不同强度净风频繁吹袭对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)幼苗光合蒸腾特征的影响

为了解不同强度净风频繁吹袭对樟子松幼苗光合蒸腾特性的影响,2013年春季在内蒙古科尔沁沙地研究了0(对照)、6、9、12、15、18 m/s等6个风速处理(分别相当于0、4、5、6、7、8级风)4次吹袭下樟子松幼苗光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率等指标的变化。结果表明,净风频繁吹袭没有改变樟子松幼苗的光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化规律,但可使其光合蒸腾的"午休"时间加长、"休眠"程度加深;随着风吹强度的增加,其日均光合能力和蒸腾速率显著降低,其中18 m/s处理较对照分别下降27.6%和22.3%;随着风吹强度增加,气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度均先下降后回升,除18 m/s处理胞间CO_2浓度显著高于CK外,其他处理均显著低于CK;随着风吹强度增加,水分利用效率和光能利用效率均先增加后下降,其中除18 m/s处理的水分利用效率显著低于CK,6 m/s处理的光能利用效率高于CK外,其他处理的水分利用效率均高于CK,光能利用效率均低于CK;日均光合蒸腾速率的下降主要源于气孔导度的降低,而水分利用效率和光能利用效率的变化均受制于光合速率和蒸腾速率的变化。

Ectomycorrhizal fungus enhances drought tolerance of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica seedlings and improves soil condition

Mongolian pine is an important afforestation species widely used for ecological management in northeast China. The environment in this region is very unstable and the flora are regularly subjected to drought stress.This paper reports on the influence of inoculation with the Suillus luteus on seedlings under different water conditions.Both inoculated and non-inoculated ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)-S. luteus seedlings were maintained under wellwatered or water-stress conditions for 3 months. The S.luteus colonization rate under water stress was higher than that in well-watered conditions. Under water stress, inoculated seedlings had greater growth than non-inoculated seedlings. In addition, under water stress, S. luteus-inoculated seedlings had greater superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, higher soluble protein content, lower proline content, and lower malondialdehyde content than non-inoculated seedlings. S. luteus colonization increased the rhizosphere soil-enzyme activity and the rhizosphere soil nutrition content under both well-watered and water-stress conditions. Given the positive impact on seedling growth and physiology, S. luteus shows potential for use in the arid and semi-arid regions of northeast China for afforestation.

Comparison of foliar nutrient concentrations between natural and artificial forests of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land, China

In order to examine the causes of degradation of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations on sandy land, the foliar concentrations of N, P, K and C were analyzed and compared between the field grown P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees from two provenances （natural forests and plantations）. The results indicated that natural tree needles had lower N, P and C concentrations, and higher K concentrations than those of plantation tree needles. For plantation tree needles, ratios of N： P, P. K and N： K increased with tree age before 45 years old; but they were not clear for the natural tree needles. Compared with the conclusions reported on Pinus spp., we found that the foliar N and P concentrations were in the optimal range for both natural and plantation tree needles. This result suggested that N or P might not be the absolute limit factors in plant nutrient for P sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land. However, foliar K concentrations in both natural and plantation tree needles were much lower than those reported on Pinus spp. （〉4.80 g kg-1）.The N： P ratio of natural needles was in the adequate ranges, but N： P ratio of plantation needles was out of the adequate ranges. These results indicated that there was a better balanced nutrition status in the natural forest than in the plantations. If only considering the foliar nutrient concentrations of P sylvestris var. mongolica from different provenances, it might be concluded that the degradation phenomenon of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations was not induced by nutrition deficiency of absolute nutrients of N and P, but might be induced by other mineral nutrients or by the effectiveness of N and P nutrients. The unbalanced nutrition status and relatively quick decomposition of needles in the plantations might also contribute to the degradation.

