火炬松(Pinus taeda L.)合子胚愈伤组织的器官发生和植株再生

以火炬松(Pinus taeda L.)的成熟合子胚为外植体在附加NAA和BA的TE培养基上诱导产生了淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织。经过愈伤组织的保持和增殖培养及不定芽原基的诱导培养后,进行了不同激素、低温处理和蔗糖浓度对不定芽分化的影响实验。结果表明,在附加0.5 mg·L^(-1)IBA和2 mg·L^(-1)BA的TE培养基上,愈伤组织上的不定芽分化频率最高达62.15%。不定芽分化的最佳低温处理时间是5—6周,最佳蔗糖浓度是25—30 g·L^(-1)。不定芽经伸长培养后取高于1cm的小苗用于生根。在附加IBA、BA和GA_3的TE培养基上不定芽的生很频率最高达46%。

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and assessment of factors influ-encing transgene expression in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

This investigation reports a protocol for transfer and expression of foreign chimeric genes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Transformation was achieved by co-cultivation of mature zygotic embryos with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 which harbored a binary vector (pBI121) including genes for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII). Factors influencing transgene expression including seed sources of loblolly pine, concentration of bacteria, and the wounding procedures of target explants were investigated. The expression of foreign gene was confirmed by the ability of mature zygotic embryos to produce calli in the presence of kanamycin, by histochemical assays of GUS activity, by PCR analysis, and by Southern blot. The successful expression of the GUS gene in different families of loblolly pine suggests that this transformation system is probably useful for the production of the genetically modified conifers.

The impact of the environmental factors on the photosynthetic activity of common pine (Pinus sylvestris) in spring and in autumn in the region of Eastern Siberia

The taiga coniferous forests of the Siberian region are the main carbon sinks in the forest ecosystems.Quantitatively, the size of the carbon accumulation is determined by the photosynthetic productivity, which is strongly influenced by environmental factors. As a result,an assessment of the relationship between environmental factors and photosynthetic productivity makes it possible to calculate and even predict carbon sinks in coniferous forests at the regional level. However, at various stages of the vegetative period, the force of the connection between environmental conditions and the productivity of photosynthesis may change. In this research, correlations between the photosynthetic activity of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) with the environmental conditions were compared in spring and in autumn. In spring, close positive correlation of the maximum daily net photosynthesis was identified with only one environmental factor. For different years, correlations were for soil temperature(rs= 0.655,p = 0.00315) or available soil water supply(rs= 0.892,p = 0.0068). In autumn within different years, significant correlation was shown with two(temperature of air and soil; rs= 0.789 and 0.896, p = 0.00045 and 0.000006,respectively) and four factors: temperature of air(rs=0.749, p = 0.00129) and soil(rs= 0.84, p = 0.00000),available soil water supply(rs= 0.846, p = 0.00013) and irradiance(rs= 0.826, p = 0.000001). Photosynthetic activity has a weaker connection with changes in environmental factors in the spring, as compared to autumn.This is explained by the multidirectional influence of environmental conditions on photosynthesis in this period and by the necessity of earlier photosynthesis onset, despite the unfavorable conditions. This data may be useful for predicting the flow of carbon in dependence on environmental factors in this region in spring and in autumn.

Growth response of broom (Cytisus scoparius) growing with and without radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings to different P levels in soils

A study was carried out to test the effects of three rates of TSP （triple superphosphate） （0, 50, and 100 mg·kg^-1 P） on growth of broom with and without radiata pine seedlings and to determine the relationships between P concentrations in the broom shoot and dry matter yields with soil plant-available P （Bray-2 P）. A bulk sample of soil was collected from Kaweka forest at soil depth of 0-10 cm, in New Zealand on March 11, 2001. The forest area was not supplied with fertiliser at least 30 years. The results show that TSP application increased P avail- ability in the soil. The P availability concentration in soil of broom with radiata pine seedlings was higher than that in soil of broom alone. Bray-2 P concentrations had a significant logarithmic relationship with Pcon- centrations of broom shoot and an exponential relationship with dry matter weight of whole broom plant.

