Climate-growth relationships of Pinus tabuliformis along an altitudinal gradient on Baiyunshan Mountain,Central China

A set of standard chronologies for tree-ring width(TRW),earlywood width(EWW)and latewood width(LWW)in Pinus tabuliformis Carr.along an altitudi-nal gradient(1450,1400,and 1350 m a.s.l.)on Baiyunshan Mountain,Central China to analyze the effect of varying temperature and precipitation on growth along the gradi-ent.Correlation analyses showed that at all three altitudes and the TRW and EWW chronologies generally had signifi-cant negative correlations with mean and maximum tem-peratures in the current April and May and with minimum temperatures in the prior July and August,but significant positive correlations with precipitation in the current May.Correlations were generally significantly negative between LWW chronologies and all temperatures in the prior July and August,indicating that the prior summer temperature had a strong lag effect on the growth of P.tabuliformis that increased with altitude.The correlation with the standard-ized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI)confirmed that wet conditions in the current May promoted growth of TR and EW at all altitudes.Significant altitudinal differences were also found;at 1400 m,there were significant positive correlations between EWW chronologies and SPEI in the current April and significant negative correlations between LWW chronologies and SPEI in the current September,but these correlations were not significant at 1450 m.At 1350 m,there were also significant negative correlations between the TRW and the EWW chronologies and SPEI in the prior October and the current July and between LWW chronology and SPEI in the current August,but these cor-relations were not significant at 1400 m.Moving correlation results showed a stable response of EWW in relation to the SPEI in the current May at all three altitudes and of LWW to maximum temperature in the prior July-August at 1400 m from 2002 to 2018.The EWW chronology at 1400 m and the LWW chronology at 1450 m were identified as more suitable for climate reconstruction.These results provide a strong scientific basis for forest management decisions and climate reconstructions in Central China.

Anatomic Study of Female Sterility of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.

The anatomic research on the mutant clone of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. in the seed orchard in Xingcheng, Liaoning Province was carried out. The female cone of the mutant clone looked like normal, but its ovules degenerated in the early stage. This paper tries to find out the reason and time of ovule abortion. It seems that the ovule abortion is probably caused by female sterility because the microspores of this mutant clone were normal. Through the serial observations on the one-year-old macrosporangiates and the ovules of two-year-old female cones of mutant and normal clone, it is found that the reason of ovule abortion in mutant clone is the failure of the mitosis of free nuclei in the female gametophyte, and the time is about in the early April.

Content Changes of Several Endogenous Plant Hormones in Female-Sterile Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.

To determine the relationship between female sterility of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and plant hormones, content changes of several endogenous plant hormones in a female-sterile clone and a normal clone were analyzed during the key period of female gametophyte abortion in mutant clones. The change of ABA content showed a similar pattern between normal and mutant clones, but the ABA content of the mutant clone was always much higher than that of the normal clone. In the normal clone, the IAA content decreased significantly at the early stage of the period and reached its minimum during the first ten days of April and stabilized thereafter. The endogenous ZR levels increased sharply at the early stages and reached a maximum in the middle of April, then decreased dramatically. The IAA and ZR contents of the mutant clone did not change perceptively through the entire period. We conclude that the high levels of ABA and the deficit of IAA and ZR may be the reasons of female gametophyte abortion in the female-sterile clones of P. tabulaeformis.

Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of PinusTabulaeformis Carr. Pine Cones

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Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in Pinus tabulaeformis forest ecosystems in warm temperate Shanxi Province,north China

Although carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorous(P) stoichiometric ratios are considered good indicators of nutrient excess/limitation and thus of ecosystem health, few reports have discussed the trends and the reciprocal effects of C:N:P stoichiometry in plant–litter–soil systems. The present study analyzed C:N:P ratios in four age groups of Chinese pine, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., forests in Shanxi Province, China: plantation young forests(AY,<20 year-old); plantation middle-aged forests(AM, 21–30 year-old); natural young forests(NY,<30 year-old); and natural middle-aged forests(NM,31–50 year-old). The average C:N:P ratios calculated for tree, shrub, and herbaceous leaves, litter, and soil(0–100 cm) were generally higher in NY followed by NM,AM, and AY. C:N and C:P ratios were higher in litter than in leaves and soils, and reached higher values in the litter and leaves of young forests than in middle-aged forests;however, C:N and C:P ratios were higher in soils of middle-aged forests than in young forests. N:P ratios were higher in leaves than in litter and soils regardless of stand age; the consistent N:P<14 values found in all forests indicated N limitations. With plant leaves, C:P ratios were highest in trees, followed by herbs and shrubs, indicating a higher efficiency in tree leaf formation. C:N ratios decreased with increasing soil depth, whereas there was no trend for C:P and N:P ratios. C:N:P stoichiometry of forest foliage did not exhibit a consistent variation according to stand age. Research on the relationships between N:P, and P, N nutrient limits and the characteristics of vegetation nutrient adaptation need to be continued.

