Stratigraphy of the MSGBC Basin in the Western Part of Thies by Pixelation and Website Simulation (Senegal, West Africa)

During this research work we developed another approach to digital mapping using the pixelation technic. This unprecedented digital mapping of the basin MSGBC in Senegal required the compilation of numerous geological data consisting of seismic lines and oil and hydraulic log reports. These spatial reference data include geological information from the surface to the top of the Campanian. The mapped terrains are composed of the Post-Paleocene Complex (PPC), the Paleocene, the Maastrichtian, and the Campanian. The nearest neighbor method has been used to establish the spatial distribution of the different geological formations. Histograms of values were used to determine the confidence intervals of the mapping. They were used to locate areas of low relative error and to apply the 3D digital mapping technique. For instance, Diender Guedj has been mapped at 1:25,000. The result of this mapping is extracted and processed using the DBMS (MySQL) software. The latter allowed both to determine Paleocene gab and update data. And then the database is processed. The programming languages PHP and Javascript have been used to simulate a website.

Double quantum images encryption scheme based on chaotic system

This paper explores a double quantum images representation(DNEQR)model that allows for simultaneous storage of two digital images in a quantum superposition state.Additionally,a new type of two-dimensional hyperchaotic system based on sine and logistic maps is investigated,offering a wider parameter space and better chaotic behavior compared to the sine and logistic maps.Based on the DNEQR model and the hyperchaotic system,a double quantum images encryption algorithm is proposed.Firstly,two classical plaintext images are transformed into quantum states using the DNEQR model.Then,the proposed hyperchaotic system is employed to iteratively generate pseudo-random sequences.These chaotic sequences are utilized to perform pixel value and position operations on the quantum image,resulting in changes to both pixel values and positions.Finally,the ciphertext image can be obtained by qubit-level diffusion using two XOR operations between the position-permutated image and the pseudo-random sequences.The corresponding quantum circuits are also given.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme ensures the security of the images during transmission,improves the encryption efficiency,and enhances anti-interference and anti-attack capabilities.

Effect of multiple coulomb scattering on the beam tests of silicon pixel detectors

In the research and development of new silicon pixel detectors,a collimated monoenergetic charged-particle test beam equipped with a high-resolution pixel-beam telescope is crucial for prototype verification and performance evaluation.When the beam energy is low,the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering on the measured resolution of the Device Under Test(DUT)must be considered to accurately evaluate the performance of the pixel chips and detectors.This study aimed to investigate the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering on the measured resolution,particularly at low beam energies.Simulations were conducted using Allpix^(2) to study the effects of multiple Coulomb scattering under different beam energies,material budgets,and telescope layouts.The simulations also provided the minimum energy at which the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering could be ignored.Compared with the results of a five-layer detector system tested with an electron beam at DESY,the simulation results were consistent with the beam test results,confirming the reliability of the simulations.

Hi'CT:a pixel sensor-based device for ion tomography

Carbon ions,commonly referred to as particle therapy,have become increasingly popular in the last decade.Accurately predicting the range of ions in tissues is important for the precise delivery of doses in heavy-ion radiotherapy.Range uncertainty is currently the largest contributor to dose uncertainty in normal tissues,leading to the use of safety margins in treatment planning.One potential method is the direct relative stopping measurement(RSP)with ions.Heavy-ion CT(Hi′CT),a compact segmented full digital tomography detector using monolithic active pixel sensors,was designed and evaluated using a 430 MeV/u high-energy carbon ion pencil beam in Geant4.The precise position of the individual carbon ion track can be recorded and reconstructed using a 30μm×30μm small pixel pitch size.Two types of customized image reconstruction algorithms were developed,and their performances were evaluated using three different modules of CAT-PHAN 600-series phantoms.The RSP measurement accuracy of the tracking algorithm for different types of materials in the CTP404 module was less than 1%.In terms of spatial resolution,the tracking algorithm could achieve a 20%modulation transfer function normalization value of CTP528 imaging results at 5 lp/cm,which is significantly better than that of the fast imaging algorithm(3 lp/cm).The density resolution obtained using the tracking algorithm of the customized CTP515 was approximately 10.5%.In conclusion,a compact digital Hi'CT system was designed,and its nominal performance was evaluated in a simulation.The RSP resolution and image quality provide potential feasibility for scanning most parts of an adult body or pediatric patient,particularly for head and neck tumor treatment.