Adaptation of pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,early in its interaction with two Pinus species that differ in resistance

Pine wilt disease(PWD)is one of the most devastating diseases of Pinu s spp.and is caused by the pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner&Buhrer)Nickle.To study adaptation of PWN to survive in hosts that differ in resistance,we examined the self-regulatory characteristics of PWN at the biological and molecular levels early in the interaction.Two-year-old susceptible Pinus thunbergii and resistant Pinus taeda were selected for this experiment,and changes in PWNs after inoculation were assessed.q RT-PCR was used to detect changes in genes related to PWN pathogenicity and detoxification.The results showed that the migration and reproductive abilities of PWNs in P.thunbergii were stronger than those of PWNs in P.taeda.After 7 d,the number of nematodes in P.thunbergii was approximately 3.2-fold higher than in P.taeda.After 15 d,the number of nematodes in P.thunbergii was approximately twofold higher than that in P.taeda.Because PWN can adjust its sex ratio after infection,we compared the sex ratio of uninoculated PWNs,to that in the two pine species.In P.thunbergii,the female to male ratio first decreased and then stabilized over time;in P.taeda first decreased and then increased.Relative fat accumulation in PWNs increased significantly after the PWNs entered the tree body;the accumulation rate in P.thunbergii was higher than in P.taeda at 7 d,but lower after 15 d.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)showed significantly more bacteria on the surface of PWNs in P.taeda compared with PWNs in susceptible P.thunbergii.At 12 h after inoculation,the expression of genes related to cell-wall degradation(Bx Beta1-4 and Bxpel1),effectors(Bx CDP1,Bx Sap B1),and active oxygen metabolism(Bxy-ctl-1 and Bx GST3)was 2–6×higher in the resistant pine than in the susceptible one.In contrast,in PWNs,the expression of autophagy-related genes Bx ATG1 and Bx ATG16 was 1.5–2 times higher in P.thunbergii than in P.taeda.These results indicate that the interaction between PWNs and pine trees with different resistance levels elicits a series of physiological and molecular adaptations that affect nematode reproduction and virulence.This study will help elucidate the adaptive mechanisms of PWN in different pine trees.

Bio-productivity of Pinus sylvestris L.var. mongolica plantation on west Kerqin sandy land

The biomass and net primary production of Mongolian scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var mongolica) plantations of west Kerqin sandy land were measured. According to average standard trees, the biomass, netprimary production and their distributions of trunk, bark, branch, leaf and root of 16-year-old stand were analyzed.The regressive equation for the estimation of each organ biomass was established through djmensional analysis.Preferable equation with higher precision was selected. The study results showed that the total biomass of theforest community was 62.023 t/hm2 and net primary production was 5.045 V(hm2. a). which indicates that thecommunity of plantation possesses high bio-productivity.

Seasonal Changes in Copper and Cobalt Concentrations of PinusnigraL.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica Leaves to Monitor the Effects of Pollution in Elazig (Turkey)

The aim of this study is to examine seasonal changes in Cu and Co concentrations of three plant species for monitoring the effects of pollution in Elazig,Turkey.For this purpose,the leaves of the Pinus nigra L.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica together with soil samples were collected from different points depending on traffic intensity,nearness the city center and cement factory as well as control location during different months of the year.Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(FAAS) was used for measurement of the metals in clear digests after the dry ashing method.Copper and Co concentrations were in the ranges from 1.3to 2.6mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.26mg.kg-1 for Pinus nigra L.,1.2to 4.7mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.41mg.kg-1 for Cedrus libani and 1.5to 4.8mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.42mg.kg-1 for Cupressus arizonica,respectively.The levels observed for Cu and Co in the soil ranged from 12to 38mg.kg-1 and 6.0to 17mg.kg-1,respectively.

