There has been an increasing recognition of the crucial role of forests, responsible for sequestering atmospheric CO_(2), as a moral imperative for mitigating the pace of climate change. The complexity of evaluating c...There has been an increasing recognition of the crucial role of forests, responsible for sequestering atmospheric CO_(2), as a moral imperative for mitigating the pace of climate change. The complexity of evaluating climate change impacts on forest carbon and water dynamics lies in the diverse acclimations of forests to changing environments. In this study, we assessed two of the most common acclimation traits, namely leaf area index and the maximum rate of carboxylation(V_(cmax)), to explore the potential acclimation pathways of Pinus koraiensis under climate change. We used a mechanistic and process-based ecohydrological model applied to a P. koraiensis forest in Mt. Taehwa, South Korea. We conducted numerical investigations into the impacts of(i) Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2–4.5(SSP2-4.5) and 5–8.5(SSP5-8.5),(ii) elevated atmospheric CO_(2) and temperature, and(iii) acclimations of leaf area index and V_(cmax)on the carbon and water dynamics of P. koraiensis. We found that there was a reduction in net primary productivity(NPP) under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, but not under SSP5-8.5, compared to the baseline, due to an imbalance between increases in atmospheric CO_(2) and temperature. A decrease in leaf area index and an increase in V_(cmax)of P. koraiensis were expected if acclimations were made to reduce its leaf temperature. Under such acclimation pathways, it would be expected that the well-known CO_(2) fertilizer effects on NPP would be attenuated.展开更多
To evaluate the relationships among clones and open pollinated families from the same plus trees and to select elite breeding materials,growth,and wood characteristics of 33-year-old Pinus korainsis clones and familie...To evaluate the relationships among clones and open pollinated families from the same plus trees and to select elite breeding materials,growth,and wood characteristics of 33-year-old Pinus korainsis clones and families were measured and analyzed.The results show that growth and wood characters varied significantly.The variation due to clonal effects was higher than that of family effects.The ratio of genetic to phenotypic coefficient of variation of clones in growth and wood traits was above 90%,and the repeatability of these characteristics was more than 0.8,whereas the ratio of genetic to phenotypic coefficient of variation of families was above 90%.The broad-sense heritability of all characteristics exceeded 0.4,and the narrow-sense family heritability of growth traits was less than 0.3.Growth characteristics were positively correlated with each other,but most wood properties were weakly correlated in both clones and families.Fiber length and width were positively correlated between clones and families.Using the membership function method,eleven clones and four families were selected as superior material for improved diameter growth and wood production,and two families from clonal and open-pollinated trees showed consistently better performance.Generally,selection of the best clones is an effective alternative to deployment of families as the repeatability estimates from clonal trees were higher than narrow-sense heritability estimates from open pollinated families.The results provide valuable insight for improving P.koraiensis breeding programs and subsequent genetic improvement.展开更多
Germination at low spring temperatures may offer a competitive advantage for the growth and survival of plant species inhabiting temperate forest ecosystems.Pinus koraiensis is a dominant species in temperate forests ...Germination at low spring temperatures may offer a competitive advantage for the growth and survival of plant species inhabiting temperate forest ecosystems.Pinus koraiensis is a dominant species in temperate forests of northeastern China.Its seeds exhibit primary morphophysiological dormancy following dispersal in autumn,limiting natural or artificial regeneration:direct seeding and planting seedlings in spring.The aim of this study was to determine the optimum cold stratification temperature that induces germination to increase towards lower temperatures.Seeds from two populations(Changbaishan and Liangshui)were cold stratified at 0,5 and 10℃.Germination to incubation temperatures(10/5,20/10,25/15 and 30/20℃;14/10 h day/night)were determined after 2 and 4 weeks,and 5.5 and6.5 months of cold stratification.After 5.5 months,approximately 68-91%of seeds from both populations germinated at incubation temperatures of 25/15℃and 30/20℃,regardless of cold stratification temperatures.When the cold stratification temperature was reduced to 0℃and the period increased to 6.5 months,germination at 10/5℃significantly improved,reaching 37%and 64%for the Changbaishan and Liangshui populations,respectively.After 6.5 months of cold stratification,there was a significant linear regression between cold stratification temperatures and germination at10/5℃.The range in temperatures allowing for germination gradually expanded to include lower temperatures with decreasing cold stratification temperatures from 10 to 5℃and further to 0℃.展开更多
Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending man...Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending management measures for sustainable operations and implementing effective pest control measures.According to the demand of production practice,this paper studies the tending management and pest control measures of Pinus koraiensis forest during its growth period,so as to provide important scientific support for improving the quality of P.koraiensis forest in the future.展开更多
Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.)in Northeastern China has been genetically improved to increase seed yields in addition to timber.To assess seed yield variability and select highly productive clones,14 ...Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.)in Northeastern China has been genetically improved to increase seed yields in addition to timber.To assess seed yield variability and select highly productive clones,14 cone,seed and nut traits were measured and analyzed.Variance analysis showed that all clones were signifi cantly different in various traits(P<0.01).Phenotypic coeffi cients of variation and repeatability of traits ranged from 9.1 to 34.4%and from 27.5 to 97.7%,respectively.Except for the cone layer and cone seed numbers,the other traits were positively or negatively correlated.Three principal components were identifi ed.Seed and nut traits were the most important traits in the fi rst principal component,and cone traits more important in the second.Using correlation and principal component analyses,cone number and other traits were selected to evaluate materials.Twenty-two clones were selected using a selection rate of 10%based on cone number independently or other combined traits.The genetic gain for diff erent traits ranged from 6.2 to 24.3%.The selected elite clones can supply seedlings for reforestation and the selection method can provide a theoretical basis for selection in other conifer species.展开更多
This study aimed to explore and improve the different economic values of Pinus koraiensis(Siebold and Zucc.)by examining the variations in 6 growth traits and 9 physicochemical wood properties among 53 P.koraiensis ha...This study aimed to explore and improve the different economic values of Pinus koraiensis(Siebold and Zucc.)by examining the variations in 6 growth traits and 9 physicochemical wood properties among 53 P.koraiensis half-sib families.Growth traits assessed included height,diameter at breast height,volume,degree of stem straight-ness,stem form,and branch number per node,while wood properties assessed included density,fiber length and width,fiber length to width ratio,and cellulose,hemicel-lulose,holocellulose,lignin,and ash contents.Except for degree of stem straightness and branch number per node,all other traits exhibited highly significant variations(P<0.01)among families.The coefficients of variation ranged from 5.3(stem form)to 66.7%(ash content),whereas,the herit-ability ranged from 0.136(degree of stem straightness)to 0.962(ash content).Significant correlations were observed among growth traits and wood physicochemical properties.Principal component analysis identified four distinct groups representing growth traits,wood chemical and physical properties,and stem form traits.Multi-trait comprehensive evaluation identified three groups of elite families based on breeding objectives,including rapid growth,improved timber production for building and furniture materials,and pulpwood production.These specific families should be used to establish new plantations.展开更多
Genetic parameters were evaluated for growth and cone characteristics(tree height,diameter at breast height,volume,cone number,thousand seeds weight and single cone seeds weight)on 86 half-sib families of Pinus koraie...Genetic parameters were evaluated for growth and cone characteristics(tree height,diameter at breast height,volume,cone number,thousand seeds weight and single cone seeds weight)on 86 half-sib families of Pinus koraiensis aged 31 years.Analyses of variance revealed significant differences(p<0.001)in all growth and cone traits among families while no significant differences were detected among blocks and the interaction between blocks and families.The average family values for growth traits were 17.22 m,8.67 cm and 0.43 m^(3) for tree height,diameter at breast height and volume,respectively.The average cone number,thousand seeds weight and single cone seeds weight were 17.57,748.91 g and 77.25 g,respectively.Genotypic additive variance and phenotypic variances ranged from 0.00009 to 3.820 and from 0.0005 to 23.066,while genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 2.693%to 37.196%and 4.963%to 60.595%,respectively.Heritability at the individual and family level ranged from 0.152 to 0.215 and 0.611 to 0.862,respectively.Growth traits were significantly positively correlated with each other,but cone traits showed a weak correlation with growth traits.Based on 10% selection rate,nine families each were selected as elite materials in terms of high performance in volume and cone numbers,with 22.16%and 43.82%genetic gain in volume and cone number,respectively.These results provide beneficial information to select excellent families and establish orchards of P.koraiensis from improved seeds.展开更多
In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profiles, and tocopherol compositions of Pinus koraiensis L.nut oils were evaluated, and the impact of different extraction technologies on the overall quality...In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profiles, and tocopherol compositions of Pinus koraiensis L.nut oils were evaluated, and the impact of different extraction technologies on the overall quality of pine nut oil was assessed. All the pine nut oils had pleasant and characteristic odor and flavor of the pine nuts and the flavor of the oil from hot-pressing was strongest. The oils obtained by hexane extraction and sub-critical extraction had less deterioration, indicating hexane extraction and sub-critical extraction preserve the oil quality well. Gas chromatography showed that the predominant fatty acid was linoleic acid(45.36%–45.91%), followed by oleic acid(26.91%–27.10%), and pinolenic acid(13.33%–13.63%), respectively. The oils from hexane extraction of cold-pressed cake and sub-critical extraction were richer in tocopherols and tocotrienols, namely, 37.52 and 36.18 mg/100 g, respectively, with α-tocopherol most abundant. The pine nut oils from hexane extraction of cold-pressed cake,hexane extraction, cold pressing, and sub-critical extraction had better oxidation stability with the oxidation induction times of 6.91, 5.27, 4.96 and 4.93 h, respectively. Based on its features, P. koraiensis nut oil may have the multiple application in edible oil, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry. P. koraiensis can be one of the good woody candidates for closing the gap between the demand and production of vegetable oils.展开更多
