Quantification of total phenol,flavonoid content and pharmacognostical evaluation including HPTLC fingerprinting for the standardization of Piper nigrum Linn fruits

Objective:To carry out the physicochemical and phytochemical standardization with high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting of Piper nigrum L.(P.nigrum)fruits in order to ascertain the standard pharmacognostical parameters of this king of spices.Methods:Many standardization parameters like extractive values,total ash value,water soluble ash value and acid insoluble ash,moisture content,loss on drying and pH values of P.nigrum L.fruits were analyzed.The method of Harborne was adopted for the preliminary phytochemicals screening.Analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid contents,pesticides residues,aflatoxin and heavy metals were also performed.CAMAG-high performance thin layer chromatography system was used for fingerprinting of methanolic extract of P.nigrum L.fruits.Results:The results of phytochemicals testing indicated the presence of carbohydrates,phenolic compounds,flavonoids,alkaloids,proteins,saponins,lipids,sterols and tannins in various solvent extracts.Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanolic extract were found to be 1.728 1 mg/g and 1.087 ug/g,respectively.Heavy metals concentrations were found to be within standard limits.Aflatoxins and pesticides residues were absent.Conclusions:The outcome of this study might prove beneficial in herbal industries for identification,purification and standardization of P.nigrum L.fruits.

Protective effect of Solanum Nigrum Linn green fruit ethanolic extract on alcoholic liver injury in mice

Alcoholic liver injury is a liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption,which can lead to chronic liver disease death.Solanum Nigrum Linn taste bitter,cold,has the effect of clearing heat and detoxification,promoting blood and detumescence.Solanum Nigrum Linn fruit contains a variety of antioxidant enzymes,can remove the body produced by aerobic metabolism harmful substances.In this paper,a model of alcohol-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice was established to evaluate the protective effect of Solanum Nigrum Linn green fruit(SNGF)ethanolic extract on alcohol-induced liver injury.H&E staining and oil red O(ORO)staining showed that hepatic lobules were clearly demarcated,vacuoles were significantly reduced and lipid droplets were reduced in SNGF ethanolic extract treatment group.Serum levels of TC,TG,LDH,TBA,AKP,ALT and AST were decreased in the SNGF ethanolic extract treatment group,and SNGF ethanolic extract could clear reactive oxygen species(ROS)in time.MDA content was signifi cantly decreased after SNGF ethanolic extract treatment,while superoxide dismutase(SOD)and GSH-Px contents were increased after SNGF ethanolic extract treatment.These results suggest that SNGF ethanolic extract has a protective effect on alcohol-induced liver injury.

Evaluation of Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents of Fresh and Dried Pepper (Piper nigrum) from the Ivory Coast

The growing interest in the potential biological activity of polyphenols and flavonoids has highlighted necessity to assess their content in fresh and dried pepper from Ivory Coast. The total polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the total flavonoid content was also measured spectrophotometrically using the aluminum chloride colorimetric test. The results obtained indicate the total polyphenol levels of fresh and dried peppers are higher in the samples collected in Danane (0.8 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100g) and in Azaguie (0.4 ± 0.08 mg GAE/100g). The lowest concentrations were obtained with fresh and dried pepper samples collected in N’douci (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g) and in PK 103 (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g). The highest content of total flavonoids was revealed in the locality of PK 103 (1.85 ± 0.62 mg EC/100g) followed by the locality of Maféré (1.37 ± 0.25 mg EC/100g) respectively for black pepper and green pepper. Then, the lowest flavonoid contents were obtained in the dried pepper of Lopou (0.57 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g) and the fresh pepper of PK 103 (0.47 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g). The results obtained highlight the importance of these black spices as promising sources of phenolic compounds and could be used in pharmaceutical treatments and in food.

Potentials of Two Nigerian Spices—<i>Piper nigrum</i>and <i>Monodora myristica</i>as Sources for Cheap Natural Antioxidants

Two commonly consumed spices in Nigeria—Piper nigrum (leaf and seed) and Monodora myristica (seed) were evaluated for natural antioxidant potentials in complementary in vitro assay systems. Extracts of the tested plant parts contained low amounts of antioxidant compounds: 4.00 - 6.65 μg GAE/mg and 2.50 - 10.38 μg RE/mg for phenols and flavonoids respectively. The extracts scavenged DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in the range of 4.32% - 37.37% (inferior to ascorbic acid and gallic acid used as standards) and 6.43% - 17.10% respectively. In the reducing power and phosphomolybdenum assays, the extracts showed ability to reduce Fe (III) and Mo (VI) ions to their lower valence states of Fe (II) and Mo (V) respectively, although these activities were inferior to those of the standards used. Comparatively, Monodora myristica seed extract was superior to Piper nigrum leaf and seed extracts in antioxidant potential, but all the extracts generally showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. Evidently, the studied spice plants are not without some natural antioxidant capacity and would contribute appreciably in combating free radical damages when consumed.

