Cartographic Study and Modeling of the Bakwanga Kimberlite Massive 5 at Kasai Oriental in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Bakwanga kimberlite massive 5 in Kasai Oriental is part of a set of 13 kimberlite massives numbered according to the order in which they were discovered. They are located on an alignment with a more or less W-E direction making up the Northern group known as Bakwanga. The importance of the Bakwanga kimberlite massives on the country’s economy in the production of diamonds sufficiently proves the interest of geological research work in this area. The objective of this work is to determine a mathematical model of the shape of the massive as close as possible to reality and through cartography. The cartographic study and modeling of this kimberlite massive were carried out using data from core samples taken on longitudinal and transverse profiles of the 50 × 50 meter mesh drilling plan intersecting this kimberlite massive. We intend to deduce the structure and lithostratigraphy of the kim-berlitic facies and the direct environment of massive 5. As a result, we note that the majority of surveys on the extent of this massive have intersected: Red clayey sand - Polymorphic sandstone - Nodular sandstone, with kaolin blocks and nodules - Epiclastic Kimberlite - Xenokimberlite - Massive Kimberlite - Mesozoic sandstone - Dolomite (enclosing). The shape of the Massive 5 model is vaguely elliptical with a W-E longitudinal axis of 575 m and N-S axis of 275 meters. Surveys have shown that Massive 5 is in fact composed of two pipes, located in the W (western pipe) and E (eastern pipe) ends of the massif. The two chimneys of the two pipes have walls ranging from subvertical at the eastern pipe to very steep walls of around 70˚ to 80˚ for the western pipe and the average diameter of the two pipes is ±50 meters. At level 600, the massive has an area of ±10.5 hectares and it gradually decreases in depth and the modeling of the latter shows a concentric decrease in the volume of the massive from the surface to depth in the shape of a mushroom. 3 eruptive phases established this Kimber-litic massive, the first two phases (old) of which formed the crater of the western pipe and the third formed the crater of the eastern pipe in the dolomites. These dolomites constitute everywhere the surrounding area of the massive;the distinction of these 3 phases is made possible thanks to Epiclastic deposits, Xenokim-berlites and massive Kimberlites.

AXIAL HEAT CONDUCTION MODEL TO PREDICT MAXIMUM HEAT REMOVE OF MINIATURE HEAT PIPE BASED ON GREY MODEL THEORY

Computer chip is always accompanied by the increase of heat dissipation and miniaturization. The miniature heat pipes are widely used in notebook computer to resolve the heat dissipation problems. Maximum heat removed model of miniature heat pipes building by grey model is presented. In order to know the foundation for modeling, the smooth grade of error examination is inquired and the accuracy of grey relational grade is verified. The model can be used to select a suitable heat pipes to solve electric heat problems in the future. Final results show that the grey model only needs four experiment data and its error value is less than 10%, further, it is better than computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model.

A p-version embedded model for simulation of concrete temperature fields with cooling pipes

Pipe cooling is an effective method of mass concrete temperature control, but its accurate and convenient numerical simulation is still a cumbersome problem. An improved embedded model, considering the water temperature variation along the pipe, was proposed for simulating the temperature field of early-age concrete structures containing cooling pipes. The improved model was verified with an engineering example. Then, the p-version self-adaption algorithm for the improved embedded model was deduced, and the initial values and boundary conditions were examined. Comparison of some numerical samples shows that the proposed model can provide satisfying precision and a higher efficiency. The analysis efficiency can be doubled at the same precision, even for a large-scale element. The p-version algorithm can fit grids of different sizes for the temperature field simulation. The convenience of the proposed algorithm lies in the possibility of locating more pipe segments in one element without the need of so regular a shape as in the explicit model.

IMPROVEMENT OF FLUID PIPE LUMPED PARAMETER MODEL

The traditional lumped parameter model of fluid pipe is introduced and itsdrawbacks are pointed out. Furthermore, two suggestions are put forward to remove these drawbacks.Firstly, the structure of equivalent circuit is modified, and then the evaluation of equivalentfluid resistance is change to take the frequency-dependent function into account. Both simulationand experiment prove that this model is precise to characterize the dynamic behaviors of fluid inpipe.

Basic Research on Key Techniques Related to Urban 3D Pipe Network Modeling

A new geometric modeling approach is introduced in this paper.First the principle of modeling of 3D pipe network is discussed in detail.Then the procedures of implementing pipe network visualization and system functions are presented.Last,several efficient methods for speeding up display of graphics are introduced.The new geometric modeling approach offers to people a new way to solve 3D visualization of complex urban pipe network.

Discussion on Pipe Model through Hydraulic Architecture of Pinus tabulaeformis Seedling

In the paper, the hydraulic architecture parameters of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings (4 years old)were measured by improved flushing method under normal water condition in the green house and the basictheory of hydraulic architecture is used to discuss the rationality of the pipe model. The results of theexperiment and simulation show that the differences of hydraulic conductivity, specific conductivity and leafspecific conductivity is great in different stems and branches of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. The hydraulicconductivity of non-constriction area is higher than that of constriction area. The devotion of functionalxylem of stem to unit leaf growth is not a constant, namely, the Huber value is diverse. Even though the pipemodel has been accepted in some areas, its precondition is not perfect, and it is helpless in correctlyunderstanding the essence of water transport in seedlings from the prospective of water physiology.

