capacity was assessed in 8 studies via 6MWT or other indices,and improved only in 1 study before and in 1 after cardiac surgery.Nine studies explored the effects of NMES on muscle strength and function and,most of them,found increase of muscle strength and improvement in muscle function after NMES.NMES was safe in all studies without any significant complication.CONCLUSION NMES is safe,feasible and has beneficial effects on muscle strength and function in patients after cardiac surgery,but has no significant effect on functional capacity.

Aspen Plus软件Safety Analysis功能在安全阀计算中的应用

安全阀是压力容器安全保护的最后一道物理保护措施,广泛应用于石油化工企业。安全阀计算工况众多,计算公式容易混淆,为正确选型带来麻烦。简单介绍了Aspen Plus软件Safety Analysis功能在安全阀计算中的应用。

基于Aspen Plus的Safety Analysis功能计算调节阀故障时的安全阀尺寸

安全阀作为化工生产中的最后一道安全屏障,其选型的准确与否直接关系到生产安全。目前国内大部分设计院计算安全阀时都是基于安全阀设计规范编辑Excel公式,代入手册中查得物性数据得到泄放量及泄放面积。由于安全阀计算涉及的工况、物性参数较多,且各个工况下使用的计算公式均不相同,使得安全阀的选型成为化工设计中的一个难点。通过工程经验总结,以调节阀故障工况为例,利用Aspen Plus软件自带的Safety Analysis功能计算安全阀的泄放量与泄放面积,并核算调节阀入口、出口管径,大幅提高了工作效率与准确性。

单中心经导管主动脉瓣置换术的疗效及安全性分析

目的:回顾南通大学附属医院心脏瓣膜中心经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR)的临床数据,总结手术相关经验。方法:2020年10月—2023年6月在本中心接受TAVR手术患者28例,收集患者的病史、实验室检验以及辅助检查等临床资料,对手术成功率、并发症、院内结果以及6个月随访结果进行回顾性分析。结果:28例患者中男女各14例,平均年龄(75.54±6.08)岁,其中重度主动脉瓣狭窄22例,重度单纯主动脉瓣反流6例,美国胸外科医师协会平均积分为(4.05±3.48)分,手术成功率为96.43%,因Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞植入永久起搏器5例(17.86%);术中中度瓣周漏3例(10.71%),其中采用球囊后扩张1例,采用“瓣中瓣”技术2例使瓣膜反流显著减轻;发生瓣膜跳脱1例(3.57%),植入第2个瓣膜使其锚定于升主动脉;术中心包填塞3例(10.71%),2例予心包置管、鱼精蛋白中和肝素后出血终止;另1侧发生瓣环撕脱转行开胸手术后死亡;半年随访期间1例患者因重度贫血再次入院,所有患者生活质量显著提高。结论:TAVR治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄或反流具有良好的有效性和安全性。

华龙一号安注系统电动截止阀可靠性试验及评估研究

作为核反应堆系统中的关键设备,阀门在核反应堆系统中起着至关重要的作用,其可靠性直接决定着核反应堆安全以及人员安全。本文针对华龙一号安注系统电动截止阀,采用3个试验样机开展可靠性试验,通过模拟使用工况下的冷热态寿命试验,获得了该型阀门的典型失效——阀座内漏,并基于试验数据采用小子样试验的半经验评估方法完成了可靠性评估,确定该安注系统电动截止阀全寿期无故障动作360次的可靠度大于0.99。

应用于井下安全阀试验的高压气源控制系统设计

井下安全阀试验需要有能够稳定输出气体、人机交互性强以及自动化控制程度高的气源,针对这一问题,从研究气体流动特性入手。首先,对气源系统整体结构进行设计,包括关键部件的分析计算和选型;其次,基于S7-200 SMART PLC和LabVIEW软件进行控制程序编写和主控界面设计,实现数据存储和显示以及绘制气源系统各工作参数随时间变化的功能曲线;最后,搭建实验平台进行测试,实验结果验证了系统设计的合理性,得到输出过程中气体输出流量波动在2.8%、压力波动在5%、温度波动在6%左右,能够简单、高效、精确地控制气体输出,使设计的高压气源系统达到井下安全阀试验需求。

密封结构参数对安全阀磁流体密封压力的影响

为探讨安全阀磁流体密封性能与结构关键参数的关系,以安全阀磁流体密封装置作为研究对象,利用有限元分析软件计算出密封间隙内磁感应强度变化值,计算在不同密封结构关键参数下密封间隙内耐压值并对其进行分析,最终得到各参数之间的相互关系从而为提高密封能力提供指导。研究结果表明:当极齿齿槽宽度为3mm时,密封压力最大值在极齿宽度2mm处;当极齿宽度为3mm时,密封压力最大值在齿槽宽度2.5mm处;将矩形极齿改为单侧斜角极齿30°,密封压力会整体上升且最大值在极齿齿槽宽度3mm、极齿宽度1.5mm处;改变剩磁大小会影响磁感应强度但磁感应强度差值不变,对于密封压力最优值没有影响。这些规律为安全阀磁流体密封装置的设计提供了理论参考。

核级典型电动截止阀FMECA及试验验证

作为核反应堆系统中的关键能动设备,阀门在核反应堆系统中起着至关重要的作用,其安全性直接决定着核反应堆安全及人员安全。本文针对安注系统电动截止阀,基于使用特点对其开展故障模式、影响及危害性分析(FMECA),找出其结构中潜在的故障模式及其原因与影响,并根据失效分析结果有针对性地开展寿命试验,以激发潜在的故障,验证分析结果并获得该阀最为典型的失效模式。