Investigating the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on leaf traits is important for understanding the utilization and distribution of resources in the process of plant growth.However,few studies have been cond...Investigating the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on leaf traits is important for understanding the utilization and distribution of resources in the process of plant growth.However,few studies have been conducted to show how traits and trait-trait relationships change across a range of ontogenetic stage and leaf age for evergreen coniferous species.We divided 67 Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.of various sizes(0.3-100 cm diameter at breast height,DBH)into four ontogenetic stages,i.e.,young trees,middle-aged trees,mature trees and over-mature trees,and measured the leaf mass per area(LMA),leaf dry matter content(LDMC),and mass-based leaf nitrogen content(N)and phosphorus content(P)of each leaf age group for each sampled tree.One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used to describe the variation in leaf traits by ontogenetic stage and leaf age.The standardized major axis method was used to explore the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on trait-trait relationships.We found that LMA and LDMC increased significantly and N and P decreased significantly with increases in the ontogenetic stage and leaf age.Most trait-trait relationships were consistent with the leaf economic spectrum(LES)at a global scale.Among them,leaf N content and LDMC showed a significant negative correlation,leaf N and P contents showed a significant positive correlation,and the absolute value of the slopes of the trait-trait relationships showed a gradually increasing trend with an increasing ontogenetic stage.LMA and LDMC showed a significant positive correlation,and the slopes of the trait-trait relationships showed a gradually decreasing trend with leaf age.Additionally,there were no significant relationships between leaf N content and LMA in most groups,which is contrary to the expectation of the LES.Overall,in the early ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,the leaf traits tend to be related to a"low investment-quick returns"resource strategy.In contrast,in the late ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,they tend to be related to a"high investment-slow returns"resource strategy.Our results reflect the optimal allocation of resources in Pinus koraiensis according to its functional needs during tree and leaf ontogeny.展开更多
The effects of genetic and environmental factors on Pinus koraiensis growth were studied based on a35 year-old progeny trial composed of open-pollinated offspring of twenty-one plus trees.Height,DBH and volume of the ...The effects of genetic and environmental factors on Pinus koraiensis growth were studied based on a35 year-old progeny trial composed of open-pollinated offspring of twenty-one plus trees.Height,DBH and volume of the offspring was analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction in mixed model analysis.Significant site and family effects on the three traits were observed.The distinct growth of offspring by site with disparate climates corroborated the importance of planting species in suitable conditions.Growth differences by family was significant,emphasizing the importance of identifying families with either superior or inferior performance.The parental ranking was assigned in the sites,inferring the breeding value of each plus tree.The estimates of individual heritability(h_(i)^(2))of height,DBH and volume growth were 0.169-0.645,0.108-0.331 and 0.129-0.343 respectively,with higher h_(i)^(2) of the height than DBH on each site.Coefficient of variance of genetic effect was higher with DBH in some cases,indicating the scope for selection is larger for this trait despite the lower heritability compared to height.For the variation between families in terms of the performance stability across sites,consideration of the genotype by environment interaction is required in selecting materials to be used in reforestation with Korean pine.A few families with either superior or inferior performance retained their parental ranking for at least a decade.Other families with increased growth on a particular site were identified,indicating their high breeding value and low stability.Differences in the genetic performance of the families by site requires delineation of the breeding region of the species.展开更多
To evaluate and select elite Pinus koraiensis parent combinations and offspring families,34 full-sib families were evaluated.Variance analysis of tree height,diameter at breast height and volume showed no significant ...To evaluate and select elite Pinus koraiensis parent combinations and offspring families,34 full-sib families were evaluated.Variance analysis of tree height,diameter at breast height and volume showed no significant differences among each block,the interaction of block,male and female.The family heritability of all traits were high(>0.9).Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variance of height,diameter at breast height,and volume showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation of volume in the same combination was higher than height and diameter at breast height,indicating that volume was the main factor determining excellent single plant selection.The female and male trees with the best general combining ability indicated that the optimal parental hybridization was not necessarily the optimal combination.In addition,the least parents of hybrid offspring performance were always relatively poor and should not be selected as hybrid parents.Additionally,we found there was no significant difference among the effects of female and male parents by random modelling,but there were significant differences by fixed modelling.The most significant effect of female-and male interaction,and the selection of better female or male parents in the test parent group should be efficient as well as the results of significant variation among them by fixed modelling.For the evaluated breeding population of P.koraiensis,the backward selection of excellent parent combinations or forward selection of excellent individuals as progeny should be the major breeding strategies.展开更多