Assessment of early survival and growth of planted Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris) seedlings under extreme continental climate conditions of northern Mongolia

Environmental factors play vital roles in successful plantation and cultivation of tree seedlings.This study focuses on problems associated with reforestation under extreme continental climatic conditions.The objectives were to assess relative seedling performance(survival and growth)with respect to plantation age,and to analyze the influence of specific climatic factors during the early stages of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)plantations.The study was carried out in reforested areas of the Tujyin Nars region of northern Mongolia on six Scots pine plantations ranging from 5 to 10 years.In each of the six plantations,five 900 m^2 permanent sample plots were established and survival rates and growth performance measured annually over 7 years.Results show high variation in survival among the plantations(p<0.001,F=29.7).Seedling survival in the first year corresponded directly to the number of dry days in May.However,survival rate appeared to stabilize after the second year.The insignificant variation of height categories throughout the observation period indicated low competition among individuals.Two linear mixed-effect models show that height and radial growth were best explained by relative air humidity,which we consider to be a reliable indicator of site-specific water availability.Insufficient amounts and uneven distribution of rainfall pose a major threat during the first year of plantation establishment.Humidity and water availability are decisive factors for a successful seedling plantation.This highlights the impact of drought on forest plantations in northern Mongolia and the importance of developing climate resilient reforestation strategies.

Transformation and Expression of Choline Monooxygenase(CMO) Gene in Embryogenic Tissue of White Pine(Pinus strobus)

A transformation procedure of choline monooxygenase(CMO) gene, involved in stress tolerance, was established in white pine embryogenic tissue by using A. tumefaciens C58/pMP90. The CMO cDNA fragment(1.3 kb) was generated by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) with primers based on the report sequence of CMO in gene bank. A chimerical gene composed of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter fused to CMO cDNA and β-glucuronidase (GUS-marker gene) was transferred into Ti-derived disarmed binary vector pBI121. The new vector, p35SCMOp, was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58/pMP90 by freeze-thaw method. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) initiation of Pinus. Strobus L. and Pinus.Koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. depended on the manipulation of plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations in the GLH culture medium. Transgenic embryos and regenerated plants of two Pine species were produced after co-culture of embryogenic tissue with the disarmed strain of A. tumefaciens C58/pMP90/ p35SCMOp and selected on medium containing 25mg/L kanamycin. The transformed embryogenic tissue was initially confirmed by histochemical GUS assay followed by PCR. One copy of T-DNA was detected by transgenic lines analysis in Pinus. Strobus L. and transgenic plants were regenerated for two species using modified protocols for maturation and germination of somatic embryos.

Microscopic Characterisation of Pinus sylvestris Cell Structures under Compression Loading

This study is mainly focused on the 3D mechanical cell deformations of 20 × 20 × 60 mm sized softwood specimens under 35 - 40 MPa compression loading at room temperature of 20?C. The moisture content of the specimens was 6% - 7%. The data of microscopic images were measured and compared in terms of the permanently degenerated individual cell structures each in micro-scale . 3D cell deformations of tissues were observed with a magnification of (×100) - (×1500) and in the range of 3.0 - 5.0 kV voltage under the SEM microscope. The specimens were examined under magnification and photographed before and after the compression loading applied parallel to the grain angles to the wood samples. Specimens were painted with gold liquid (12 × 12 × 12 mm sized specimens) in obtaining the SEM images. Under the SEM, these specimens were photographed and lengths between the cell walls ranged between 15 to 40 micrometers. In this study, relative deformations of pinewood cells were determined statistically considering the percentage permanent deformation under the compression loading. It was performed by using knowledge of structural mechanics, considering the measurement of permanent deformation in honeycomb-pinewood structure material.