A Novel Detection Method for Pavement Crack with Encoder-Decoder Architecture

As a current popular method,intelligent detection of cracks is of great significance to road safety,so deep learning has gradually attracted attention in the field of crack image detection.The nonlinear structure,low contrast and discontinuity of cracks bring great challenges to existing crack detection methods based on deep learning.Therefore,an end-to-end deep convolutional neural network(AttentionCrack)is proposed for automatic crack detection to overcome the inaccuracy of boundary location between crack and non-crack pixels.The AttentionCrack network is built on U-Net based encoder-decoder architecture,and an attention mechanism is incorporated into the multi-scale convolutional feature to enhance the recognition of crack region.Additionally,a dilated convolution module is introduced in the encoder-decoder architecture to reduce the loss of crack detail due to the pooling operation in the encoder network.Furthermore,since up-sampling will lead to the loss of crack boundary information in the decoder network,a depthwise separable residual module is proposed to capture the boundary information of pavement crack.The AttentionCrack net on public pavement crack image datasets named CrackSegNet and Crack500 is trained and tested,the results demonstrate that the AttentionCrack achieves F1 score over 0.70 on the CrackSegNet and 0.71 on the Crack500 in average and outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods.

An online fast multi-track locating algorithm for high-resolution single-event effect test platform

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of single-event effect(SEE)research at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou,Hi’Beam-SEE must precisely localize the position at which each heavy ion hitting the integrated circuit(IC)causes SEE.In this study,we propose a fast multi-track location(FML)method based on deep learning to locate the position of each particle track with high speed and accuracy.FML can process a vast amount of data supplied by Hi’Beam-SEE online,revealing sensitive areas in real time.FML is a slot-based object-centric encoder-decoder structure in which each slot can learn the location information of each track in the image.To make the method more accurate for real data,we designed an algorithm to generate a simulated dataset with a distribution similar to that of the real data,which was then used to train the model.Extensive comparison experiments demonstrated that the FML method,which has the best performance on simulated datasets,has high accuracy on real datasets as well.In particular,FML can reach 238 fps and a standard error of 1.6237μm.This study discusses the design and performance of FML.

Pixel 2940nm点阵激光联合他克莫司软膏治疗肢端型白癜风的临床观察

目的:观察Pixel 2 940 nm点阵激光联合他克莫司软膏治疗肢端型白癜风的临床效果。方法:选取梅州市第二中医医院2019年5月-2021年5月收治的肢端型白癜风患者62例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为治疗组和对照组,各31例。对照组予以他克莫司软膏治疗,治疗组予以Pixel 2 940 nm点阵激光联合他克莫司软膏治疗。两组均以12周为1个疗程,共治疗2个疗程。对比两组临床疗效、不良反应发生率和复发率。结果:治疗12、24周后,治疗组总有效率(45.16%、70.97%)均明显高于对照组(19.35%、41.94%)(P<0.05);治疗期间对照组不良反应发生率为12.90%,明显低于治疗组的41.94%(P<0.05);治疗组复发率为4.55%(1/22),低于对照组的61.54%(8/13)(P<0.05)。结论:Pixel 2 940 nm点阵激光联合他克莫司软膏治疗肢端型白癜风虽会增加不良反应,但见效快,临床疗效好,能够显著降低复发率,值得在临床上推广应用。

单图像超分辨率多尺度特征融合网络

提出一种用于单图像超分辨率任务的多尺度特征融合网络,该网络包含特征下采样、多尺度特征融合和增加额外约束方案。首先,构建了包含Pixel⁃Unshuffle操作的特征下采样模块获得浅层多尺度特征,进一步学习深层多尺度特征融合,并通过多尺度特征融合提高超分辨率性能。此外,使用包含Pixel⁃Unshuffle操作的特征下采样模块从SR图像中重建LR图像,并计算其与LR图像之间的损失增加额外约束。大量的实验证明,提出的方法与现有的方法相比表现出具有竞争力的性能。

Electronics system for the cosmic X-ray polarization detector

This study presents an electronics system for cosmic X-ray polarization detection(CXPD).The CXPD was designed as a high-sensitivity soft X-ray polarimeter with a measurement energy range of 2-10 keV carried by a CubeSat.A stable and functionally complete electronics system under power and space constraints is a key challenge.The complete CXPD electronics system(CXPDES)comprises hardware and firmware.CXPDES adopts a three-layer electronic board structure based on functionality and available space.Two gas pixel detectors(GPDs)were placed on the top layer board,and CXPDES provided the GPDs with voltages up to-4000 V.Each GPD signal was digitized,compressed,encoded,and stored before being transmitted to the ground.The CXPDES provided stable and high-speed communication based on a scheme that separated command and data transmission,and it supports the CXPDES in-orbit upgrade.In addition,environmental monitors,silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)triggers,power management,GPDs configuration,and mode switches were included in the overall operating logic of the CXPDES.The results obtained by testing the CXPDES showed that it satisfied all the requirements of CXPD.The CXPDES provides design experience and technological readiness for future large-area X-ray polarimetry missions.

