Collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation:A systematic progress review

Considering the high-quality requirements related to agricultural crop production,the collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation is an important issue in precision agriculture.The objective of this review is to give a comprehensive demonstration focusing on the subject of collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation,by using a set of comparative analysis and literature bibliometric maps,therefore the sprinkler drip irrigation quality considering actual influential factors could be determined and analyzed.This review establishes on a broad spectrum of agricultural drip irrigation performance,throughout its whole procedure of collaborative monitoring,irrigation scheduling,application efficiency,and environmental influence,covering such aspects as soil physicochemical quality,irrigation scheduling,water resource redistribution,crop productivity,tillage management,climate adaptation,and environmental monitoring,etc.This review indicates that,the irrigation efficiency and drip infiltration quality of soil field can be planned precisely and allocated reasonably by sprinkler drip irrigation,which has extraordinary infiltration capability and enables much better performance,than that of other ordinary irrigation approaches in accuracy,stability,regularity,and efficiency.Thereafter,the investigation on the collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation can be used to ensure the infiltration uniformity of moisture distribution,and then the high-quality requirements of practical irrigation performance can be met,too.This systematic review facilitates the productive soil-moisture-environment management for precision irrigation and agricultural production.

Irrigation and Thermal Buffering Using Mathematical Modeling

Two methods of irrigation,drip,and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation.The control study was dry unirrigated plots.Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes running through the green roof that would water the soil throughout and sprinkler irrigation used a sprinkler system to irrigate the green roof from above.In all cases,the irrigated roofs had increased the soil moisture,reduced temperatures of both the upper and lower surfaces,reduced growing medium temperatures and reduced air temperatures above the green roof relative to the unirrigated roof.The buffered temperature fluctuations were also studied via air conditioner energy consumption.There was a 28%reduction in air conditioner energy consumption and a 33%reduction in overall energy consumption between dry and irrigated plots.Values of thermal resistance or S were determined for accuracy and for this study,there was little change which is ideal.A series of infra-red and thermal probe measurements were used to determine temperatures in the air and sedum.It was determined that the sprinkler irrigation did a better job than the drip irrigation in keeping cooler temperatures within the green roof.A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to verify the variation in moisture temperatures buffering energy consumption.By getting a p-value<0.05,it indicates that the model is accurate for prediction and medium temperatures were statistically different.

Effects of different irrigation methods on micro-environments and root distribution in winter wheat fields

The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity（RH） within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation（BI）, sprinkler irrigation（SI）, and surface drip irrigation（SDI） had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.

Irrigation Water Demand Model as a Comparative Tool for Assessing Effects of Land Use Changes for Agricultural Crops in Fraser Valley, Canada

Available water for human needs and agriculture is a growing global concern. Agriculture uses approximately 70% of global freshwater, mainly for irrigation. The Lower Fraser Valley (LFV), British Columbia, is one of the most productive agricultural regions in Canada, supporting livestock production and a wide variety of crops. Water scarcity is a growing concern that threatens the long-term productivity, sustainability, and economic viability of the LFV’s agriculture. We used the BC Agriculture Water Demand Model as a tool to determine how crop choice, irrigation system, and land-use changes can affect predicted water requirements under these different conditions, which can aid stakeholders to formulate better management decisions. We conducted a comparative assessment of the irrigation water demand of seven major commercial crops, by distinct soil management groups, at nineteen representative sites, that use both sprinkler vs drip irrigation. Drip irrigation was consistently more water-efficient than sprinkler irrigation for all crops. Of the major commercial crops assessed, raspberries were the most efficient in irrigation water demand, while forage and pasture had the highest calculated irrigation water demand. Significant reductions in total irrigation water demand (up to 57%) can be made by switching irrigation systems and/or crops. This assessment can aid LFV growers in their land-use choices and could contribute to the selection of water management decisions and agricultural policies.