Antileishmanial Potential of <i>Piper</i><i>nigrum</i>Seed Extracts against <i>Leishmania</i><i>donovani</i>

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a pestilent form of leishmaniasis that chiefly impinges the poorest sections of the society. The prototypical therapeutic interventions in vogue are handicapped due to toxicity and alarming increase in drug resistance. In the absence of vaccines, progressive emergence of HIV-VL co-infection and relapse in the form of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, have fuelled the quest for alternative therapies. Herein, we report antileishmanial activity of Piper nigrum, which is endowed with multifarous medicinal properties. Hexane (PNH) and ethanolic (PNE) extracts of P. nigrum substantially inhibited the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 31.6 and 37.8 μg&#183ml-1, respectively. Growth reversibility analysis revealed the leishmanicidal effect of PNH which caused cell shrinkage and flagellar disruption. In contrast, PNE treated promastigotes showed partial effect. PNH and PNE also abrogated the growth of intra-macrophagic Leishmania amastigotes with IC50 of 14.6 and 18.3 μg&#183ml-1, respectively. Anti-amastigote efficacy of PNH was accompanied by higher selectivity over host macrophages than PNE. Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry showed the presence of several secondary metabolites such as trans-β-caryophyllene, piperine, β-bisabolene and other sesquiterpenes in PNH and piperine, δ-(sup 9)-cis oleic acid and piperyline in PNE. Conclusively, our work revealed discernible antileishmanial activity of P. nigrum extracts.

Isolation of Bulk Amount of Piperine as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) from Black Pepper and White Pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i>L.)

In the pharmaceutical world the majority of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) have been obtained from the natural products. Piperine is such naturally occurring alkaloid which can be considered as major bioactive phytochemical having broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. It is obtained from the most valuable ethnomedicinal spices peppercorns i.e. black pepper and white pepper, which are the fruits of the Asian vine Piper nigrum L. Because of the widespread traditional uses of this medicinal compound, present article reveals a simple and effective isolation method of bulk piperine. The novelty of this investigation is to provide an idea for utilizing such natural method of large scale commercial piperine production as API drug in spite of chemical synthesis. Piperine was isolated in a pure crystal form and characterized by its melting point, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) studies and spectral data, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy. Chromatographic techniques like Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were applied to determine the purity of the yielded piperine. It was found that piperine yield from black pepper was within 2.5% - 3.0% and from white pepper within 4.0% - 4.5% and the purity of the yielded piperine was found to be up to 98.5% for black pepper and 98.2% for white pepper. Considering this yield value and purity it is indicated that, such effective isolation method can be successfully utilized for industrial large-scale production commercially. According to the result, it can be claimed that, as a natural product the isolated piperine can also be utilized as API drug like other expensive chemically synthesized piperine in different drug formulation.

Progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Piper nigrum L.

Piper nigrum L.,belonging to Piper genus of the Piperaceae family,is a medicinal and edible plant.Studies have shown that there are many chemical constituents in this plant,including alkaloids,lignans,steroids and other compounds.In addition,some chemical components of P.nigrum have potential values to treat cancer,inflammation and other diseases.Research progress on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of P.nigrum was reviewed in this study to better explore its potential medicinal value.

Network pharmacology-based virtual screening of active alkaloid ingredients from Piper nigrum L.and the potential targets against Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a common neurodegenerative disease.Despite a great deal of research on this disease,there is still no definitive treatment plan.Literature investigations have shown that Piper nigrum L.has a protective effect on the nerve center.Therefore,network pharmacology was used in this study to investigate the therapeutic potential of P.nigrum for PD.As a result,six active alkaloid ingredients and four potential targets were obtained.This study laid the foundation for finding the lead compounds from P.nigrum to treat PD.

Overview of chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Piper longum Linn.

Piper longum Linn. is a native of the Indo-Malaya region, belongs to the family Piperaceae. It is a slender aromatic climber widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. As a traditional ethnic drug, P. longum contains various chemical constituents such as alkaloids, volatile oil and lignans. The extract of P. longum has been reported to show various activities like antitumor, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. Hence, this paper is presented as a review centered on the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of P. longum, aiming at its further development and potential value.

Network pharmacology-based prediction and verification of the molecular targets and pathways for Piper longum Linn,against liver cancer

Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor,which is one of the most common causes of cancer related deaths worldwide,specially,in China.Piper longum Linn,is a traditional Chinese medicine that is used to treat and prevent diseases in clinical practice,however,the active ingredients and potential targets of its action against liver cancer remain unclear.In this study,network pharmacology approach was used to identify active ingredients and the major targets of Piper longum against liver cancer.In addition,the key pathways were also predicted on the network pharmacology level,which might be beneficial to the chemical basis and pharmacological studies of this plant.