The decay rate of standing Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)in natural forests can be as high as 50%and is likely infl uenced by the soil properties and nutrient and water status of the site.To clarify the relationship be...The decay rate of standing Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)in natural forests can be as high as 50%and is likely infl uenced by the soil properties and nutrient and water status of the site.To clarify the relationship between the severity of tree decay and soil properties in order to prevent decay in a natural mixed forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains,wood strength of standing trees was nondestructively assessed,and the severity of decay of extracted wood cores was quantified based on differences in mass between two decayed increment cores extracted at breast height and an intact increment core near the decayed ones.Soil samples from the critical root zone(non-rhizosphere)of each tree were analyzed for chemical properties and microbial composition.The abundance of chemical elements(especially total N and K)and the species richness of soil microbes increased as decay severity increased.Fungal number(FN)and actinomycetes number(AN)were related to decay severity(R^(2)=0.504).Bacterial number(BN)was higher than FN or AN,but had a minor effect on tree decay.Path analysis showed BN might indirectly inhibit decay by affecting FN.Decay severity was not significantly correlated with either soil fungal or bacterial diversity.These results suggest that forest managers need to monitor levels of fungi and total N and total K levels to reduce the decay of Korean pine.展开更多
Pinus koraiensis,as the top zonal plant in Northeast China,is affected by external conditions and favorable environmental factors in nature,and grows through its internal contradictory movement.Under certain condition...Pinus koraiensis,as the top zonal plant in Northeast China,is affected by external conditions and favorable environmental factors in nature,and grows through its internal contradictory movement.Under certain conditions,it is also affected by some adverse environmental factors,resulting in disasters.With the diseases infecting P.koraiensis in Liaoning area(bark rot,needle-shedding disease,pine dry blight,pine white rot and pine heart rot)as the research objects,the control methods against P.koraiensis diseases are explored,in order to provide reasonable technology measures for disease and pest control in Liaoning area.展开更多
Forest gaps restrict the restoration of temperate secondary forest to broad-leaved Korean pine forest in zonal climax vegetation by affecting the growth of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis).However,the photo synthetic ada...Forest gaps restrict the restoration of temperate secondary forest to broad-leaved Korean pine forest in zonal climax vegetation by affecting the growth of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis).However,the photo synthetic adaptability of Korean pine to gap size and position within the gap is unclear.In order to explore the adaptability of young Korean pine(35 years) to different gap sizes in Xiaoxing’anling,photo synthetic capacity and microenvironmental factors(leaf temperature,light transmittance) of Korean pine needles in three positions in the gap(central,transition,and edge areas) were investigated.Three gaps were identified in the secondary Populus davidiana forest:a large 201 m^(2) gap,a middle 112 m^(2) gap,and a small 50 m^(2) gap;12 m^(2) of the understory was sampled as a control.The results show that:(1) maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(max)) in needles of Korean pine growing in the large gap was higher than in the small gap,and P_(max) in the centre in the same gap was higher than in the transition and edge areas;(2) light saturation point(LSP) and photosynthetic quantum yield(AQY)of needles in the large gap were higher than in the small gap,while the light compensation point(LCP) and chlorophyll contents of needles were lower in the small gap;and,(3)P_(max) had a significant positive correlation with temperature and light transmittance.It is suggested that the larger the gap in secondary Populus davidiana forests,the greater the change in light intensity and temperatures,the stronger the light adaption of Korean pine needles and the higher the photosynthetic capacity.Therefore,in the recovery of broadleaved/Korean pine forests,suitable gaps should be created and gap microhabitats fully utilized to accelerate the restoration process.展开更多
Korean pine is an important afforestation tree species in Northeast China,which has a high ecological and economic value.Although regeneration of somatic embryogenesis using immature zygotic embryos of Korean pine as ...Korean pine is an important afforestation tree species in Northeast China,which has a high ecological and economic value.Although regeneration of somatic embryogenesis using immature zygotic embryos of Korean pine as explants has been successful,it cannot be applied to automation and large-scale production.Therefore,we urgently need a method that can increase the output of somatic embryos(SEs)to meet the needs of large-scale production.We used Korean pine 1-1 and 1-100 cell lines as research materials to evaluate the effects of inoculum-density,culture time,orbiting speed,vessel volume,plant growth regulator(PGR)concentration,and carbon source on the proliferation of embryogenic tissue(ET).The somatic embryogenesis ability of ET cultured in different liquid suspension media was also evaluated.We found that during liquid suspension culture of Korean pine ET,the sedimented cell volume(SCV),fresh weight(FW)and dry weight(DW)were affected by inoculumdensity,culture time,orbiting speed,2,4-D concentration,6-BA concentration and carbon source type.Fourty mg⋅mL^(−1)ET were transferred to a 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 20 mL liquid medium,and cultured at 100 rpm/min for 14 days to obtain the maximum proliferation.In addition,we also found that SCV,FW and DW were higher when PGRs were reduced in the liquid suspension medium.The substitution of maltose for sucrose resulted in slow growth of cultures and limited SE yield(13 SEs g^(−1)FW).Although culture proliferation was high at 50 rpm,SE yield was inhibited by 48%compared with 100 rpm(50 rpm=33 SEs g^(−1)FW;100 rpm/min=70 SEs g^(−1)FW).Cultivation in low-concentration PGR(1.15μM⋅L^(−1)2,4-D,0.25μM⋅L^(−1)6-BA)and sucrose liquid medium at 100 rpm/min(80 SEs g^(−1)FW)could not only promote culture proliferation but also increase SE yield.The determination of the suspension culture scheme of Korean pine ET provides a reference for further expansion to bioreactor culture in the future and lays a foundation for the automation and scale of somatic embryogenesis of Korean pine.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(No.2021R1C1C1004801)。