Optimization of desert lake information extraction from remote sensing images using cellular automata

Desert lakes are important wetland resources in the blown-sand area of western China and play a significant role in maintain-ing the regional ecological environment.However,large-scale coal mining in recent years has considerably impacted the deposition condition of several lakes.Rapid and accurate extraction of lake information based on satellite images is crucial for developing protective measures against desertification.However,the spatial resolution of these images often leads to mixed pixels near water boundaries,affecting extraction precision.Traditional pixel unmixing methods mainly obtain water coverage information in a mixed pixel,making it difficult to accurately describe the spatial distribution.In this paper,the cellular automata(CA)model was adopted in order to realize lake information extraction at a sub-pixel level.A mining area in Shenmu City,Shaanxi Province,China is selected as the research region,using the image of Sentinel-2 as the data source and the high spatial resolution UAV image as the reference.First,water coverage of mixed pixels in the Sentinel-2 image was calculated with the dimidiate pixel model and the fully constrained least squares(FCLS)method.Second,the mixed pixels were subdivided to form the cellular space at a sub-pixel level and the transition rules are constructed based on the water coverage information and spatial correlation.Lastly,the process was implemented using Python and IDL,with the ArcGIS and ENVI software being used for validation.The experiments show that the CA model can improve the sub-pixel positioning accuracy for lake bodies in mixed pixel image and improve classification accuracy.The FCLS-CA model has a higher accuracy and is able to identify most water bodies in the study area,and is therefore suitable for desert lake monitor-ing in mining areas.

Efficient Technique for Image Cryptography Using Sudoku Keys

This paper proposes a cryptographic technique on images based on the Sudoku solution.Sudoku is a number puzzle,which needs applying defined protocols and filling the empty boxes with numbers.Given a small size of numbers as input,solving the sudoku puzzle yields an expanded big size of numbers,which can be used as a key for the Encryption/Decryption of images.In this way,the given small size of numbers can be stored as the prime key,which means the key is compact.A prime key clue in the sudoku puzzle always leads to only one solution,which means the key is always stable.This feature is the background for the paper,where the Sudoku puzzle output can be innovatively introduced in image cryptography.Sudoku solution is expanded to any size image using a sequence of expansion techniques that involve filling of the number matrix,Linear X-Y rotational shifting,and reverse shifting based on a standard zig-zag pattern.The crypto key for an image dictates the details of positions,where the image pixels have to be shuffled.Shuffling is made at two levels,namely pixel and sub-pixel(RGB)levels for an image,with the latter having more effective Encryption.The brought-out technique falls under the Image scrambling method with partial diffusion.Performance metrics are impressive and are given by a Histogram deviation of 0.997,a Correlation coefficient of 10−2 and an NPCR of 99.98%.Hence,it is evident that the image cryptography with the sudoku kept in place is more efficient against Plaintext and Differential attacks.

Development and preliminary results of a large-pixel two-layer LaBr_(3) Compton camera prototype

Lanthanum bromide(LaBr_(3))crystal has a high energy resolution and time resolution and has been used in Compton cameras(CCs)over the past few decades.However,LaBr_(3) crystal arrays are difficult to process because LaBr_(3) is easy to crack and break;thus,few LaBr_(3)-based CC prototypes have been built.In this study,we designed and fabricated a large-pixel LaBr_(3) CC prototype and evaluated its performance with regard to position,energy,and angular resolution.We used two 10×10 LaBr_(3) crystal arrays with a pixel size of 5 mm×5 mm,silicon photomultipliers(SiPMs),and corresponding decoding circuits to construct our prototype.Additionally,a framework based on a Voronoi diagram and a lookup table was developed for list-mode projection data acquisition.Monte Carlo(MC)simulations based on Geant4 and experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of our CC prototype.The lateral position resolution was 5 mm,and the maximum deviation in the depth direction was 2.5 and 5 mm for the scatterer and absorber,respectively.The corresponding measured energy resolu-tions were 7.65%and 8.44%,respectively,at 511 keV.The experimental results of ^(137)Cs point-like sources were consistent with the MC simulation results with regard to the spatial positions and full widths at half maximum(FWHMs).The angular resolution of the fabricated prototype was approximately 6°when a point-like ^(137)Cs source was centrally placed at a distance of 5 cm from the scatterer.We proposed and investigated a large-pixel LaBr_(3) CC for the first time and verified its feasibility for use in accurate spatial positioning of radiative sources with a high angular resolution.The proposed CC can satisfy the requirements of radiative source imaging and positioning in the nuclear industry and medical applications.