基于标准汤剂的鲜龙葵果配方颗粒质量标准研究

目的基于标准汤剂的质量评价方法,建立鲜龙葵果配方颗粒的质量标准。方法制备并计算10批鲜龙葵果标准汤剂及3批配方颗粒的出膏率;以鲜龙葵果药材为对照,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)鉴别鲜龙葵果配方颗粒的专属性;采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定鲜龙葵果配方颗粒中澳洲茄碱、澳洲茄边碱的含量,并建立鲜龙葵果配方颗粒的特征图谱,确定4个特征峰及其相对保留时间的规定范围。结果标准汤剂出膏率为(18.21±1.87)%,确定的配方颗粒的出膏率范围为12.75%~23.67%,3批配方颗粒的出膏率分别为15.90%、21.26%、18.01%。标准汤剂中澳洲茄碱含量为(24.54±1.24)mg·g^(-1),澳洲茄边碱的含量为(31.34±1.65)mg·g^(-1);3批配方颗粒中澳洲茄碱含量分别为19.3 mg·g^(-1)、18.5 mg·g^(-1)、20.4 mg·g^(-1);澳洲茄边碱含量分别为23.9 mg·g^(-1)、22.9 mg·g^(-1)、25.8 mg·g^(-1)。识别出4个共有特征峰,以澳洲茄碱为参照物峰,其余3个峰的相对保留时间规定值分别为1.13、1.70、1.85。结论本研究证明鲜龙葵果配方颗粒与标准汤剂具有质量一致性,为制定配方颗粒的质量标准提供了数据支持。

胡椒和肉桂挥发性组成分析及对普通大蓟马的驱避作用

豇豆农药残留问题非常严峻,对豇豆上普通大蓟马的化学防治是造成豇豆农残超标的主要原因,开展普通大蓟马的绿色防治迫在眉睫。利用植物挥发物驱避害虫是一种重要的害虫绿色防控手段。本研究利用GC-MS分析了胡椒和肉桂的挥发性化合物组成,并利用“Y”形嗅觉仪测定了胡椒和肉桂及5种主要挥发物对普通大蓟马的驱避作用。结果表明,在胡椒中鉴定出27种挥发性成分,主要成分为β-石竹烯,含量占43.1%;在肉桂中鉴定出21种挥发性成分,主要成分为肉桂醛(28.4%)、α-可巴烯(15.4%)、α-依兰油烯(14.1%)、γ-杜松烯(14.9%)。行为反应测定结果表明胡椒和肉桂对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用;β-石竹烯、肉桂醛、α-可巴烯浓度为10%和1%时对普通大蓟马具有极显著的驱避作用,10%的α-依兰油烯和10%的γ-杜松烯对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用。本研究对豇豆普通大蓟马绿色防控技术研发和驱避剂的开发具有一定指导意义。

胡椒幼苗响应土壤高温胁迫的生理机制

以胡椒主栽品种热引1号实生苗为试验材料,设置了25、30、35、40、45℃五个土壤温度梯度,研究土壤高温胁迫对胡椒幼苗生长的影响,并探明其响应机制。结果表明:随着土壤温度升高,胡椒幼苗生长受到胁迫的程度逐步增加,且地下部生长受胁迫影响更为明显。与对照处理(25℃)相比,地上部生物量指标在40℃及以上处理时显著下降,而根系总根长、根系数目、根表面积等指标在45℃土壤温度显著降低。叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等在土壤温度达到35℃后,随土壤温度增加而显著降低,并在45℃时达到最低;尽管根系中丙二醛含量(MDA)随着土壤温度增加显著增加,但在35℃时,MDA含量大幅增加,表明该土壤温度胁迫对根系伤害较大,造成根系细胞中过氧化物大量生成并累积。过氧化物酶(POD)活性随着土壤温度增加而增加,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超歧氧化物酶(SOD)变化并不一致,暗示随着胁迫程度加大,不同阶段应对胁迫的酶活类型及其活性存在不同,共同作用下对植株起到了较好的保护作用。由于土壤高温胁迫,胡椒幼苗植株养分含量也受到影响,其中土壤温度较高时植株氮、钾养分含量较高,而磷含量较低,表明土壤高温胁迫对胡椒幼苗磷吸收影响较大。因此在实际生产中,应根据田间土壤温度情况,采取适当措施降低土壤温度,营造良好的胡椒根系生长环境,以促进植株生长。