文摘There has been an increasing recognition of the crucial role of forests, responsible for sequestering atmospheric CO_(2), as a moral imperative for mitigating the pace of climate change. The complexity of evaluating climate change impacts on forest carbon and water dynamics lies in the diverse acclimations of forests to changing environments. In this study, we assessed two of the most common acclimation traits, namely leaf area index and the maximum rate of carboxylation(V_(cmax)), to explore the potential acclimation pathways of Pinus koraiensis under climate change. We used a mechanistic and process-based ecohydrological model applied to a P. koraiensis forest in Mt. Taehwa, South Korea. We conducted numerical investigations into the impacts of(i) Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2–4.5(SSP2-4.5) and 5–8.5(SSP5-8.5),(ii) elevated atmospheric CO_(2) and temperature, and(iii) acclimations of leaf area index and V_(cmax)on the carbon and water dynamics of P. koraiensis. We found that there was a reduction in net primary productivity(NPP) under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, but not under SSP5-8.5, compared to the baseline, due to an imbalance between increases in atmospheric CO_(2) and temperature. A decrease in leaf area index and an increase in V_(cmax)of P. koraiensis were expected if acclimations were made to reduce its leaf temperature. Under such acclimation pathways, it would be expected that the well-known CO_(2) fertilizer effects on NPP would be attenuated.
基金supported by the Jilin Province Science and Technology Department Key Research and Development Project(20200402094N C)。
文摘To evaluate the relationships among clones and open pollinated families from the same plus trees and to select elite breeding materials,growth,and wood characteristics of 33-year-old Pinus korainsis clones and families were measured and analyzed.The results show that growth and wood characters varied significantly.The variation due to clonal effects was higher than that of family effects.The ratio of genetic to phenotypic coefficient of variation of clones in growth and wood traits was above 90%,and the repeatability of these characteristics was more than 0.8,whereas the ratio of genetic to phenotypic coefficient of variation of families was above 90%.The broad-sense heritability of all characteristics exceeded 0.4,and the narrow-sense family heritability of growth traits was less than 0.3.Growth characteristics were positively correlated with each other,but most wood properties were weakly correlated in both clones and families.Fiber length and width were positively correlated between clones and families.Using the membership function method,eleven clones and four families were selected as superior material for improved diameter growth and wood production,and two families from clonal and open-pollinated trees showed consistently better performance.Generally,selection of the best clones is an effective alternative to deployment of families as the repeatability estimates from clonal trees were higher than narrow-sense heritability estimates from open pollinated families.The results provide valuable insight for improving P.koraiensis breeding programs and subsequent genetic improvement.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31901300)Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province+2 种基金China(No.(2019)1165)Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou ProvinceChina(No.[2018]137,No.[2018]133)。
文摘Germination at low spring temperatures may offer a competitive advantage for the growth and survival of plant species inhabiting temperate forest ecosystems.Pinus koraiensis is a dominant species in temperate forests of northeastern China.Its seeds exhibit primary morphophysiological dormancy following dispersal in autumn,limiting natural or artificial regeneration:direct seeding and planting seedlings in spring.The aim of this study was to determine the optimum cold stratification temperature that induces germination to increase towards lower temperatures.Seeds from two populations(Changbaishan and Liangshui)were cold stratified at 0,5 and 10℃.Germination to incubation temperatures(10/5,20/10,25/15 and 30/20℃;14/10 h day/night)were determined after 2 and 4 weeks,and 5.5 and6.5 months of cold stratification.After 5.5 months,approximately 68-91%of seeds from both populations germinated at incubation temperatures of 25/15℃and 30/20℃,regardless of cold stratification temperatures.When the cold stratification temperature was reduced to 0℃and the period increased to 6.5 months,germination at 10/5℃significantly improved,reaching 37%and 64%for the Changbaishan and Liangshui populations,respectively.After 6.5 months of cold stratification,there was a significant linear regression between cold stratification temperatures and germination at10/5℃.The range in temperatures allowing for germination gradually expanded to include lower temperatures with decreasing cold stratification temperatures from 10 to 5℃and further to 0℃.
文摘Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending management measures for sustainable operations and implementing effective pest control measures.According to the demand of production practice,this paper studies the tending management and pest control measures of Pinus koraiensis forest during its growth period,so as to provide important scientific support for improving the quality of P.koraiensis forest in the future.