农田灌溉节水技术滴灌、喷灌与微喷灌的效果对比分析

农田灌溉节水技术是提高水资源利用效率、保障全球粮食安全的有效手段。该文对滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌技术进行综合分析,评价其节水效果、生产效益、经济效益和环境效益。研究结果表明,滴灌技术在节水方面具有显著优势,喷灌技术在生产效益方面表现突出,而微喷灌技术则具有一定的经济效益和环境效益。因此,在实际应用中,需要根据当地水资源状况、作物类型及生产需求等因素,合理选择和搭配灌溉技术,以实现可持续发展。

鸿业市政管线软件在滴灌工程设计中的应用

鸿业市政管线软件主要用于给水管网平差、雨水计算、污水计算等。结合自身供水管网设计方面的经验,首次提出将鸿业市政管线软件应用于滴灌工程设计中。在对比分析两者相同点与不同点后,结合滴灌工程特性,以华北平原某高标准农田为例,构建了控制性轮灌组的管网计算模型,经过管网平差计算,结果表明:水源点计算流量为111.041 L/s,水源点计算压力为29.637 m,管道计算流速相对合理,基本位于经济流速范围,计算流量、水压可用于水泵的选型。此外,通过鸿业市政软件的节点编号及管线长度提取功能,借助Excel的SUMIF及VLOOKUP等函数可以较为便捷地获得管道工程量,较大幅度提高滴灌设计效率。

西北旱区灌溉方式对苜蓿生长及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨不同灌溉方式对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生长、水分利用效率及产量的影响,通过田间试验研究了地下滴灌(SDI)、畦灌(BI)、喷灌(SI)和不灌溉处理(CK)4种灌溉方式下苜蓿生长的变化。结果表明:各处理间,SDI的土壤含水率在试验期间最高,且SDI的苜蓿株高、分枝数、单株叶面积及单株干重均显著高于BI,SI和CK;SDI两茬的产量分别为4815.87和4300.41kg·hm-2,与BI,SI和CK相比,第2茬分别提高了10.56%,14.92%和95.26%,第3茬分别提高了13.64%,23.60%和120.85%,均达到显著水平(P<0.05);SDI两茬的水分利用效率分别为2.66和2.50kg·m-3,较BI和SI处理,第2茬分别提高了17.70%和21.46%,第3茬提高了20.77%和34.41%,均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。因此,从苜蓿生长、产量及水分利用效率角度考虑,地下滴灌是西北旱区最为适宜的灌溉方式。

极端干旱地区滴灌条件下葡萄生长发育特征

不同滴灌布设方式下,土壤含水率不尽相同,作物的长势和产量也因此受到影响。为探究滴灌管道布置方式和系统技术参数对葡萄植株生长发育特性和产量的影响,并优选出适合吐哈盆地的葡萄滴灌技术参数,该文对不同滴灌技术下土壤含水率以及成熟期葡萄植株生理指标进行观测和分析,结果表明:地面滴灌3管布置、滴头流量2.7L/h、滴头间距30cm的处理达到了最优效果,该处理下的土壤含水率、葡萄水分生理指标和产量均处于较高水平。

沼液施用方式对两种叶菜品质及栽培环境的影响

为使沼液和现代灌溉装置相结合应用于温室叶菜栽培,以生菜和小白菜为试验材料,研究了滴灌、喷灌2种施肥方式与4种沼液施用浓度对叶菜品质、产量及栽培环境的影响。结果表明,滴灌和喷灌沼液比例均以V(沼液)∶V(水)=1∶4效果最佳。可以提高生菜和小白菜的产量、品质以及改善栽培基质的环境。滴灌条件下,小白菜和生菜的Vc的含量分别比对照增加了25.23%、40.00%,硝酸盐含量分别为238、122 mg·kg-1,显著低于对照处理;喷灌条件下,小白菜和生菜的Vc含量也分别比对照增加了18.98%、29.41%,硝酸盐含量也显著降低;并且两种叶菜叶片中重金属的含量均低于农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求(GB 18406.1—2001)的标准。沼液作为营养来源没有造成基质中养分富集和重金属的积累,滴灌和喷灌沼液两种施肥方法的叶菜收获后基质的pH值和EC值都显著降低,重金属的含量低于土壤安全生产要求(GB 15618—1995)的标准。

不同灌溉方式在菠萝上的效应及成本分析

根据对菠萝主产区的扎根调查,发现菠萝种植基本不浇水,生长全靠天降雨这一现象,对菠萝产量和肥料利用效率的提高有一定阻碍作用。希望通过阐述水分对菠萝生长、产量和品质的重要性,提高生产上的灌溉意识。同时,根据实践和学习,着重分析几种常见灌溉方式的优缺点、设施成本以及应用效果,为菠萝灌溉方式的选择提供参考建议。结果表明:①灌溉对于菠萝产量和品质均有促进作用;②滴灌投入成本较高,但能实现水肥一体和自动化管理;③喷水带价格低廉,但需水压较大,不适合大面积菠萝种植使用。因此菠萝大面积种植可以选择滴灌,小面积可以选择喷水带灌溉。