经典名方中龙葵的本草考证

通过收集整理本草古籍和现代文献,考证经典名方中龙葵的名称、基原、产地、品质、炮制、性味、功效。经考证,历代主流均以“龙葵”为正名,尚有多个别名,多源于其形态和性味功效。龙葵的正品基原应为今茄科(Solanaceae)茄属(Solanum)龙葵(Solanum nigrum),其全国均有产,常在夏秋采收,品质以茎叶色绿、带果者为佳。古代炮制多为阴干或使用鲜品,与现代较为一致,但近现代多加以切段。古今龙葵常以生品入药。古代多认为其味苦性寒且无毒,而1977年版《中国药典》载其性味苦、微甘,寒,有小毒,用于治疗疮疖肿痛、肿瘤等。古代含龙葵的方剂龙葵膏、龙葵根散、龙葵散主要用于疮疡,而人参散用于吐血;现代含龙葵的方剂白英清喉汤、软坚解毒汤、泄肺逐饮汤、山甲龙葵汤、祛瘀散结汤、龙葵苡仁汤均用于各种癌症。

超声波-盐析辅助蒸馏提取黑胡椒精油方法优化及活性分析

采用超声波-盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取黑胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)精油,利用响应面法确定了最佳的液料比、超声时间、NaCl浓度等提取参数。结果表明,超声波辅助蒸馏法提取黑胡椒精油的最佳条件参数为液料比17∶1、超声时间13 min、NaCl浓度2.4%。在此条件下黑胡椒精油的得率为1.79%。对使用此方法获得的黑胡椒精油进行了抗氧化和抑菌活性检测,结果表明提取物具有一定的抗氧化能力,且对ABTS的清除能力远强于对DPPH的清除能力。同时,提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和青枯假单胞菌均具有较强的生长抑制功能。

卡瓦胡椒及胡椒的RAPD聚类分析

目的:通过RAPD分析搞清楚卡瓦胡椒与胡椒及胡椒属其它近缘野生种的亲缘关系.方法和结果:采用随机引物80条进行筛选,用从80条随机引物中入选的20条引物,对卡瓦胡椒和胡椒属共计28份材料进行RAPD扩增,均能产生清晰的扩增谱带.重复1～2次,结果稳定可靠.20个引物共扩增出170个条带,其中多态性条带有20条,占总扩增条带数的12%.RAPD分析结果显示在相似系数0.36处对28份种质可划分为6个类型,其中卡瓦胡椒被单独聚为一类,说明卡瓦胡椒与胡椒及其它近缘野生种的亲缘关系有一定的距离.

高速逆流色谱分离制备胡椒中的胡椒碱(英文)

利用高速逆流色谱从胡椒粗提物中分离制备其主要成分胡椒碱,两相溶剂系统为石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(体积比1∶0.8∶1∶0.8),上相为固定相,下相为流动相。从300g的粗提物中经过一次分离得到纯度为99.1%的胡椒碱65.2mg,其化学结构由EI-MS、1HNMR和13CNMR鉴定。

海南胡椒蔓提取物活性测试及化学成分分离鉴定

胡椒全株富含生物活性成分,胡椒蔓是其修枝整形后的废弃物,产量巨大,具备较大的开发利用潜力。本文研究比较了胡椒蔓和胡椒根的抗炎、抗氧化活性,结果表明,石油醚和水相提取物活性相对较差,而胡椒蔓乙酸乙酯提取物抗炎抗氧化活性最强,效果与胡椒根相当,具备进一步开发利用的潜力。进一步利用硅胶柱层析、凝胶层析、制备色谱等多种分离手段,得到8个化合物,通过核磁共振、质谱等手段进行鉴定,明确了其结构,包括黄酮类、甾醇类、生物碱、木质素和酸酯类等多种化合物。本研究为胡椒蔓抗炎、抗氧化活性提供了重要的化学基础,也为胡椒废弃物高值化利用提供了有效的途径和理论依据。

海南胡椒中黄瓜花叶病毒分离物的分子鉴定

通过间接酶联免疫法,从海南罹病胡椒植株中检测到黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)。从病叶中提取总RNA,用巢式RT-PCR方法扩增获得657 bp的CMV CP基因片段,并与pMD18-T载体连接和转入大肠杆菌克隆,然后进行测序。序列分析结果表明,该分离物与CMV亚组Ⅰ、亚组Ⅱ之间的核苷酸序列同源性分别为92.54%～99.09%和76.97%～77.42%,推导氨基酸序列同源性分别为98.17%～100%和81.74%～82.65%。该分离物CP基因与印度胡椒分离物同源性相对较低,应属不同株系。

中国胡椒研究综述

胡椒自1947年引入中国,主要种植在海南、广东、云南、广西等省(区),随着胡椒生产的发展,对胡椒的研究也在不断深入。笔者从种质资源、繁殖技术、生理特性、根际微生物特性、耕作栽培、病虫害防治、产品加工、产品的综合利用和产业战略等方面对中国胡椒自引种以来的研究概况进行了综述,提出中国胡椒今后研究的方向,为从事胡椒科研、生产工作者提供参考。