弹簧式安全阀启闭动态过程仿真与分析

为研究安全阀的启闭性能,采用数学建模方法对其性能进行仿真分析。首先,根据安全阀工作原理将其内部主要活动部件分别建立成等效模型,然后采用数值模拟方法对部件刚度进行求解,再通过流体分析及数据拟合来获得阀瓣推力,建立数学公式并采用龙格库塔法进行方程求解,以获得启闭过程的运动曲线。结果表明,根据数学模型求解出的运动曲线趋势与安全阀实际运动趋势相同。由此可知,数学建模结果为安全阀性能分析提供理论依据。

安全阀排放的动响应分析

安全阀排放冲击与响应是振动工程中典型的瞬态响应问题。根据阀后直管段长度L与特征长*度L的关系,讨论了四种可能的冲击形式;利用Laplace变换和逆变换,给出了四种冲击的瞬态响应解析解,表明冲击响应的最大幅值是关于安全阀全开时间与系统自振周期之比的函数;据此对安全阀排放系统的动载系数DFL取值给了分析和建议。

先导式安全阀整定压力预测方法研究

以自主研制的先导式安全阀为研究对象,针对先导阀的感压控制结构,开展整定压力预测方法研究。根据动作功能和结构原理分析,提出了一种测量整定预紧力的方式,并研制了专用传感器。对样机进行适应性改造和传感器安装后,开展相关冷态实验研究。结果表明,关键力值的监测数据可用于安全阀整定压力的预测,但还需进一步考虑温度等运行参数和阀门结构设计参数的影响,优化预测算法。

大采高液压支架插装式安全阀动态特性影响因素分析

大采高液压支架需要有大流量、大功率的安全阀配套,为此提出一种适用于大采高液压支架的插装式安全阀。通过对插装式安全阀的结构及工作原理的分析,建立AMEsim 16.0仿真模型并进行仿真,对先导阻尼孔径、插装阀弹簧刚度、插装阀阀芯质量、插装阀溢流孔径等关键参数进行设置并仿真计算。得到插装式安全阀工作时的压力、流量、阀芯位移等动态特性曲线;结果表明:插装式安全阀控制的液压支架液压系统通流能力大,动态响应较快;得出了各参数对插装式安全阀动态特性影响规律,此研究对研制和改进大采高液压支架工作特性具有重要的研究意义。

专用树脂安全生产自动化改造总结

为提升专用树脂生产的安全性,采取了一系列自动化提升措施:①对氯乙烯回收压缩系统进行了改造,在压缩机进口管线和回流管线上增加切断阀,并优化了DCS程序,由人工启停压缩系统升级为DCS一键启停;②对压力容器放空管线进行了安全升级,在爆破片和安全阀之间增设压力表;③在氯乙烯输送管线上增加了远程控制点并优化了输送程序;④在氯乙烯球罐及储槽注水管线上增加远传切断阀门,由人工现场操作升级为自动注水系统远程操作。

石油井安全阀弹簧蓄能密封性能分析及结构优化

为研究一种适用于超高压石油井安全阀用密封圈,设计一种适用于做往复运动的弹簧蓄能密封圈结构方案,并分析密封圈唇口结构对密封性能的影响规律。通过构建V形等效弹簧建立二维轴对称模型,借助ABAQUS有限元仿真软件分析不同唇口结构的接触应力状态;以泄漏量为指标,评价单唇和双唇在介质压力35、70、105 MPa和相对运动速度4~8 mm/s下的密封性能;并在双唇口结构优化的基础上,分析唇口角度和唇口间距对密封性能的影响规律。结果表明:在70 MPa介质压力以下,单/双唇结构的密封性能随介质压力变化的趋势相同,随着介质压力逐渐升高,双唇结构的优势逐渐明显;双唇优化后,唇口角度和唇口间距仅对唇口局部接触压力分布有影响,对密封性能的影响十分有限;相对运动速度对2种结构的密封性能影响具有相同的规律;双唇结构密封性能整体比单唇结构提高约25%。

安全阀校验系统不确定度评定及实验室间能力验证评估

为更好实现对安全阀校验实验室的质量控制,提升实验室校验能力和专业技术人员校验水平。本文应用定量试验方法,对主导实验室安全阀校验系统进行不确定度评定,根据评定结果确定参考测量值;通过多个实验室间量值比对,实现准确一致的校验传递和可靠的量值溯源,对比对结果应用En值进行评价,验证各实验室安全阀校验能力,依据评价结论采取优化措施改进实验室校验质量。

矿用液压支架大流量安全阀卸荷性能分析

针对液压支架大流量安全阀在冲击载荷作用下不稳定的问题,以矿用液压支架上的FAD500/50型大流量安全阀作为研究对象,依据其结构和工作原理,利用AMESim软件对安全阀过载时的卸荷性能进行仿真分析,得到安全阀溢流时压力与流量动态输出特性以及阀芯运动规律特性。结果表明:在冲击载荷下,安全阀压力超调量和压力超调率分别为5.9 MPa和15%;安全阀开启瞬间阀芯会产生震荡,突变载荷是阀芯产生震荡的主要因素。最后通过试验证明了安全阀回路压力损失随着乳化液流量的增大而增大,但在0~320 L/min公称流量下,安全阀的压力损失低于7 MPa,系统整体运行稳定。