Adaptive Noise Detector and Partition Filter for Image Restoration

The random-value impulse noise(RVIN)detection approach in image denoising,which is dependent on manually defined detection thresholds or local window information,does not have strong generalization performance and cannot successfully cope with damaged pictures with high noise levels.The fusion of the K-means clustering approach in the noise detection stage is reviewed in this research,and the internal relationship between the flat region and the detail area of the damaged picture is thoroughly explored to suggest an unique two-stage method for gray image denoising.Based on the concept of pixel clustering and grouping,all pixels in the damaged picture are separated into various groups based on gray distance similarity features,and the best detection threshold of each group is solved to identify the noise.In the noise reduction step,a partition decision filter based on the gray value characteristics of pixels in the flat and detail areas is given.For the noise pixels in flat and detail areas,local consensus index(LCI)weighted filter and edge direction filter are designed respectively to recover the pixels damaged by the RVIN.The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed noise detection method is more than 90%,and is superior to most mainstream methods.At the same time,the proposed filtering method not only has good noise reduction and generalization performance for natural images and medical images with medium and high noise but also is superior to other advanced filtering technologies in visual effect and objective quality evaluation.

Simulation study of BESⅢwith stitched CMOS pixel detector using AcTs

The reconstruction of the tracks of charged particles with high precision is crucial for HEP experiments to achieve their physics goals.The BESⅢdrift chamber,which is used as the tracking detector of the BESⅢexperiment,has suffered from aging effects resulting in degraded tracking performance after operation for approximately 15 years.To preserve and enhance the tracking performance of BESⅢ,one of the proposals is to add one layer of a thin cylindrical CMOS pixel sensor based on state-of-the-art stitching technology between the beam pipe and the drift chamber.The improvement in the tracking performance of BESⅢwith such an additional pixel detector compared to that with only the existing drift chamber was studied using the modern common tracking software Acts,which provides a set of detector-agnostic and highly performant tracking algorithms that have demonstrated promising performance for a few high-energy physics and nuclear physics experiments.

Comparative Analysis of Execution of CNN-Based Sanguine Data Transmission with LSB-SS and PVD-SS

The intact data transmission to the authentic user is becoming crucial at every moment in the current era.Steganography;is a technique for concealing the hidden message in any cover media such as image,video;and audio to increase the protection of data.The resilience and imperceptibility are improved by choosing an appropriate embedding position.This paper gives a novel system to immerse the secret information in different videos with different methods.An audio and video steganography with novel amalgamations are implemented to immerse the confidential auditory information and the authentic user’s face image.A hidden message is first included in the audio from the multimedia file;using LSB Technique.The Stego-video is created in the second stage by merging the authorized user’s face into the frame of the video;by using PVD technology.Stego-audio is linked again with the stego-video in the third stage.The incorporated perspective techniques(LSB-SS and PVD-SS algorithms)with more significant data immersing capacity,good robustness and imperceptibility are proposed in this research work.The spread spectrum approach is used to increase the complexity of secret data recognition.Two different video files are tested with different voice files with the results such as PSNR,SSIM,RMSE and MSE as 52.3,0.9963,0.0024 and 0.0000059,respectively.

Automatic Optic Disc Detection in Retinal Images Using FKMT‒MOPDF

In recent days,detecting Optic Disc(OD)in retinal images has been challenging and very important to the early diagnosis of eye diseases.The process of detecting the OD is challenging due to the diversity of color,intensity,brightness and shape of the OD.Moreover,the color similarities of the neighboring organs of the OD create difficulties during OD detection.In the proposed Fuzzy K‒Means Threshold(FKMT)and Morphological Operation with Pixel Density Feature(MOPDF),the input retinal images are coarsely segmented by fuzzy K‒means clustering and thresholding,in which the OD is classified from its neighboring organs with intensity similarities.Then,the segmented images are given as the input to morphological operation with pixel density feature calculations,which reduce the false detection in the small pixel of the OD.Finally,the OD area is detected by applying the Sobel edge detection method,which accurately detects the OD from the retinal images.After detection optimization,the proposed method achieved Sensitivity(SEN),Specificity(SPEC)and Accuracy(ACC),with 96.74%,96.78%and 96.92%in DiaretDB0(Standard Diabetic Retinopathy Database Calibration level 0),97.12%,97.10%and 97.75%in DiaretDB1(Standard Diabetic Retinopathy Database Calibration level 1)and 97.19%,97.47%and 97.43%in STARE(Structured Analysis of the Retina)dataset respectively.The experimental results demonstrated the proposed method’s efficiency for segmenting and detecting OD areas.