不同灌溉方式下玉米节水增产效果试验研究

在降雨、灌溉水量和前期土壤特性一定的情况下,对玉米在喷灌、滴灌、渗灌3种灌溉方式下的土壤水分变化特性和玉米生育特性进行了试验研究,分析了各种灌溉方式下玉米的生长特性和玉米地土壤水分的变化规律。试验结果表明:渗灌的节水增产效果最好,产量比滴灌增加1.3%,水分生产率由2.64 kg/m3提高到2.68 kg/m3;比喷灌增加6.3%,水分生产率由2.52 kg/m3提高到2.68 kg/m3。

不同微灌方式对成龄库尔勒香梨生长及耗水规律的影响

采用3种微灌方式:地表滴灌、地下滴灌与微喷灌,以传统的漫灌为对照,利用负压计和石膏块监测果树根区土壤水势,观测不同生育阶段果树的生长指标,用水量平衡法计算梨树不同生育期的日均耗水量、作物系数与蒸发皿系数。研究结果表明,充分灌溉条件下,地表滴灌、地下滴灌与微喷灌生育期内的灌水量较漫灌分别减少了63.91%、68.4%、57.59%,均对枝条的生长具有一定的抑制作用,果实品质均得到一定程度的改善。与现行的传统漫灌相比,地表滴灌、地下滴灌与微喷灌都能大幅度节水,并提高成龄库尔勒香梨果实品质,各种微灌方式对库尔勒成龄生长和耗水规律的影响没有明显差异。

现代灌溉水肥调控原理与技术研究进展

我国一般年份农业缺水约300亿m3,农业水肥利用率主要指标相当于国际先进水平的60%~70%,农业缺水和面源污染问题日益突出,严重影响国家粮食安全和生态安全。本文综述了创新团队在现代灌溉水肥调控原理、技术与模式等方面所开展的研究工作进展。通过多年的研究,发展了现代灌溉施肥变量调控理论方法,提出了精量滴灌水肥高效调控技术、变量喷灌水肥高效调控技术、精细地面灌溉水肥高效调控技术等关键技术,构建了东北粮食主产区覆膜滴灌水肥精量调控技术模式、华北地下水超采区灌溉水肥高效调控技术模式和西北干旱区滴灌水肥盐协同调控技术模式,节水、增产和节肥效益十分显著。

微喷灌结合滴灌对温室高温环境和作物生长生理特性的影响

微喷灌结合滴灌是指在作物根区滴灌的基础上对作物冠层进行微喷灌来改善作物生长环境的一种灌水方式。为了探明微喷灌结合滴灌(micro-sprinkler irrigation combined with drip irrigation,MSDI)和地表滴灌(surface drip irrigation,SDI)2种灌水方式下温室高温环境及作物生长生理特性的差异及响应规律,该研究以黄瓜为试验对象,于2017年2-6月开展了2种灌水方式下温室环境及黄瓜生长生理特性的观测试验。结果表明:在改变温室环境方面,MSDI灌水方式较SDI可增加温室内相对湿度,降低气温,同时降低叶片温度约4℃;在作物生长生理特性方面,采用MSDI可增加黄瓜株高与茎粗,降低作物茎流速率,促进黄瓜生长;2种灌水方式下黄瓜最大光合效率几乎一致,分别为0.74和0.77,但日平均实际光合效率差异明显,分别为0.57和0.47,MSDI灌水方式下黄瓜叶片日平均气孔导度和光合速率比SDI方式分别高182.8%和92.4%。该研究成果对于合理调控温室高温环境、提高温室作物产量具有重要的指导意义。

不同灌溉方式对紫花苜蓿产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响

通过监测不同灌溉方式灌溉后水分的运动变化规律,调查不同土层中紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)根系的分布特征。结果表明:地下滴灌的水分主要集中于10~35 cm的土层,喷灌集中分布于10~40 cm的土层,漫灌水分可以渗透至60 cm以下。地下滴灌、喷灌和漫灌处理的苜蓿干草产量依次为21030,19035和17295 kg·hm^(-2);在0~30 cm土层中的根量为总根量分别为87.86%,85.72%和80.96%。地下滴灌、喷灌和漫灌处理灌溉水利用效率分别为33.0,23.3和13.3 kg·mm^(-1)·hm^(-2)。与漫灌相比,地下滴灌和喷灌的节水率分别达到了50.8%和37.5%。

