Rotating Lepton Model of Pions and Kaons: Mechanics at fm Distances

The present article is a continuation of a recently published paper [1] in which we have modeled the composition and structure of neutrons and other hadrons using the Rotating Lepton Model (RLM) which is a Bohr type model employing the relativistic gravitational attraction between three ultrafast rotating neutrinos as the centripetal force. The RLM accounts for special relativity and also for the De Broglie equation of quantum mechanics. In this way this force was shown to reach the value of the Strong Force while the values of the masses of the rotating relativistic neutrinos reach those of quarks. Masses computed for twelve hadrons and bosons are in very close (~2%) agreement with the experimental values. Here we use the same RLM approach to describe the composition and structure and to compute the masses of Pions and Kaons which are important zero spin mesons. Contrary to hadrons and bosons which have been found via the RLM to comprise the heaviest neutrino eigenmass m3, in the case of mesons the intermediate neutrino mass eigenstate m2 is found to play the dominant role. This can explain why the lowest masses of mesons are generally smaller than those of hadrons and bosons. Thus in the case of Pions it is found that they comprise three rotating m2 mass eigenstate neutrinos and the computed mass of 136.6 MeV/c2 is in good agreement with the experimental value of 134.977 MeV/c2. The Kaon structure is found to consist of six m2 mass eigenstate neutrinos arranged in two parallel pion-type rotating triads. The computed Kaon mass differs less that 2% from the experimental K± and K°values of 493.677 MeV/c2 and 497.648 MeV/c2 respectively. This, in conjunction with the experimentally observed decay products of the Kaons, provides strong support for the proposed K structure.

The Bare and Dressed Masses of Quarks in Pions via the of Quarks’ Geometric Model

In previous articles (Guido) we demonstrated that Quarks (u, d) are represented by golden geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators. In this article we show the geometric structure of the pion triplet and, in particular, via the structure equation of neutral pion, we identify its decays and we solve the spin question in hadrons thanks also to introduction of algebraic operations [?, ⊕] on geometric structure. Moreover by means of the golden ratio between (u, d), we determine the values of bare masses of quarks (3.51 MeV for u-quark and 5.67 MeV for d-quark) and those ones bounded in a pion (53.31 MeV for u-quark and 85.26 MeV for d-quark). Finally, using algebraic operations [?, ⊕] we point out a new way to represent the processes of pions’ decay.

Properties of collective flow and pion production in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions with a relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model

The relativistic mean-field approach was implemented in the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics transport model(LQMD.RMF). Using the LQMD.RMF, the properties of collective flow and pion production were investigated systematically for nuclear reactions with various isospin asymmetries. The directed and elliptic flows of the LQMD.RMF are able to describe the experimental data of STAR Collaboration. The directed flow difference between free neutrons and protons was associated with the stiffness of the symmetry energy, that is, a softer symmetry energy led to a larger flow difference. For various collision energies, the ratio between the π^(-) and π^(+) yields increased with a decrease in the slope parameter of the symmetry energy. When the collision energy was 270 MeV/nucleon, the single ratio of the pion transverse momentum spectra also increased with decreasing slope parameter of the symmetry energy in both nearly symmetric and neutron-rich systems.However, it is difficult to constrain the stiffness of the symmetry energy with the double ratio because of the lack of threshold energy correction on the pion production.

An Original Didactic about Standard Model (Geometric Model of Particle: The Quarks)

This work shows a didactic model representative of the quarks described in the Standard Model (SM). In the model, particles are represented by structures corresponding to geometric shapes of coupled quantum oscillators (GMP). From these didactic hypotheses emerges an in-depth phenomenology of particles (quarks) fully compatible with that of SM, showing, besides, that the number of possible quarks is six.

Neutral Pion Electromagnetic Form Factor as a Bound System of 3 + 1 Dimensional QCD

We investigate a neutral pion electromagnetic form factor in momentum space and obtain Gaussian-like function for it. The characteristic form of our neutral pion electromagnetic form factor is consistent with the results published by Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration. .

A study of transverse charge density of pions in relativistic quantum mechanics

The transverse charge density of pions is calculated based on relativistic quantum mechanics, where the pion is regarded as a quark-antiquark bound state. Corrections from the two spin-1/2 constituents and from the wave function of a quark and antiquark inside the bound system are discussed. The calculated results are compared to the results with a realistic effective Lagrangian approach as well as to that with a simple covariant model where the pion is regarded as a composite system with two scalar particles.

光子对撞机上探测与Top夸克关联产生的荷电Top-pion介子∏_t^-

在Topcolor辅助的Technicolor(TC2)模型下,研究了γγ对撞中荷电Top-pion介子∏t-的产生过程γγ→t∏t-.研究结果表明,在一定的参数范围内,这个过程的产生截面大于10fb,如果未来直线对撞机ILC的年积分亮度可实现100fb-1,则每年可以观测到1000多个t∏t-产生事例.这意味着,在ILC上有望通过γγ→S∏t-来探测∏t-介子的产生,进而来检验TC2模型.

直线对撞机上中性top-pion介子产生过程的研究

为寻找新物理存在的可能性,在顶色辅助的人工色TC2理论模型下,研究了直线对撞机(ILC)上中性top-pion介子的产生机制.计算了γγ→t0这个过程的产生截面,结果显示.在所有中性top-pion产生过程中,γγ→0t的产生截面最大,其产生截面可以达到101—102fb量级.最后讨论了ILC上t0的各种衰变方式,由于树级味改变耦合t0t-c的存在,γγ→0t→t-c过程能够产生足够多的信号,并且由于背景干净,成为ILC上探测中性top-pion存在的最佳衰变道,这将为搜寻中性top-pion介子和检验TC2模型的正确性提供重要的理论依据.