Effects of gibberellin A_(4/7), 6-benzylaminopurine and chlormequat chloride on the number of male and female strobili and immature cones in Chinese Pine (Pinus tabuliformis) with foliar sprays

Three kinds of plant growth regulators, gibberellinA 4/7 （GA 4/7 ）, 6-benzylaminopurine （BA）, and chlormequat chloride （CCC）, were evaluated for their ability to promote strobilus and cone production in a Chinese pine （Pinus tabuliformis Carr.） clonal seed orchard. Treatments （0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg L -1 ） were applied during three periods （June- July, July-August and August-September） in 2005. Of the three plant growth regulators, GA 4/7 was the best for promoting flower and cone production. Trees sprayed with GA 4/7 （500 mg L -1 ） from June to September had significantly more female strobili and immature cones than controls and other treatments （p≤0.0001）. The best time to apply GA 4/7 was in June. BA at 500 mg L -1 significantly increased female flower and immature cone production, compared to other treatments and controls （p≤0.0001）, while promotion of male strobili was unchanged. Chlormequat chloride at 1000 mg L -1 significantly increased the number of male strobili, compared to the other treatments （p≤0.0001）. Spraying CCC at500 mg L -1 significantly increased the number of female strobili, compared to controls （p0.05）, but it had no effect on immature cone production （p0.05）. These results are important for improving seed production and seed orchard management of Chinese pine.

过去百年吕梁山南端油松生长特征及其与气候变化的关系

理解树木生长对气候变化和人类活动干扰的响应有助于未来森林管理和双碳政策的落实。本文基于采自吕梁山南端的油松(Pinus tabuliformis Carr.)树轮样本建立了标准树轮宽度年表。通过Pearson相关分析发现树轮年表对研究区3—7月土壤湿度(r=0.60,P<0.01,n=37)、5—6月平均最低温度(r=-0.37,P<0.01,n=63)和5月降水量(r=0.31,P<0.05,n=64)响应敏感,说明水分条件(降水和土壤湿度)是影响研究区油松径向生长的主要限制因子,温度则是通过调控土壤湿度进而影响树木径向生长过程。近百年来(1926—2011年),研究区油松发生了三次生长释放事件(1932年,1977—1980年,2001—2011年)和一次生长抑制事件(1991—1994年)。生长释放事件在次数、持续时间和发生强度上都高于生长抑制事件。适宜(不适宜)的水热组合能够促进生长释放(抑制),人类活动干扰也能够诱发生长事件。空间相关分析揭示树轮年表与研究区及周边较大范围的气候环境变化密切相关。本研究对深入了解该地区油松树种生长特征及其对气候与人类活动干扰的响应具有重要意义。

油松优树与子代生长性状的典型相关分析

该文以油松29个优树材料和其子代测定材料为研究对象,对油松优树的选优因子,包括树高、胸径和材积生长量大于优势对比木的百分比优树年生长量,与洛南、黄陵两个试点的子代测定林的生长因子的相关关系进行研究,并对子代林的生长性状进行遗传变异分析。结果表明:生长量大于优势对比木的百分比与洛南子代生长因子和黄陵子代材积性状无显著相关,与黄陵子代树高、胸径相关紧密;优树树高和材积年生长量与子代材积和胸径生长量相关显著。典型相关分析表明,生长量大于优势对比木的百分比对子代生长因子无显著相关作用,而优树生长因子中树高年生长量对子代胸径和材积起主要作用。按照5株优势木对比法选优测定结果,80%以上家系均大于对照,表明选优效果较好。

油松优良家系多性状选择方法研究

以20年生油松子代测定林为研究对象,对生长量、结实量和干形等性状指标进行了遗传主成分分析、遗传距离聚类分析、指数选择法分析及育种值综合评分法分析,比较了4种选择方法的特点。结果表明,利用遗传主成分分析可以综合评价油松家系遗传性状的优劣,为优良家系选择提供参考;遗传距离聚类分析可将在主成分值上具有相似特征的家系进行归类,根据选育目标选择相关类群;育种值综合评选法,能够反映家系的遗传本质差别,选择方法简单、直观;指数选择法选择效率高,被认为是评价多性状优良家系较理想的方法。将4种方法有机结合,能更全面地评价优良家系的综合表现,为优良家系的多性状选择提供科学依据。