Simulation and model design of pipe-shell reactor for the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas

模拟基于被暗淡乙醇醚的合成的全球动力学的模型在一个双性人上从 syngas 建立的管子壳反应堆的模型被做功能的催化剂。模拟的结果证明为暗淡乙醇醚(DME ) 和公司的变换的选择更高，但是热点在管子壳反应堆的温度限制下面被保留。管子的合适的直径是 38 ×管子的 2 公里，和长度是 5.8 m。反应堆的最佳的过程条件是压力是 5 MPa，冷却的水的温度是 240 ° C，并且在反应堆的入口的未加工的气体的温度是 220 ° C。这个反应堆的生产是 102800 t/y (吨每年) 在这些条件下面。

Pipe Shape Solution of Faddeev Model

利用 Faddeev 模型等价于的结果我苏(2 ) Skyrme 模型的声音的部门酒吧那里的数字电流到处消失，包括 Faddeev 模型的旋涡答案的一些准确答案被讨论。答案被第一个 Chern 数字分类。当 Chern 数字等于 2 时，新 multisoliton 答案被获得，答案的精力密度的管子形状分发被发现。

Virtual Prototype Modeling and Simulation of Pipe Wagon Articulating System

Virtual prototype of pipe wagon articulating (PWA) system has been developed and simulated based on the kinematics and dynamics of machinery and Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) software. It has been integrated with real-time three dimensional (3-D) system simulations for detailed and responsive interaction with dynamic virtual environments. By using this virtual model, the conceptual design examination and performance analysis of the PWA system have been realized dynamically in virtual laboratory. System dynamic force, displacement and tension of pipe have been measured through verifying this 3- D virtual prototype. By comparing the static tension and dynamic tension of pipe, the difference between the two kind tensions has been found. The simulated dynamic tension is much greater than the static tension obtained from the static theory. The results attained in this work suggest that the conceptual designed PWA system can meet the requirements of the operation.

Oscillation heat transfer dynamic model for new type oscillation looped heat pipe with double liquid slugs

In order to explain the oscillation heat transfer dynamics of closed loop oscillation heat pipe (CLOHP) with two liquid slugs,analysis on the forces and heat transfer process of the partial gas-liquid phase system involving multiple parameters was carried out,and a new type oscillation heat transfer dynamic model of the CLOHP was set up based on conservation laws of mass,momentum and energy.Application results indicate that its oscillation heat transfer dynamics features depend largely on the filling rate,pipe diameter and difference in temperature.Besides,oscillation intensity and transfer performance can be improved to a large extent by increasing the temperature difference properly and enlarging the pipe diameter within a certain range under a certain filling rate.

STRESS ANALYSIS OF FREEZING PIPES BY MODELLING

Using the simulation test facility designed on the basis of similitude principle,the authors of the paper carry out a series of simulation tests and study the influence of effective factors on the stress in the freezing pipes during both periods of active freezing and excavating-lining.They obtain preliminarily the regularity of stress variation and discuss the causes of freezing pipe fracture.

Centrifuge modeling of PGD response of buried pipe

A new centrifuge based method for determining the response of continuous buried pipe to PGD is presented. The physical characteristics of the RPI's 100 g-ton geotechnical centrifuge and the current lifeline experiment split-box are described: The split-box contains the model pipeline and surrounding soil and is manufactured such that half can be offset, in flight, simulating PGD. In addition, governing similitude relations which allow one to determine the physical characteristics, (diameter, wall thickness and material modulus of elasticity) of the model pipeline are presented. Finally, recorded strains induced in two buried pipes with prototype diameters of 0.63 m and 0.95 m (24 and 36 inch) subject to 0.6 and 2.0 meters (2 and 6 feet) of full scale fault offsets and presented and compared to corresponding FE results.

Two-Phase Flow Modeling in a Single Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes

Mathematical modeling of pulsating heat pipes through ‘first’ principles is a contemporary problem which remains quite elusive. Simplifications and assumptions made in all the modeling approaches developed so far render them unsuitable for engineering design. In this paper, a more realistic modeling scheme is presented which provides considerable try for thought toward the next progressive step. At high enough heat flux level, closed loop pulsating heat pipes experience a bulk internal unidirectional fluid circulation. Under such a condition, conventional two-phase flow modeling in capillary tubes may be applied. This has been attempted for single-loop PHPs. A homogeneous model and a separated two-fluid flow model based on simultaneous conservation of mass, momentum and energy, have been developed for an equivalent ‘open flow’ system. The model allows prediction of two-phase flow parameters in each sub-section of the device thereby providing important insights into its operation. The concept of ‘void fraction constraint’ in pulsating heat pipe operation is introduced and its relevance to future modeling attempts is outlined.

