Phosphorus removal from sediments by Potamogeton crispus:New high-resolution in-situ evidence for rhizosphere assimilation and oxidization-induced retention

Macrophytes are usually chosen for phytoremediation tools to remove P in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems,but the lack of test methods hinders the understanding of removal mechanism and application.In this study,we used the novel technologies combined of Diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT),Planar optode(PO),and Non-invasive micro-test technology(NMT)to explore P dynamics in water-sediment continuum and rhizosphere of Potamogeton crispus over time.Results of the high-resolution in situ measurement showed that labile P(LPDGT)fluxes at the surficial sediment significantly decreased from approximate 120,140,and 200 pg/(cm^(2)·sec)via 30 days incubation period to 17,40,and 56 pg/(cm2•sec)via that of 15 days.Obvious synchronous increase of LPDGT was not detected in overlying water,suggesting the intense assimilation of dissolve reactive P via root over time.PO measurement indicated that O_(2)concentration around the rhizosphere remarkably increased and radially diffused into deeper sediment until 100%saturation along with the root stretch downwards.NMT detection of roots showed the obvious O_(2)inflow into root tissue with the uppermost flux of 30 pmol/(cm2•sec)from surroundings via aerenchyma on different treatment conditions.Different from previous reports,gradually saturating O_(2)concentrations around the rhizosphere was principally driven by O_(2)penetration through interspace attributing to root stretch downward rather than root O_(2)leakage.Increased O_(2)concentrations in deep sediment over time finally induced the oxidization of labile Fe(II)into Fe(III)bound P and local P immobilization.

Seasonal dynamics of iron and phosphorus in reservoir sediments in Eucalyptus plantation region

Background:Iron(Fe)and phosphorus(P)dynamics in sediments have direct and indirect impacts on water quality.However,the mobility of P and Fe in reservoir sediments in Eucalyptus plantation region remains unclear.This study examined P and Fe pollution in sediments in a Eucalyptus plantation region using the novel planar optode,the ZrO-Chelex DGT,and the DIFS model.Results:Direct in situ investigations showed that the levels of labile P and Fe were smaller in the Eucalyptus species-dominated sediments(X2)compared to sediments without Eucalyptus species(X1).The mean concentration of labile P and Fe decreased by 25%and 42%from X1 to X2.The decrement was insignificant(p=0.20)in the surface sediment concentration for labile P.The significant disparity for DGT-Fe(Fe^(2+))(p=0.03)observed in the surface sediments could be attributed to the Eucalyptus species’elevated organic matter(tannins)concentration at X2,which reacted and consumed labile Fe.For both regions,the maximum concentration of labile P and Fe occurred in November(autumn).The reductive decomposition of Fe/Mn oxides was recognized as the main driver for their high P efflux in July and November.Low concentration of labile P and Fe was observed in December(winter)due to the adsorption of Fe/Mn oxides.The concentration of labile Fe synchronizes uniformly with that of labile P in both sediments indicating the existence of a coupling relationship(r>0.8,p<0.01)in both regions.The positive diffusion fluxes in both regions suggested that the sediments release labile P and Fe.The fluxes of labile P and Fe in both regions were substantially higher(p<0.05)in the summer(anoxic period)than winter(aerobic period),indicating that hypoxia and redox conditions influenced the seasonal efflux of labile P and Fe.From the DIFS model,the replenishment ability of reactive P was higher during the anoxic period(R=0.7,k_(1)=79.4 day^(-1),k_(-1)=0.2 day^(-1))than the aerobic period(R=0.4,k_(1)=14.2 day^(-1),k_(-1)=0.1 day^(-1)),suggesting that oxygen inhibited the efflux of P in the sediments.Conclusion:Our results indicated that hypoxia,Eucalyptus species(organic matter(tannins)),and redox conditions influenced the seasonal mobility of sediment labile P and Fe.Our findings provided an insight into the mobility of labile P and Fe in Eucalyptus-dominated sediments and,moreover,serves as a reference for developing future studies on Eucalyptus-dominated sediments.