The Antiparticles of Neutral Bosons

With the advent of the ability to create and study antihydrogen, we think it is appropriate to consider the possibility that antiphotons might not be identical to photons. First of all, we will look at the experimental evidence concerning multiple neutral pions and multiple photons. Because of its internal structure, the neutral kaon is not identical to its antiparticle. We will consider internal structures for the neutral pion and photon for which the antiparticle differs from the particle. Interestingly, the antiphoton thus created from neutrinos does not interact with electrons because its neutrinos have the wrong helicity.

A New Research about Pion Parton Distribution Function

A new fit of the pion parton distribution functions is provided. Only valence quark distributions are used at a low evolution scale and are evolved with the modified Dokshitzer- Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi equation which is briefly introduced in this work, and the sea quark and gluon distributions are only generated by the quantum chromodynamics processes. We find that the patton distributions can explain the pion-nucleon experiments data well, and it can also be compared with the data from the leading neutron data of experiments at HERA. The momentum distributions among the partons are discussed and our results are consistent with some models.

微创经皮钢板内固定治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床价值分析

目的探讨对胫骨Pilon骨折患者采取微创经皮钢板内固定治疗的临床效果。方法选取胫骨骨折患者64例,分为治疗组(n=33)和对照组(n=31)。对照组患者给予传统切开复位固定术治疗,治疗组患者主要给予微创经皮钢板内固定术治疗。结果治疗组患者的平均愈合时间明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组患者的术中出血量明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组患者的优良率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对胫骨Pion骨折患者采取微创经皮钢板内固定术治疗,能够增强治疗效果,缩短患者愈合时间,减少出血量,值得临床推广应用。

The Theoretical Value of Mass of the Light <i>η</i>-Meson via the Quarks’ Geometric Model

Highlighting a golden triangular form in u and d quarks (Quark Geometric Model), we build the geometric structures of light meson η and individualize its decays and spin. By the structure equations describing mesons, we determine a mathematic procedure to calculate the theoretical value of the mass of light mesons η.

The Theoretical Spectrum of Mass of the Light Mesons without Strangeness via the Quarks’ Geometric Model

Using the “Aureum Geometric Model” (AGM) of quarks, we formulate the structure equations describing mesons and, by a mathematic procedure, we calculate the theoretical spectrum of mass values of light mesons without strangeness.

A New Hypothesis on the Dark Matter

In this paper, using the AGM model (Aureum Geometric Model), where geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators represent particles, we formulate a new hypothesis about the origin of the Dark Matter (DM). Highlighting its hadronic nature, we identify the representative particle’s particular geometric structure, the “dark pion”, and calculate its mass. Finally, we propose an experiment for the detection of this particle.

外固定架结合有限内固定在高能量Pilon骨折中的应用

目的：分析对高能量Pion骨折患者采用外固定架结合有限内固定法进行治疗的临床效果。方法选取本院2012年12月~2013年10月收治的110例高能量Pion骨折患者作为研究对象，随机分为A组和B组，各55例， B组患者采用切开复位钢板内固定治疗， A组患者采用外固定架结合有限内固定法治疗。结果 A组患者的踝关节功能优良率显著高于B组（P〈0.05）；A组患者的解剖复位率显著高于B组（P〈0.05）。结论对高能量Pion骨折患者采用外固定架结合有限内固定法进行治疗，能够有效提高解剖复位率和踝关节功能优良率，值得临床推广。

Pion Cloud Effects on △-N Mass Splitting from Quark Models

Pion cloud effects on △-N mass splitting are studied based on quark models. Pseudo-scalar pion-quarkcoupling is discussed in the relativistic and nonrelativistic frameworks. We separately calculate the pion cloud effects bythe one-pion exchange potential and by another method which is consistent with the baryon chiral perturbation theory.Remark able discrepancy in the mass splitting between the two methods is shown.

Nucleonic ~1S_0 Superfluidity Induced by a Soft Pion in Neutron Star Matter with Antikaon Condensations

The nucleonic ~1S_0 superfluidity is investigated by solving the gap equation for the Reid soft-core potential as the nucleon-nucleon interaction in neutron star(NS) matter which is considered to be made up of p, e, μ and condensed antikaon matter. We mainly study the influence of the soft pion-induced potential on the nucleonic^1S_0 pairing gaps in the above NS matter. It is found that the intensities of the nucleonic ~1S_0 pairing gaps including the soft pion-induced potential are smaller than those calculated in the case of not including the soft pion-induced potential. Furthermore, the nucleonic ~1S_0 pairing gaps with the soft pion-induced potential fall into decline with the deepening of the optical potential of antikaons in the above NS matter, whereas they increase with the parameter η for the fixed optical potential of antikaons. Due to the appearance of the soft pion-induced potential, the maximum values of nucleonic ~1S_0 pairing gaps at parameter η = 0.20,0.55 are suppressed by1.7%-6.8% with respect to the case without soft pion-induced potential in the above NS matter.

Pion Susceptibilities of the Vacuum in a Modified Global Colur Symmetry Model

Based on a modified version of the global color symmetry model,the pion susceptibilities of vacuum needed in the QCD sum rule external-field method for the coupling of pseudoscalar current to hadron have bean calculated beyond the vacuum saturation approximation.Comparison with the previous estimations has been given.

Study of Electric Polarizabilities of Nucleon with a Constituent Quark Model and Pion Meson Cloud

In this work, a subtle role of the pion meson cloud effect on the electric polarizabilities of the proton and neutron is stressed. It is shown that the electric polarizabilities of the proton and neutron, and the difference between the electric polarizabilities of the proton and neutron can be explained by including the pion meson cloud explicitly. However, the magnitude of the estimated mean-square charge radius of the neutron is still far from the measurement.