速生抗病火炬松Pinus taeda苗的磁化培育和早期筛选技术研究

研究表明,利用磁场处理火炬松种子能显著提高种子发芽率、苗木抗病性和促进苗高生长,并以浸种后的冷藏期处理效果最好;利用病原菌的毒素粗提液可进行抗病苗的早期筛选。

榆林市樟子松人工林土壤养分特征

为进一步探明陕西省榆林市樟子松人工林的土壤养分变化特征,以5年生樟子松(Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv.)纯林和5年生樟子松-胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)混交林为研究对象,分析土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾等理化指标以及土壤酶活性的变化特征。结果表明,樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量整体上均随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,全磷含量均随着土层深度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,硝态氮含量则均随着土壤深度的增加而增加,5个指标均表现为樟子松-胡枝子混交林高于樟子松纯林,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林各层土壤有效磷含量均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤含水率各土层间差异均不显著,樟子松-胡枝子混交林5~15 cm土层土壤含水率含量显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而降低,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性在各土层均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05)。

Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 carrying pBI121 plasmid was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of three genotypes (E-Hb, E-Ma, and E-Mc) of loblolly pine. The results demonstrated that the expression frequency of (-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) varied among genotypes after mature zygotic embryos were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cultures. The highest frequency (27.8%) of GUS expressing embryos was obtained from genotype E-Mc with mean number of 21.9 blue GUS spots per embryo. Expression of (-glucuronidase reporter gene was observed on cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of transformed mature zygotic embryos, as well as on organogenic callus and regenerated shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Nineteen regenerated transgenic plants were obtained from GUS expression and kanamycin resistant calli. The presence and integration of the GUS gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. These results suggested that an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for the future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.

Sloboda树高生长模型在火炬松人工林中的应用研究

地位指数是立地质量相对于具体树种的数量化反映,也是森林经营和收获预估的重要依据.为了编制福建省火炬松多形地位指数,根据收集的火炬松人工林优势木树干解析资料,采用Sloboda树高生长数学模型,利用遗传算法拟合出火炬松优势高生长模型.精度检验表明:用Sloboda树高生长模型拟合的火炬松人工林多形地位指数曲线可以应用于林业生产实践.

NaCl胁迫下盐松不同种源种子的发芽特性

研究从国外引进的盐松种子的耐盐发芽特性,用0%、0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%和1.25%6种不同浓度的NaCl溶液对9个种源盐松种子进行处理,同时以国内樟子松种子作对照进行发芽试验。结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的增大,各种源种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均呈下降趋势,初始萌发时间和平均发芽时间呈上升趋势。不同种源种子的萌发对NaCl胁迫的反应不同,引种盐松种子的耐盐能力优于国内樟子松。聚类分析表明:耐盐能力最好的种源是754、N8和17245。

不同松树树种段木栽培茯苓产量对林分郁闭度的响应

【目的】探明林分郁闭度和不同松树树种段木组合栽培对茯苓产量的影响,为提高茯苓栽培产量提供科学依据。【方法】以茯苓为研究对象,选择低、中、高3种郁闭度林分,分别采用湿地松、马尾松和火炬松3种松树段木栽培茯苓,考察松树不同松种与林分郁闭度组合处理茯苓菌核个数、单个鲜重和总鲜重,通过方差分析和多重比较筛选树种与林分郁闭度的最佳搭配方案。【结果】湿地松段木栽培茯苓水溶性多糖含量为0.49%,马尾松和火炬松段木栽培均为0.26%。湿地松和马尾松段木栽培,中郁闭度林分茯苓单个鲜重和总鲜重显著高于低郁闭度;火炬松段木栽培,高郁闭度林分茯苓总鲜重低于中郁闭度且显著低于低郁闭度。【结论】湿地松、马尾松和火炬松3种松树段木栽培的茯苓综合品质良好,其中,以湿地松段木栽培茯苓的可溶性多糖含量最高。3种郁闭度林分环境下最佳段木栽培搭配方式:低郁闭度林分+火炬松段木,中/高郁闭度林分+湿地松或马尾松段木。