基金the Forestry Science Technology and Development Project(KJZXSA2019046)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572017DA02).
文摘Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.)in Northeastern China has been genetically improved to increase seed yields in addition to timber.To assess seed yield variability and select highly productive clones,14 cone,seed and nut traits were measured and analyzed.Variance analysis showed that all clones were signifi cantly different in various traits(P<0.01).Phenotypic coeffi cients of variation and repeatability of traits ranged from 9.1 to 34.4%and from 27.5 to 97.7%,respectively.Except for the cone layer and cone seed numbers,the other traits were positively or negatively correlated.Three principal components were identifi ed.Seed and nut traits were the most important traits in the fi rst principal component,and cone traits more important in the second.Using correlation and principal component analyses,cone number and other traits were selected to evaluate materials.Twenty-two clones were selected using a selection rate of 10%based on cone number independently or other combined traits.The genetic gain for diff erent traits ranged from 6.2 to 24.3%.The selected elite clones can supply seedlings for reforestation and the selection method can provide a theoretical basis for selection in other conifer species.
基金This work was fi nancially supported by the fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020DR01)HeilongjiangTouyan Innovation team program(Tree Genetics and Breeding Innovation Team).
文摘This study aimed to explore and improve the different economic values of Pinus koraiensis(Siebold and Zucc.)by examining the variations in 6 growth traits and 9 physicochemical wood properties among 53 P.koraiensis half-sib families.Growth traits assessed included height,diameter at breast height,volume,degree of stem straight-ness,stem form,and branch number per node,while wood properties assessed included density,fiber length and width,fiber length to width ratio,and cellulose,hemicel-lulose,holocellulose,lignin,and ash contents.Except for degree of stem straightness and branch number per node,all other traits exhibited highly significant variations(P<0.01)among families.The coefficients of variation ranged from 5.3(stem form)to 66.7%(ash content),whereas,the herit-ability ranged from 0.136(degree of stem straightness)to 0.962(ash content).Significant correlations were observed among growth traits and wood physicochemical properties.Principal component analysis identified four distinct groups representing growth traits,wood chemical and physical properties,and stem form traits.Multi-trait comprehensive evaluation identified three groups of elite families based on breeding objectives,including rapid growth,improved timber production for building and furniture materials,and pulpwood production.These specific families should be used to establish new plantations.
基金We are grateful to the Applied Technology Research and Development Planned Program of Heilongjiang Province(GA19B201-4)for supporting this research.
文摘Genetic parameters were evaluated for growth and cone characteristics(tree height,diameter at breast height,volume,cone number,thousand seeds weight and single cone seeds weight)on 86 half-sib families of Pinus koraiensis aged 31 years.Analyses of variance revealed significant differences(p<0.001)in all growth and cone traits among families while no significant differences were detected among blocks and the interaction between blocks and families.The average family values for growth traits were 17.22 m,8.67 cm and 0.43 m^(3) for tree height,diameter at breast height and volume,respectively.The average cone number,thousand seeds weight and single cone seeds weight were 17.57,748.91 g and 77.25 g,respectively.Genotypic additive variance and phenotypic variances ranged from 0.00009 to 3.820 and from 0.0005 to 23.066,while genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 2.693%to 37.196%and 4.963%to 60.595%,respectively.Heritability at the individual and family level ranged from 0.152 to 0.215 and 0.611 to 0.862,respectively.Growth traits were significantly positively correlated with each other,but cone traits showed a weak correlation with growth traits.Based on 10% selection rate,nine families each were selected as elite materials in terms of high performance in volume and cone numbers,with 22.16%and 43.82%genetic gain in volume and cone number,respectively.These results provide beneficial information to select excellent families and establish orchards of P.koraiensis from improved seeds.
基金Supported by Henan Provincial Scientific and Technological Research Project(No.15210221027)
文摘In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profiles, and tocopherol compositions of Pinus koraiensis L.nut oils were evaluated, and the impact of different extraction technologies on the overall quality of pine nut oil was assessed. All the pine nut oils had pleasant and characteristic odor and flavor of the pine nuts and the flavor of the oil from hot-pressing was strongest. The oils obtained by hexane extraction and sub-critical extraction had less deterioration, indicating hexane extraction and sub-critical extraction preserve the oil quality well. Gas chromatography showed that the predominant fatty acid was linoleic acid(45.36%–45.91%), followed by oleic acid(26.91%–27.10%), and pinolenic acid(13.33%–13.63%), respectively. The oils from hexane extraction of cold-pressed cake and sub-critical extraction were richer in tocopherols and tocotrienols, namely, 37.52 and 36.18 mg/100 g, respectively, with α-tocopherol most abundant. The pine nut oils from hexane extraction of cold-pressed cake,hexane extraction, cold pressing, and sub-critical extraction had better oxidation stability with the oxidation induction times of 6.91, 5.27, 4.96 and 4.93 h, respectively. Based on its features, P. koraiensis nut oil may have the multiple application in edible oil, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry. P. koraiensis can be one of the good woody candidates for closing the gap between the demand and production of vegetable oils.