Natural regeneration characteristics of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests on sandy land in Honghuaerji, China

在蒙古的松的自然新生， Pinus sylvestris var。蒙古人集成通信适配器，在中国的 Honghuaerji 的森林(自然的蒙古的松的原版，砂土上的森林) 在 2004 被学习。新生索引的全部的平均值在成熟看台是更高的(超过 80% 单个茎比 50 年旧) ，新生索引 reached29 幼苗· m~ 的最大值(有在更年轻的看台的最低价值的 -2), ，例如，在里面 32 年旧并且 43-yearold 看台。看台年龄是决定自然新生的一个重要因素，它是在在这调查的更旧的看台的最好(例如关于 80 年旧) 。新生索引似乎不是仔细在与华盖坦诚的关系尽管蒙古的松是 photophilictree 种。在差距的每种类型，自然新生很好。新生索引在圆差距在南方和东方边是令人满意的；并且在东方， thenarrow 平方的边豁开。结果显示了那蒙古消瘦，幼苗能忍受 shadingunderstory，但是它不进入没有差距或大骚乱的华盖层，例如，火，弯屈 / 下雪损坏或清楚的切等等。这些结果可以潜在地提供参考书给蒙古的松的管理和造林，砂土在上的种植园干旱并且 semi-aridareas。象新生，结构和生态的条件上的全面比较那样的研究以后应该等等在自然的蒙古的松，森林和种植园之间被进行。

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF LARIX OLGENSIS HENRY AND PINUS SYLVESTRIS VAR.MONGOLICA(Ⅰ)──THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL WATER CONTENT ON SEEDLINGS PLANTING IN FLOWERPOT

Water potential (φ w .) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Larix olgensis and Pinns.sylvestris var. mongolica deercased with the deerease of soil water content φw and Pn of L.olgensis changed hardly during the first 9 davs after stopping watering, then deereased sharply at the 10th dav Pn of P sylvestris var mongolica deereased slightly during the lirst 8 days, then deereased sharply at the 9th day Their respiration rate, chlorophyll content and their a/b ratio changed hardly. The tollowing 3 conclusions were obtained and discussed exhaustively . (Ⅰ) φ w can be used to direct watering as a sensitive index of judging whether L. olgensis and P.sylvestris var. mongolica lacking water (2 )The deereasc of Pn of L. olgensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica when drought had nothing to do with chlorophyll. (3) P. sylvestris var. mongolica had morphological drought resistance . while L,olgensis had physiological drought resistance, and their drought resistance was discnssed comparatively first time.

Effects of an ectomycorrhizal fungus on the growth and physiology of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings subjected to saline-alkali stress

This research investigates the mechanism of increased salinity tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungiinoculated P. sylvestris var. mongolica to provide a theoretical basis for the application of the fungus in saline soils.Growth effects due to inoculation of seedlings with Suillus luteus(a symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus), were determined in four kinds of saline–alkali soils. Growth and physiological indicators, including photosynthetic characteristics, plant height, biomass, photosynthetic pigments,catalase(CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme levels, and malondialdehyde(MDA), an organic marker for oxidative stress, and soluble protein levels were determined. Mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with increasing saline–alkalinity and growth of inoculated seedlings was significantly enhanced. Biomass and chlorophyll contents also increased significantly. SOD and CAT activities were higher than in non-inoculated seedlings. However, MDA content decreased in inoculatedseedlings. Soluble protein content did not increase significantly. Inoculation with a symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus could enhance the saline–alkali tolerance of P. sylvestris var. mongolica. Growth and physiological performance of inoculated seedlings were significantly better than that of uninoculated seedlings. The results indicate that inoculated P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings may be useful in the improvement of saline–alkali lands.

INTRASPECIFIC GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND PRIMARY SELECTION ON THE BEST PROVENANCE OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS VAR. MONGOLICA

This paper summarizes the result from the provenance test of eight years old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Liangshui Natural Rcserve comprehensivcly. The main contents include:(1) the geographic variation of the growth characters of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica.tends to negative change gradually at latitude and has obvious climatic nature, (2) no significant difference exists in the morphological adaptability and resistant characteristics and so on; (3)on the basis of the geographic variation study on the growth characteristics, the provcnances of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica were classificd into two geographic populations and two subpopulations as follows:the northern population of the Daxing'an Mountain (Ⅰ) and the southern population of the Daxing'an Mountain as wcll as the Xiaoxinglan Mountain (Ⅱ),which includcs Honghuarii subpopulation and Kalunshan subpopulation (Ⅱ-2). (4) the height growth rhythm was analyzed according to the divided population and subpopuIation; (5) the best provcnance was selected for the Liangshui Natural Rescrve and its neighborhood accord ing to the results from SSR test of the growth characteristics (the breast height diameter and height of eight year old trces), the possibility of the carly provcnance sclection was also verified by the method of order correlation analysis on the height growth of three. five, scvcn and eight years old provenances.