奥地利黑松与油松1年生苗生长和生物量对比分析

通过育苗对比试验,对奥地利黑松Pinusnigravar.austriaca和油松P.tabulaeformis1年生苗生长量和生物量进行了调查测定。结果表明,奥地利黑松1年生苗地径生长量显著大于油松,且主、侧根发达,而油松高生长量显著大于奥地利黑松。多元线性回归分析表明,2个树种的高生长量、径生长量与侧根鲜质量、根系鲜质量呈极显著相关,并且高生长量与侧根鲜质量、径生长与根系鲜质量关系最为密切。

油松对赤松毛虫的诱导化学防御

对受赤松毛虫为害与未受害油松的二年生针叶及用这两种油松的完整针叶饲养的赤松毛虫幼虫生长发育情况进行了测定分析，发现植株受害后针叶异亮氨酸酪氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、含量增加，氨基酸总量及多数游离氨基酸含量下降；水溶性总糖、粗脂肪、单宁、生物碱含量及总糖／氨基酸比例上升；脂肪酸、酚类、萜烯、矿质元素均有较大幅度变化，用受害后油松针叶饲养的幼虫摄食量减少３３５％，死亡率升高１０％，产卵量减少。

油松树轮记录的过去134年伏牛山5-7月平均最高温度

利用豫西伏牛山的两组油松树轮宽度年表,重建了该区域1874年以来5-7月的平均最高温度。并用Jackknife和Bootstrap等方法进行了方程稳定性检验,统计检验参数表明重建序列与实测序列吻合较好,且方程稳定可信,重建方程的解释方差为40%(调整自由度后为39%)。重建显示,在过去134年中,豫西伏牛山区5-7月平均最高气温经历了4次冷期和5次暖期。其中,20世纪20-30年代末是最显著的暖期,之后开始降温,至50年代降到谷底,温度小幅回升后,在70-80年代中期又显著下降,80年代末以后开始增温。该重建温度序列与秦岭中部南五台地区温度序列有较好的一致性。

赤松毛虫的危害对小油松针叶内物质含量的影响

通过对受赤松毛虫危害和未受危害的小油松１ 年生和２ 年生针叶化学成分以及用其饲养的赤松毛虫的生长发育情况进行对比测定分析，发现受害小油松２ 年生针叶在失叶５０ ％ 条件下，与未受害２ 年生针叶相比，针叶内化学成分有较大幅度的变化，主要表现在氨基酸总量及多数游离氨基酸含量下降，单宁、生物碱含量增加，脂肪酸、酚酸、水溶性总糖含量及糖／ 氨基酸比例上升，用之饲养的赤松毛虫幼虫体重减轻，死亡率与对照差异不显著；而受害小油松１ 年生针叶失去８０ ％ 后，１ 年生针叶与未受害油松１ 年生针叶相比，多数化学成分有相反变化趋势，用其饲养赤松毛虫幼虫时发现其不具滞后诱导抗性．

油松优良家系的遗传变异及其综合选择

利用20年生39个油松优树子代测定材料进行了生长、结实量和适应性等7个性状的遗传变异分析、遗传相关分析和遗传通径分析,并利用相关遗传力进行间接选择研究,采用综合选择指数法评选优良家系.研究表明：油松优良家系间的各性状遗传差异均达极显著水平;油松优良家系各生长性状间遗传相关比较紧密,结实量和适应性与生长性状相关显著;树高、材积和冠幅与胸径的相关遗传力大于其性状遗传力;树高对材积的直接控制作用最大,胸径通过树高对材积的间接控制作用最大.通过综合选择,选出生长迅速,适应强,而且具有一定结实能力的油松优良家系8个,分别比对照胸径提高12.8%-37.5%,树高提高7.5%-24%,材积提高31.5%-98.3%,结实量和适应性比对照均有不同程度地提高.