Micropropagation of loblolly pine by somatic organogenesis andRAPD analysis of regenerated plantlets

Organogenesis was induced in callus derived from mature zygotic embryos of six families (J-56, S-1003, E-22, E-311, E-440, and Mc) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) within 24 weeks of culture. Elongation of adventitious buds was achieved on TE medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L?1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA). The most suitable medium for root formation proved to be TE medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L?1 IBA, 2mg·L?1 BA and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3). 169 regenerated plantlets were transferred to a perlite: peatmoss: vermiculite (1∶1∶1) soil mixture, and 98 plantlets survived in the field. Total DNA was extracted from the needles of the regenerated plantlets of the six families of loblolly pine. Analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using 20 arbitrary oligonucleotide 10-mers, show that amplification products were monomorphic for all the plantlets of family J-56, S-1003, E-22, E-311, E-440, and Mc of loblolly pine. These results suggested that organogenesis can be used for clonal micropropagation of some families of loblolly pine.

Preliminary Studies on Establishment of Genetic Transformation System in Loblolly Pine

A transformation system was established for loblolly pine (Pimus taeda L ) mature zygotic embryos using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The gene coding for the glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues andits transient expression was detected with histochemical staining. The influences of different genotypes. Agrobacterium concentrations. and cocultivation time on GUS expression and Kanamycin resistant callus and shoot regeheration were investigated. The results showed that the highest `GUS expression frequency (1 6.3%) and shoot regencration frequency(7.8%) wereobtained from genotype 9-1003 with, Agrobactemm concentration decreased 9 times and cocultivation time of 56 hours.respectively GUS expression was, obtained in all genotypes tested The successtul expression of the GUS gene in differentgenotypes suggested that it will be a useful transformation system for loblolly pine

Linking individual-tree and whole-stand models for forest growth and yield prediction

Background： Different types of growth and yield models provide essential information for making informed decisions on how to manage forests. Whole-stand models often provide well-behaved outputs at the stand level, but lack information on stand structures. Detailed information from individual-tree models and size-class models typically suffers from accumulation of errors. The disaggregation method, in assuming that predictions from a whole-stand model are reliable, partitions these outputs to individual trees. On the other hand, the combination method seeks to improve stand-level predictions from both whole-stand and individual-tree models by combining them. Methods： Data from 100 plots randomly selected from the Southwicte Seed Source Study of Ioblolly pine （Pinus taedo L） were used to evaluate the unadjusted individual-tree model against the disaggregation and combination methods. Results： Compared to the whole-stand model, the combination method did not show improvements in predicting stand attributes in this study. The combination method also did not perform as well as the disaggregation method in tree-level predictions. The disaggregation method provided the best predictions of tree- and stand-level survival and growth. Conclusions： The disaggregation approach provides a link between individual-tree models and whole-stand models, and should be considered as a better alternative to the unadjusted tree model.

基于SSR对火炬松×加勒比松杂种形质性状的QLT定位分析

对火炬松×加勒比松杂种部分形质性状的QTL进行定位分析,为杂种育种和株型培育提供借鉴。以火炬松1.5代种子园优良单株T1为母本,加勒比松第一代种子园优良单株C1为父本,杂交产生F1代113个单株。使用Join Map■ 3.0作图软件构建火炬松母本和加勒比松父本的SSR标记遗传图谱,并用MapQTL4.0 作图软件对形质性状的QTL进行定位。火炬松母本图谱总长度293.9 cM,标记间距范围为3.7~47.9 cM,标记平均间距15.5 cM。加勒比松父本图谱总长度245.5 cM,标记间距范围为6.8~49.8 cM,标记平均间距13.6 cM。检测到4个与形质性状有关的QTL位点,其中有2个QTL定位于火炬松染色体LG4上。4个形质性状的QTLs解释方差为8.6%~13.6%,可以利用这些QTLs进行特定株型的培育,如分枝角度的控制培育。