Disease Law and Forecasting of the Needle Blight ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica

Fixed quadrates were established in different stands. In continued six years, the occurring period, occurring amounts and the relation between epidemic disease and environmental factors were investigated according to spraying lawsof spores and accounting measures of disease ranking. The occuring peak period of the disease was from the last ten days ofMay to the second ten days of June. The epidemic period was from the last ten days of June to the second ten days of Julyand the initial decease period was from the last ten days of July to the beginning of September. The change of the diseasedepended on air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. A multiple linear regression model was established usingcomputer, which can predict the disease index(Y) of 10 days later, with more than 95% reliability

Bio-productivity of Pinus sylvestris L.var. mongolica plantation on west Kerqin sandy land

The biomass and net primary production of Mongolian scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var mongolica) plantations of west Kerqin sandy land were measured. According to average standard trees, the biomass, netprimary production and their distributions of trunk, bark, branch, leaf and root of 16-year-old stand were analyzed.The regressive equation for the estimation of each organ biomass was established through djmensional analysis.Preferable equation with higher precision was selected. The study results showed that the total biomass of theforest community was 62.023 t/hm2 and net primary production was 5.045 V(hm2. a). which indicates that thecommunity of plantation possesses high bio-productivity.

Promoting the Growth of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Seedlings and Improving Rhizosphere Fungal Community Structure through Interaction between Trichoderma and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growth of these seedlings.In particular,the effects of these fungi on the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings were investigated.Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum E15 and Suillus luteus N94 significantly(P<0.05)promoted the growth of the Pinus sylvestris seedlings.The non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)results indicated a significant difference(P<0.05)between the fungal community structures in the rhizosphere soil of the annual and biennial seedlings.In the rhizosphere soil of annual seedlings,the main fungi were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Zygomycota.Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,and p-unclassified-k-Fungi were the main fungi in the rhizosphere soil of biennial seedlings.The dominant genus in the rhizosphere soil and a key factor promoting the growth of the annual and the biennial seedlings was Trichoderma,Suillus,respectively.Both of them were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of microbial flora in the symbiotic environment.Trichoderma had a significant promoting effect on the conversion of total phosphorus,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and the organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,while Suillus significantly promoted the conversion of organic matter and total phosphorus.

Spatial distribution of needle bright disease of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica

The spatial distribution pattern of needle bright disease was mathematically studied. The results showed that it is tally with negative binomial distribution. The infected area and damaged amount can be forecasted with this spatial distribution pattern. Through the study on probability distribution of spatial points for single tree, the method and equations for calculation of the disease index of whole forest belt were determined.

Climatic response of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width and precipitation reconstruction for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, since 1720

August-June precipitation has been reconstructed back to AD 1720 for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, by use ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width. The reconstruction explains the variance of 39% in observed precipitation from 1973 to 2008. Some extremely dry/wet signals in historical documents and other precipitation reconstructions in previous studies are precisely captured in our reconstruction. Wet periods occurred during the periods of 1730 to 1746, 1789 to 1812, 1844 to 1903, 1920 to 1930, 1942 to 1961, and 1985 to 1998; while periods of 1747 to 1788, 1813 to 1843, 1904 to 1919, 1931 to 1941, and 1962 to 1984 were relatively dry. Power spectral and wavelet analyses demon- strated the existence of significant 24-year, 12-year, and 2-year cycles of variability.

Comparison of the Xylem Anatomical Traits of <i>L. gmelinii</i>and <i>P. sylvestris</i>var. <i>mongolica</i>at Three Longitudinal Sites

To find out the Xylem anatomical variations we analyzed the cell structure, lumen area early wood, lumen area late wood, ring width growth response relationship to climate factors in boreal forests. We present growth response from 3-sites KYH (Kheyihe), MEDG (Moredagha), ALH (Alihe) from central Daxing’an mountains China. Variations observed in Cell size from 2010-2016 years in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Larix gmelinii. We analyzed growth response from 2010-2016. Results interoperates that significant growth of Larixgmelinii was lower at ALH-site than Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica as compared to KYH and MEDG-site. We measure the influence of temperature and precipitation which have been shown by correlations of different growing seasons. The warmest temperature from June to September at ALH-site growth of late wood show significant differences at ALH-site. It is also observed that summer temperature in late wood have a significant role in cell dimensions, while the influence of spring temperature frequently influences on tracheid size in early wood formation providing well-documented sound for anatomy and generally used for determining the relationship between maximum growth of tree ring density and effect of temperature variation.