外生菌根真菌促进油松人工幼林生长的应用研究

从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中 ,选择了其中劣味乳菇、赫丝膜菌、褐环乳牛肝菌、毛边滑绣伞4株优良菌种 ,对油松人工幼林(5年生)进行菌剂混合接种试验。结果表明 :采用外生菌根真菌对油松幼林接菌 ,能够使土壤微生物种群数量发生变化 ;接菌后的土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌总数比不接菌的有明显的增加 ,其中真菌增加732.35 %。对接菌油松进行菌根侵染调查发现 ,接菌后的油松菌根侵染率为75 % ,不接菌的为20 % ;对连续两年接种菌剂的油松幼林调查发现 ,与不接菌剂的相比施用菌剂的油松地径、株高显著增加。由此认为 。

油松SSR-PCR引物筛选及反应体系的建立

油松是我国特有的重要乡土针叶树种，开发合适的油松PCR-SSR引物并建立优化的反应体系，是开展油松天然群体和种子园人工群体遗传研究的基础．该研究以油松总DNA为材料，分析了Taq聚合酶、样本浓度、Mg^2＋浓度、dNTP浓度以及引物浓度对PCR-SSR扩增结果的影响，筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性丰富的SSR引物12对，建立了稳定的、可重复的油松PCR-SSR最佳反应体系及PCR扩增参数．研究结果表明：在15pLSSR-PCR反应体系中，样本最适宜浓度为30ng，Mg^2＋的最适浓度为0．25mmol/L，dNTP最适浓度为0．2mmog/L，单引物的最适浓度均为250nmol／L；Taq聚合酶在15止反应体系中宜加入0．375U．统计利用所选12对引物，对辽宁兴城油松种子园内49个建园无性系进行了SSR-PCR反应，通过6％的变性聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳检测，每对引物扩增产物在100—250bp之间的等位谱带数最大为10，最小为5，不同无性系间DNA谱带多态性丰富,油松SSR-PCR引物筛选及反应体系的建立，为今后利用SSR标记技术开展油松种子园的父本分析及选择性受精研究提供了一个标准化程序和强有力的工具.

黄土高原油松人工林地土壤水分物理性质研究

研究了黄土高原不同树龄的油松人工林地土壤物理特征及其变化规律。结果表明:土壤容重随树龄和土壤深度变化的差异极为显著;土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度与树龄之间均无确定的变化规律,随土壤深度变化的差异极为显著;土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量随树龄的变化差异显著,随深度的变化差异极显著,因而树龄和土壤深度均可表征油松林地的持水能力。与撂荒地相比,油松人工林通过凋落物和土壤根系的作用可以降低土壤容重,并不同程度地改善土壤孔隙状况,增强土壤的持水能力。土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量分别增加了9.3%～36.3%、40%～232.8%、1%～103%、21.6%～46.2%、22.4%～43.7%,土壤毛管孔隙无明显增减规律。表明在黄土高原营造油松人工林有利于改善土壤水分物理状况。

坡位对油松人工林地上生物量分配格局的影响

油松是华北地区重要的造林树种,研究油松人工林地上部分生物量的空间分配格局对北方地区人工林培育具有重要意义。以河北省平泉县34年生油松人工林为调查对象,通过比较不同坡位的林木生长量、地上生物量及土壤养分含量的差异,研究坡位对土壤养分分配及林木生长状况的影响。结果表明:胸径和树高均随坡位由上到下的变化而增加;就单株乔木各器官而言,不同坡位林木枝、干的生物量分配表现为上坡<中坡<下坡,而叶的生物量则是随着坡位由上而下逐渐减小;油松人工林分的乔木层、凋落物层、草本层分别占地上部分生物量的92.2%～95.1%,3.5%～6.3%,1.2%～1.5%;各土层的土壤有机质含量在不同坡位上均表现为下坡>中坡>上坡。

油松对赤松毛虫的诱导化学防御及滞后诱导抗性

对当年受赤松毛虫危害和未受危害的油松新长出的一年生针叶化学成份以及用其饲养的赤松毛虫的发育情况进行了测定分析，结果发现受害油松新长出的一年生针叶化学成份仍有较大幅度的变化，主要表现在氨基酸总量及多数游离氨基酸含量下降；水溶性总糖、粗脂肪、生物碱含量及总糖／ 氨基酸比例上升；脂肪酸、单宁、酚类化合物均有较大幅度的减少；用其饲养的赤松毛虫幼虫体重减轻、死亡率比对照高１９－２ ％ 。油松对赤松毛虫的滞后诱导抗性至少在半年以上。

油松雌性不育系球果蛋白质双向电泳技术的建立

本文建立了油松雌性不育系雌球果蛋白质组研究中的双向电泳技术。第一向采用固定pH值梯度(IPG)胶条在IPGphorTM等电聚焦仪上进行等电聚焦,第二向在恒功率且恒温条件下于Ettan-DALTTMⅡ高通量电泳仪上进行SDS-PAGE电泳,以银染和考马斯亮蓝两种方法染色。通过对全蛋白的提取、胶条pH值和胶条肿胀等技术环节的优化和比较,得到了重复性很高,分离效果良好的蛋白质双向图谱。