An Improved Steganographic Scheme Using the Contour Principle to Ensure the Privacy of Medical Data on Digital Images

With the improvement of current online communication schemes,it is now possible to successfully distribute and transport secured digital Content via the communication channel at a faster transmission rate.Traditional steganography and cryptography concepts are used to achieve the goal of concealing secret Content on a media and encrypting it before transmission.Both of the techniques mentioned above aid in the confidentiality of feature content.The proposed approach concerns secret content embodiment in selected pixels on digital image layers such as Red,Green,and Blue.The private Content originated from a medical client and was forwarded to a medical practitioner on the server end through the internet.The K-Means clustering principle uses the contouring approach to frame the pixel clusters on the image layers.The content embodiment procedure is performed on the selected pixel groups of all layers of the image using the Least Significant Bit(LSB)substitution technique to build the secret Content embedded image known as the stego image,which is subsequently transmitted across the internet medium to the server end.The experimental results are computed using the inputs from“Open-Access Medical Image Repositories(aylward.org)”and demonstrate the scheme’s impudence as the Content concealing procedure progresses.

Video Transmission Secrecy Improvement Based on Fractional Order Hyper Chaotic System

In the Digital World scenario,the confidentiality of information in video transmission plays an important role.Chaotic systems have been shown to be effective for video signal encryption.To improve video transmission secrecy,compressive encryption method is proposed to accomplish compression and encryption based on fractional order hyper chaotic system that incorporates Compressive Sensing(CS),pixel level,bit level scrambling and nucleotide Sequences operations.The measurement matrix generates by the fractional order hyper chaotic system strengthens the efficiency of the encryption process.To avoid plain text attack,the CS measurement is scrambled to its pixel level,bit level scrambling decreases the similarity between the adjacent measurements and the nucleotide sequence operations are done on the scrambled bits,increasing the encryption.Two stages are comprised in the reconstruction technique,the first stage uses the intra-frame similarity and offers robust preliminary retrieval for each frame,and the second stage iteratively improves the efficiency of reconstruction by integrating inter frame Multi Hypothesis(MH)estimation and weighted residual sparsity modeling.In each iteration,the residual coefficient weights are modified using a mathematical approach based on the MH predictions,and the Split Bregman iteration algorithm is defined to resolve weighted l1 regularization.Experimental findings show that the proposed algorithm provides good compression of video coupled with an efficient encryption method that is resistant to multiple attacks.

Curative observation and the influence on the mental status of the patients with acne scars treated with pixe12940 laser

目的：了解痤疮凹陷性瘢痕患者的心理健康状况，观察Pixel 2940激光治疗痤疮凹陷性瘢痕的疗效及对患者心理健康的影响。方法：2010年10月～2012年8月，笔者科室采用Pixel 2940激光治疗痤疮瘢痕患者39例，并在治疗前和治疗结束后1月用Cardiff痤疮心理评估量表评估患者心理状况。结果：Pixel 2940激光治疗痤疮凹陷性瘢痕有效率达94．9％，副反应少而轻；痤疮影响了患者的心理健康，患者常常感到焦虑、愤怒和自信心下降等，但治疗后心理明显好转。结论：用Pixel 2940激光治疗痤疮凹陷性瘢痕疗效稳定、副反应少，可改善患者心理健康状况。

Pixel激光治疗面部痤疮瘢痕

目的:观察Pixel激光治疗面部痤疮瘢痕的临床效果。方法:采用以色列飞顿2940nm像素激光对54例痤疮瘢痕的患者进行治疗,共治疗3～5次,每次间隔时间2～3周。除少数对疼痛敏感的患者治疗前外涂表面麻醉,其余不用任何处理。对比治疗前后的照片并进行疗效评价。结果:共治疗54例痤疮瘢痕患者,有效率75%～100%。Pixel同时可以有效改善4种不同类型痤疮,无一例色沉和瘢痕。结论:Pixel激光治疗痤疮凹陷性瘢痕疗效满意,对增生瘢痕疗效有限。是一种适合东方人痤疮瘢痕的安全,有效的治疗方法。