榆林市樟子松人工林土壤养分特征

为进一步探明陕西省榆林市樟子松人工林的土壤养分变化特征,以5年生樟子松(Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv.)纯林和5年生樟子松-胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)混交林为研究对象,分析土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾等理化指标以及土壤酶活性的变化特征。结果表明,樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量整体上均随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,全磷含量均随着土层深度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,硝态氮含量则均随着土壤深度的增加而增加,5个指标均表现为樟子松-胡枝子混交林高于樟子松纯林,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林各层土壤有效磷含量均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤含水率各土层间差异均不显著,樟子松-胡枝子混交林5~15 cm土层土壤含水率含量显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而降低,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性在各土层均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05)。

科尔沁沙地樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)生长对降水和温度的响应

樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica）是科尔沁沙地广泛分布的一种具有显著经济和生态效益的树种。调查分析了降水和温度对樟子松人工林生长的影响。结果表明：25年龄樟子松人工林平均树高4.8m,平均胸径7.81cm,枯稍比可达16.87%。年生长高度对当年降水量的响应有1~2a的滞后效应,年径生长量随着降水变化出现一定程度的波动,年累积降水量与累积径生长量之间存在显著的线性关系。当年高生长与当年、生长季及春季降水量显著负相关,与生长季气温显著正相关。累积径生长量与当年任一时段降水量均显著相关,与除春季之外的任一时段气温显著相关。气温是该区域樟子松生长的主要影响因素,生长季较高的气温有利于樟子松的高生长。

风沙流短暂吹袭对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)幼苗光合蒸腾特性的影响

为了解风沙流短暂吹袭对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)幼苗光合蒸腾特性的影响,2013年6月在科尔沁沙地测定了0(CK)、6、9、12、15m·s^(-1)和18m·s^(-1)等6个梯度风速10 min风沙流(风沙流强度分别为0.00、1.00、28.30、63.28、111.82、172.93g·cm^(-1)·min^(-1))短暂吹袭下樟子松幼苗光合蒸腾速率和水分利用效率等指标的变化。结果表明:(1)短暂的风沙流吹袭对樟子松幼苗蒸腾速率和胞间CO_2浓度的日变化规律影响较小,但可改变其光合速率和气孔导度的日变化规律;(2)15m·s^(-1)和18m·s^(-1)的强风沙流吹袭可导致其日最大光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度大幅度下降,和CK相比下降幅度分别为22.30%和21.98%、22.87%和22.31%、24.28%和17.45%;(3)短暂的风沙流吹袭可导致其日均光合速率显著降低,日均蒸腾速率和气孔导度波动式下降,日均胞间CO_2浓度波动式增加,和CK相比,15 m·s^(-1)和18 m·s^(-1)处理的日均光合速率下降13.26%和11.60%,日均蒸腾速率下降7.93%和8.38%,气孔导度下降1.42%和8.54%,胞间CO_2浓度增加9.07%和3.22%;(4)短暂的风沙流吹袭没有导致其水分利用效率明显变化,但致其光能利用效率显著降低;(5)风沙流胁迫下,其光合速率和蒸腾速率的下降主要受制于气孔导度的降低,其光能利用效率的降低主要源于光合速率和气孔导度的下降。

大兴安岭北部主要乔木树种叶片-土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

以大兴安岭北部多年冻土区典型森林群落主要乔木为研究对象,分析叶片和土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征,探讨叶片和土壤C、N、P生态化学计量之间的关系,为该地区森林生态系统养分循环研究提供理论依据。结果表明,4种乔木叶片C∶N范围为25.66~47.92,C∶P范围为323.83~603.86,N∶P为10.21~20.59,兴安落叶松叶片C∶P和N∶P均最低,樟子松叶片C∶N和C∶P均最高,白桦C∶N最低,山杨N∶P最高;4种乔木叶片C∶N和C∶P都高于全球植物平均水平,表明这些乔木叶片具有较高的N、P利用效率,同时山杨叶片N∶P>20,其生长主要受P素限制;不同的群落土壤C∶N为13.89~18.46,C∶P为35.43~77.19,N∶P为1.96~5.26,山杨林C∶P和N∶P均为最高,而C∶N最低。白桦林C∶N最高,N∶P最低。樟子松林C∶P最低。冗余分析结果显示,4种乔木叶片C、N、P生态化学计量与土壤之间存在显著相关关系,土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量对乔木固碳及氮磷吸收具有显著影响。由此可见,我国寒温带4种乔木具有较高的N、P利用效率,但山杨生长受到P的限制,叶片C、N、P生态化学计量与土壤生态化学计量显著相关。