基金The work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31971636)Yong Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2018QNRC001)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(2572018CG03).
文摘Investigating the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on leaf traits is important for understanding the utilization and distribution of resources in the process of plant growth.However,few studies have been conducted to show how traits and trait-trait relationships change across a range of ontogenetic stage and leaf age for evergreen coniferous species.We divided 67 Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.of various sizes(0.3-100 cm diameter at breast height,DBH)into four ontogenetic stages,i.e.,young trees,middle-aged trees,mature trees and over-mature trees,and measured the leaf mass per area(LMA),leaf dry matter content(LDMC),and mass-based leaf nitrogen content(N)and phosphorus content(P)of each leaf age group for each sampled tree.One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used to describe the variation in leaf traits by ontogenetic stage and leaf age.The standardized major axis method was used to explore the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on trait-trait relationships.We found that LMA and LDMC increased significantly and N and P decreased significantly with increases in the ontogenetic stage and leaf age.Most trait-trait relationships were consistent with the leaf economic spectrum(LES)at a global scale.Among them,leaf N content and LDMC showed a significant negative correlation,leaf N and P contents showed a significant positive correlation,and the absolute value of the slopes of the trait-trait relationships showed a gradually increasing trend with an increasing ontogenetic stage.LMA and LDMC showed a significant positive correlation,and the slopes of the trait-trait relationships showed a gradually decreasing trend with leaf age.Additionally,there were no significant relationships between leaf N content and LMA in most groups,which is contrary to the expectation of the LES.Overall,in the early ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,the leaf traits tend to be related to a"low investment-quick returns"resource strategy.In contrast,in the late ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,they tend to be related to a"high investment-slow returns"resource strategy.Our results reflect the optimal allocation of resources in Pinus koraiensis according to its functional needs during tree and leaf ontogeny.
文摘The effects of genetic and environmental factors on Pinus koraiensis growth were studied based on a35 year-old progeny trial composed of open-pollinated offspring of twenty-one plus trees.Height,DBH and volume of the offspring was analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction in mixed model analysis.Significant site and family effects on the three traits were observed.The distinct growth of offspring by site with disparate climates corroborated the importance of planting species in suitable conditions.Growth differences by family was significant,emphasizing the importance of identifying families with either superior or inferior performance.The parental ranking was assigned in the sites,inferring the breeding value of each plus tree.The estimates of individual heritability(h_(i)^(2))of height,DBH and volume growth were 0.169-0.645,0.108-0.331 and 0.129-0.343 respectively,with higher h_(i)^(2) of the height than DBH on each site.Coefficient of variance of genetic effect was higher with DBH in some cases,indicating the scope for selection is larger for this trait despite the lower heritability compared to height.For the variation between families in terms of the performance stability across sites,consideration of the genotype by environment interaction is required in selecting materials to be used in reforestation with Korean pine.A few families with either superior or inferior performance retained their parental ranking for at least a decade.Other families with increased growth on a particular site were identified,indicating their high breeding value and low stability.Differences in the genetic performance of the families by site requires delineation of the breeding region of the species.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFD0600500)。
文摘To evaluate and select elite Pinus koraiensis parent combinations and offspring families,34 full-sib families were evaluated.Variance analysis of tree height,diameter at breast height and volume showed no significant differences among each block,the interaction of block,male and female.The family heritability of all traits were high(>0.9).Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variance of height,diameter at breast height,and volume showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation of volume in the same combination was higher than height and diameter at breast height,indicating that volume was the main factor determining excellent single plant selection.The female and male trees with the best general combining ability indicated that the optimal parental hybridization was not necessarily the optimal combination.In addition,the least parents of hybrid offspring performance were always relatively poor and should not be selected as hybrid parents.Additionally,we found there was no significant difference among the effects of female and male parents by random modelling,but there were significant differences by fixed modelling.The most significant effect of female-and male interaction,and the selection of better female or male parents in the test parent group should be efficient as well as the results of significant variation among them by fixed modelling.For the evaluated breeding population of P.koraiensis,the backward selection of excellent parent combinations or forward selection of excellent individuals as progeny should be the major breeding strategies.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31870537 and 31570547)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.2572018BL08)the Research and Development Project of Application Technology in Harbin(Grant No.2017RAQXJ078)。
文摘The decay rate of standing Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)in natural forests can be as high as 50%and is likely infl uenced by the soil properties and nutrient and water status of the site.To clarify the relationship between the severity of tree decay and soil properties in order to prevent decay in a natural mixed forest in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains,wood strength of standing trees was nondestructively assessed,and the severity of decay of extracted wood cores was quantified based on differences in mass between two decayed increment cores extracted at breast height and an intact increment core near the decayed ones.Soil samples from the critical root zone(non-rhizosphere)of each tree were analyzed for chemical properties and microbial composition.The abundance of chemical elements(especially total N and K)and the species richness of soil microbes increased as decay severity increased.Fungal number(FN)and actinomycetes number(AN)were related to decay severity(R^(2)=0.504).Bacterial number(BN)was higher than FN or AN,but had a minor effect on tree decay.Path analysis showed BN might indirectly inhibit decay by affecting FN.Decay severity was not significantly correlated with either soil fungal or bacterial diversity.These results suggest that forest managers need to monitor levels of fungi and total N and total K levels to reduce the decay of Korean pine.