On the method of the automatic modeling in hydraulic pipe networks

In this paper the dynamic characteristics in pipes are analyzed with frequency method, and puts forward a simple and practical describing method. By establishing the model library beforehand, the modeling of the pipe net is completed automatically, and we can accurately calculate the impedance characteristics of the pipe network, achieve the reasonable configuration of the pipe network, so that to decrease the pressure pulsation.

Mechanism of local scour around submarine pipelines based on numerical simulation of turbulence model

The mechanism of local scour around submarine pipelines is studied numerically based on a renormalized group （RNG） turbulence model. To validate the numerical model, the equilibrium profiles of local scour for two cases are simulated and compared with the experimental data. It shows that the RNG turbulence model can give an appropriate prediction for the configuration of equilibrium scour hole, and it is applicable to this situation. The local scour mechanism around submarine pipelines including the flow structure, shear stress distribution and pressure field is then analyzed and compared with experiments. For further comparison and validation, especially for the flow structure, a numerical calculation employing the large eddy simulation （LES） is also conducted. The numerical results of RNG demonstrate that the critical factor governing the equilibrium profile is the seabed shear stress distribution in the case of bed load sediment transport, and the two-equation RNG turbulence model coupled with the law of wall is capable of giving a satisfying estimation for the bed shear stress. Moreover, the piping phenomena due to the great difference of pressure between the upstream and downstream parts of pipelines and the vortex structure around submarine pipelines are also simulated successfully, which are believed to be the important factor that lead to the onset of local scour.

Simulation of Average Turbulent Pipe Flow: A Three-Equation Model

The aim of this study is to evaluate a three-equation turbulence model applied to pipe flow. Uncertainty is approximated by comparing with published direct numerical simulation results for fully-developed average pipe flow. The model is based on the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Boussinesq hypothesis is invoked for determining the Reynolds stresses. Three local length scales are solved, based on which the eddy viscosity is calculated. There are two parameters in the model;one accounts for surface roughness and the other is possibly attributed to the fluid. Error in the mean axial velocity and Reynolds stress is found to be negligible.

Analyses and Modeling of Laminar Flow in Pipes Using Numerical Approach

This paper investigate some important works done on numerical analysis and modeling of laminar flow in pipes. This review is focused on some methods of approach and the analytical tools used in analyzing of the important parameters to be considered in laminar flow;such as frictional losses, heat transfer etc. in laminar flow in pipes of different shapes, and the importance of laminar flow in its areas of applications. Prominent researchers have approached this from different perspectives. Some carried out analysis on the pressure drop as a function of permeability, some worked on friction factor analysis, some discussed heat transfer effects of laminar flow in the entrance region, while some discussed its applications in various industries. Some of these works were done considering a given form of pipe configuration or shape which is circular pipes. Only a few, of the literature reviewed have related their considerations to different forms of pipes. Most consider pipes to be majorly circular in shape, but in industries today some circular pipes have become elliptical in shape due to long time usage of the pipes, which would have contributed to increase in some different forms of losses in the industries. In engineering, efficiency and effectiveness improvement is the major goal, if a research work has been done, considering the important parameters in laminar flow showing their effects on different forms of pipe configuration as a result of pipe deformation due to usage, huge amount of money will be saved. This will show clearly how the efficiency of a given circular pipe has seriously been affected due to deformation, and the level of loss this has resulted to.

Analytical dynamic model of elastic-plastic pipe-on-pipe impact

Abstract The dynamic response of pipe-on-pipe impact is described by an analytical model. The model considers the impact of a whipping pipe with one end hinged and the other end free on a simply-supported target pipe at its midpoint. Combining with the contact theory, the Laplace transformation, and the inverse Laplace transformation method, an analytical model based on the tubular beam theory is proposed to study the elastic-plastic behavior of a target pipe laterally impacted by a whipping pipe. Numerical simulations using the explicit finite element code MSC/DYTRAN are also performed. The results are coincident with the theoretical prediction.

鄱阳湖区某典型圩堤堤基管涌发展过程试验研究

堤基管涌是造成鄱阳湖区圩堤险情乃至溃决的最主要原因之一,从机理上研究并揭示鄱阳湖区圩堤堤基管涌的致灾机制,对于应对管涌险情、科学开展应急抢险具有重要意义。基于鄱阳湖区某圩堤典型堤基结构,采用堤基原型土和自行设计制作的模型槽开展管涌物理模型试验,完整模拟了原型多层复杂堤基管涌发生、发展及致溃的全过程。结合试验现象对管涌发生和发展过程中的水力条件、堤基破坏机理和土体颗粒侵蚀速度等展开分析。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖区圩堤堤基结构中管涌破坏集中于下伏砂层,在渗透压的作用下上覆弱透水层被渗流击穿,于砂层与上覆层的接触面形成管涌通道后加速土体颗粒的侵蚀,最终导致堤基溃决;鄱阳湖区某典型圩堤堤基中夹于黏土层中的壤土层无法起到强弱透水层间过渡层的作用,土体颗粒侵蚀规律与无壤土过渡层的堤基结构相类似,形成表面管涌出口和堤基开裂的土体颗粒累计侵蚀量增长速率均低于0.1 g/s;该圩堤发生管涌的堤基平均总体临界水平坡降约为0.1。