沙地樟子松( Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica )物候特征及其对气候的响应

物候反映植被对环境变化的响应。沙地樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)被广泛引种栽植于中国北方风沙区,但引种区气候条件差异对沙地樟子松物候的影响仍然尚不明确。基于2001—2020年MOD13Q1数据和气象数据,分别采用最大斜率法和趋势分析方法提取沙地樟子松植被遥感物候信息并比较物候时空动态特征差异,以偏最小二乘回归方法分析沙地樟子松遥感物候对气象因子变化的响应。结果表明:(1)呼伦贝尔、科尔沁、毛乌素沙地樟子松生长季分别始于第100—150、120—140、100—140天;生长季分别止于第300—340、270—315、260—310天;生长季长度分别为170—220、140—180、150—200 d。(2)呼伦贝尔、科尔沁、毛乌素沙地樟子松生长季始期显著提前(P<0.05),变化率分别为-15.7、-5.7、-13.9 d/10a;科尔沁、毛乌素沙地樟子松生长季末期显著提前(P<0.05),变化率分别为-11.7、-16.8 d/10a;呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松生长季长度显著延长(P<0.05),变化率为9.8 d/10a。(3)呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松生长季始期提前主要受上年8月气温降低和3月降水减少影响,生长季末期提前主要受1月降水减少影响;科尔沁沙地樟子松生长季始期和末期提前分别受上年7月降水减少和5月降水增加影响;毛乌素沙地生长季始期提前主要受3月气温升高和上年12月降水减少影响,生长季末期提前主要受9月气温上升和上年12月降水减少影响。研究结果可为深入理解沙地樟子松物候特征和人工林经营管理提供理论依据。

毛乌素沙地东南缘樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林土壤粒度特征

为探讨毛乌素沙地东南缘樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林下土壤粒度特征,以陕西省榆林市横山区、榆阳区和神木市樟子松人工林0~200cm土层为对象,测定土壤粒度组成,分析土壤粒度参数。结果表明:(1)毛乌素东南缘樟子松人工林土壤机械组成主要为细砂(34.73%~44.57%)和中砂(40.63%~50.28%),粗粉砂含量(0.27%~1.34%)最低。(2)平均粒度介于细砂和中砂(1.81~2.20Φ),分选系数较好至中等(0.63~0.76),偏度近对称至正偏(0.03~0.13),峰度中等(0.94~1.07)。(3)空间上,0~200cm土层平均粒径自东北向西南逐渐变细且差异显著,分选系数、偏度和峰度在0~60cm内无规律,60~200cm土层有规律,即自东北向西南分选变差、细粒物质增加、粒度频率曲线变窄,但变化不显著。深度上,各参数无统一变化规律,但0~30cm土层比30~60cm平均粒径小,分选变差,细粒物质增加,粒度频率曲线变窄。(4)樟子松林和土壤间的相互作用在0~30cm较其他深度显著。

不同林龄樟子松叶片养分含量及其再吸收效率

树木叶片的养分再吸收效率能够反映树木对养分保存、利用以及对养分贫瘠环境的适应能力。以科尔沁沙地东南缘章古台地区樟子松人工林为研究对象,分析了11、20、29、45年生树木叶片的基本特征、养分含量及其再吸收效率。结果表明:叶片衰老后其质量和面积明显减少;叶片凋落前的平均养分含量没有表现出随樟子松年龄增加而出现有规律的变化;凋落叶片中的N、P、K、Mg含量表现出随年龄增加而增加的趋势,而Ca的趋势与之相反;11年生和20年生的樟子松叶片N、P、K的再吸收效率相似,都显著高于29年生和45年生樟子松(P<0.05),而樟子松叶片对Mg的再吸收效率表现出随年龄增大而显著降低,Ca随叶片的衰老而不断累积,再吸收效率表现为负值,20年生的樟子松叶片Ca再吸收效率最大,11年生和45年生最低。樟子松叶片的N、P、K、Mg养分再吸收效率随年龄增加而降低的趋势表明,随年龄增加樟子松对贫瘠养分生境的适应能力逐渐降低,反映了樟子松养分保存方面的衰退特征。