文摘Pinus koraiensis,as the top zonal plant in Northeast China,is affected by external conditions and favorable environmental factors in nature,and grows through its internal contradictory movement.Under certain conditions,it is also affected by some adverse environmental factors,resulting in disasters.With the diseases infecting P.koraiensis in Liaoning area(bark rot,needle-shedding disease,pine dry blight,pine white rot and pine heart rot)as the research objects,the control methods against P.koraiensis diseases are explored,in order to provide reasonable technology measures for disease and pest control in Liaoning area.
基金This research was funded by national key research and development project of the"13th Five-Year Plan"of China-(2017YFC0504102).
文摘Forest gaps restrict the restoration of temperate secondary forest to broad-leaved Korean pine forest in zonal climax vegetation by affecting the growth of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis).However,the photo synthetic adaptability of Korean pine to gap size and position within the gap is unclear.In order to explore the adaptability of young Korean pine(35 years) to different gap sizes in Xiaoxing’anling,photo synthetic capacity and microenvironmental factors(leaf temperature,light transmittance) of Korean pine needles in three positions in the gap(central,transition,and edge areas) were investigated.Three gaps were identified in the secondary Populus davidiana forest:a large 201 m^(2) gap,a middle 112 m^(2) gap,and a small 50 m^(2) gap;12 m^(2) of the understory was sampled as a control.The results show that:(1) maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(max)) in needles of Korean pine growing in the large gap was higher than in the small gap,and P_(max) in the centre in the same gap was higher than in the transition and edge areas;(2) light saturation point(LSP) and photosynthetic quantum yield(AQY)of needles in the large gap were higher than in the small gap,while the light compensation point(LCP) and chlorophyll contents of needles were lower in the small gap;and,(3)P_(max) had a significant positive correlation with temperature and light transmittance.It is suggested that the larger the gap in secondary Populus davidiana forests,the greater the change in light intensity and temperatures,the stronger the light adaption of Korean pine needles and the higher the photosynthetic capacity.Therefore,in the recovery of broadleaved/Korean pine forests,suitable gaps should be created and gap microhabitats fully utilized to accelerate the restoration process.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020AW15)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0600600).
文摘Korean pine is an important afforestation tree species in Northeast China,which has a high ecological and economic value.Although regeneration of somatic embryogenesis using immature zygotic embryos of Korean pine as explants has been successful,it cannot be applied to automation and large-scale production.Therefore,we urgently need a method that can increase the output of somatic embryos(SEs)to meet the needs of large-scale production.We used Korean pine 1-1 and 1-100 cell lines as research materials to evaluate the effects of inoculum-density,culture time,orbiting speed,vessel volume,plant growth regulator(PGR)concentration,and carbon source on the proliferation of embryogenic tissue(ET).The somatic embryogenesis ability of ET cultured in different liquid suspension media was also evaluated.We found that during liquid suspension culture of Korean pine ET,the sedimented cell volume(SCV),fresh weight(FW)and dry weight(DW)were affected by inoculumdensity,culture time,orbiting speed,2,4-D concentration,6-BA concentration and carbon source type.Fourty mg⋅mL^(−1)ET were transferred to a 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 20 mL liquid medium,and cultured at 100 rpm/min for 14 days to obtain the maximum proliferation.In addition,we also found that SCV,FW and DW were higher when PGRs were reduced in the liquid suspension medium.The substitution of maltose for sucrose resulted in slow growth of cultures and limited SE yield(13 SEs g^(−1)FW).Although culture proliferation was high at 50 rpm,SE yield was inhibited by 48%compared with 100 rpm(50 rpm=33 SEs g^(−1)FW;100 rpm/min=70 SEs g^(−1)FW).Cultivation in low-concentration PGR(1.15μM⋅L^(−1)2,4-D,0.25μM⋅L^(−1)6-BA)and sucrose liquid medium at 100 rpm/min(80 SEs g^(−1)FW)could not only promote culture proliferation but also increase SE yield.The determination of the suspension culture scheme of Korean pine ET provides a reference for further expansion to bioreactor culture in the future and lays a foundation for the automation and scale of somatic embryogenesis of Korean pine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901300,31960636)Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province((2019)1165)and Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province([2018]137).