轻小型喷滴灌两用机组管路的优化配置及性能试验

为解决现有机组配置不尽合理、能耗高的问题，设计研发一种轻小型喷滴灌两用机组，可实现喷灌和滴灌2种灌水方式。机组采用喷滴灌双工况泵50ZB．25C，配置灌水器为双喷嘴摇臂式喷头15PY2及额定流量为2．7L／h的内镶式滴灌管。采用理论计算与试验验证相结合的方法，对机组运行参数及田间水量分布特性进行了分析。在理论分析中，应用遗传算法，以低能耗、高效率为目标进行管路的优化配置并计算机组运行参数，确定机组配置7个15PY2喷头及34条滴灌管时为最佳配置，与单一（额定）工况相比，能耗降低9．4％。在最佳配置下进行室外试验，结果表明，机组运行参数试验值与理论计算值相吻合，相对误差仅为1．08％-2．40％，主要受风速及地形坡度影响。机组喷灌均匀系数可达80．0％，滴灌均匀系数达93．6％，均高于国家标准，机组性能优越。

低压管道输水小畦灌的优势与发展前景

论述了优化地面灌溉在我国农业节水中的重要性 ,结合在禹城地区进行的小畦灌研究工作 ,浅析了小畦灌的优势与应用前景 ,提出了小畦灌发展的思路、存在问题与解决途径。小畦灌的应用历史已久 ,也有较好的群众基础 ,但理论研究、产品研发、技术推广工作方兴未艾。农业节水主要靠优化地面灌溉 ;小畦灌应该是由低压管道输水管网、移动快捷控制简单的地面分水系统、机械化平地技术组成的精细地面灌溉技术。

灌溉方式和播期对玉米水分动态与水分利用效率的影响

为明确不同灌溉方式、不同播期下产量与水分利用效率和耗水量的关系,通过设置滴灌、喷灌、漫灌3种灌水处理和3期分期播种的对比试验,在浇底水前、播种、收获和每旬未每区用土钻法取1 m深土样,用烘干称重法测定土壤含水率,用对比分析的方法研究同一品种在滴灌、喷灌、漫溉条件下和不同播期玉米需水耗水规律。结果表明,滴灌的土壤水分分布及变化对玉米生长最有利,喷灌次之,漫灌最差。滴灌实产最高,耗水量最小,水分利用效率最高,产量次高耗水最少的第三期玉米用水效率最高。滴灌在保证玉米需水的前提下储水能力最强,是干旱缺水地区的高效灌水方式。晚播、晚熟玉米品种有更好、更大的生产潜力和可推广性,就水热匹配来看晚播、晚熟玉米品种也是提高水分利用效率的一种途径。滴灌平均实产较喷灌增加1.69%,较漫灌增加6.53%,耗水量较喷灌减少2.9%,较漫灌减少16.1%,水分利用效率较喷灌增大4.7%,较漫灌增大26.9%,第三期平均实产较第一期增加2.76%,较第二期减少2.81%,耗水量较第一期减少18.2%,较第二期减少18.3%,水分利用效率较第一期增大25.6%,较第二期增大19%。

喷滴灌两用轻小型机组设计及能耗分析

为丰富我国灌溉机组的灌溉模式,针对喷、滴灌系统各自的优缺点,在此基础上设计了喷滴灌两用机组的初步构成型式。该系统首部与管道的连接采用快速拆装结构,可根据不同作物或不同地形的需求自如地进行喷、滴灌两种灌溉方式的转换,并可实现两种运行工况。最后采用优化算法并进行优化配置,对该机组的能耗进行了分析,当机组在两个工况下运行时,与单一(额定)工况相比,能耗降低了17.9%。与常规单一灌溉机组相比,该系统可实现灌区的轮作及倒茬,减少土壤盐渍化,起到保护土壤的作用。同时,该灌溉机组拓展了轻小机组适应功能,有利于提高我国的农业装备技术水平,是一种值得推广的灌溉模式。

滴灌和微喷对核桃耗水量、产量及坚果品质的影响

通过大田试验,采用相同的灌溉制度,研究了滴灌和微喷两种灌溉方式对成龄核桃树耗水量、产量及坚果品质的影响。试验结果表明:①滴灌条件下核桃树在萌芽及开花期、果实膨大期、硬核期及成熟期的平均日耗水强度分别为2.9 mm、3.97 mm5、.55 mm及3.39 mm,微喷核桃树的耗水规律与滴灌略有不同,果实膨大期及成熟期稍大;两者的累积耗水量相同。②滴灌的平均水分利用效率比微喷高,滴灌的产量比微喷高15%。③两种灌溉方式下,滴灌核桃蛋白质含量、出仁率均较微喷高,其他指标无明显差异。