Lightweight Surface Litter Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5s

In response to the problem of the high cost and low efficiency of traditional water surface litter cleanup through manpower,a lightweight water surface litter detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv5s is proposed to provide core technical support for real-time water surface litter detection by water surface litter cleanup vessels.The method reduces network parameters by introducing the deep separable convolution GhostConv in the lightweight network GhostNet to substitute the ordinary convolution in the original YOLOv5s feature extraction and fusion network;introducing the C3Ghost module to substitute the C3 module in the original backbone and neck networks to further reduce computational effort.Using a Convolutional Block Attention Mechanism(CBAM)module in the backbone network to strengthen the network’s ability to extract significant target features from images.Finally,the loss function is optimized using the Focal-EIoU loss func-tion to improve the convergence speed and model accuracy.The experimental results illustrate that the improved algorithm outperforms the original Yolov5s in all aspects of the homemade water surface litter dataset and has certain advantages over some current mainstream algorithms in terms of model size,detection accuracy,and speed,which can deal with the problems of real-time detection of water surface litter in real life.

基于数值模拟的高速公路S型曲线积水规律分析

S型曲线由于特殊的线型几何特征形成了易积水的路面区域,对于积水规律的掌握有利于在设计和建造阶段提前预防和处理积水路段的危害。该文基于计算流体力学软件Fluent,结合计算流体力学分析中基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法的欧拉液膜模型EWF(Eulerian Wall Film),针对精细化处理的典型S型曲线双向多车道道路模型进行模拟计算。模拟包含了几何特征与降雨量等不同变量因素,得出了积水的水膜厚度以及流速分布规律。模拟结果表明:在降雨阶段,S型曲线横坡坡度0%~1%路段为积水路段,横坡坡度1%~2%路段为易积水路段,横坡坡度大于2%的路段积水情况受到降雨强度影响;在排水阶段,S型曲线横坡坡度0%~1%路段为排水困难路段,横坡坡度1%~2%路段为排水不畅路段,横坡坡度大于2%的路段排水顺畅,在排水时间结束时,路面在不同的几何条件和降雨条件下均能将积水排除至水膜厚度小于2 cm,横坡的大小与渐变影响了积水的横向分布与纵向分布,横向呈现中间高两边低、横断面上标高大的位置水膜厚度小和标高小的位置水膜厚度大的水膜厚度分布规律,总体呈现S型的分布规律;水膜流速在积水阶段呈现纵向上中间低两边高、水膜厚度大则水膜流速大的水膜厚度分布规律,在排水阶段则为纵向上中间高两边低的水膜流速分布规律。道路宽度影响了降雨落到路面的积水总量,进而对积水水膜厚度产生了影响;超高缓和率则主要使得积水路段、易积水路段增长,从而影响了积水分布的范围。

基于程函面波成像的华北克拉通岩石圈三维高分辨率S波速度结构研究

利用“中国地震科学台阵探测”项目Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的流动地震台站以及中国区域地震台网中的部分固定台站的观测资料,采用程函面波成像方法获得了华北克拉通及周边区域10—120 s周期的瑞雷面波相速度分布和高分辨率的三维S波速度结构,并基于该速度模型估算了岩石圈厚度分布。结果显示,华北克拉通内部岩石圈厚度除了存在“西厚东薄”的一级分布特征外,还存在一些更小尺度的差异,包括鄂尔多斯地块内部岩石圈“南厚北薄”、鄂尔多斯地块周缘断陷带岩石圈显著的不均匀减薄以及燕山构造带与其南侧华北平原之间的显著差异等。山西断陷带北部与南部地区上地幔浅部(<100 km)存在不同程度的低速异常,它们被中部的高速异常区所分隔。在150 km以下深度从太行山南缘向北至山西断陷北缘存在一条NNE向展布的显著低速异常带,表明上地幔浅部南北部的低速异常在深部相连。结合已有的其它成像结果,我们推测这些低速异常起源于更深处(>200 km),并与由太平洋俯冲板块的滞留脱水导致的上地幔热物质上涌和小尺度地幔对流等密切相关。燕山构造带与华北平原的岩石圈结构存在明显差异,前者遭受的岩石圈破坏改造程度明显弱于后者,张家口—渤海地震带位于这两种不同壳幔结构的过渡带,地震活动较强,我们认为深部结构和热作用的显著差异,以及青藏高原远场挤压效应的共同作用是导致该区地震活动较强的主要原因。

中强地震发震构造标志浅析——以2023年积石山M_(S)6.2地震为例

地震地表破裂是地震发生的重要特征,是研究地震动力学、构造变形的重要手段。一般认为,M6 3/4以上的地震才会形成地表破裂。但近年来,也有M6.0左右的地震发生了地表破裂。本文旨在探讨中强地震地表破裂的识别方法。中强地震发震构造的识别具有一定的挑战性,主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)中强地震地表破裂的规模(位错量、宽度、长度和深度)较小,容易被黄土层厚覆盖,掩盖地表破裂的痕迹,不易识别;(2)非构造成因裂缝干扰,使得难以区分构造成因地表破裂。本文以2023年积石山M_(S)6.2地震为例,对中强地震构造成因破裂的识别标志进行了初步分析,提出了以下识别标志:(1)地表破裂几何展布和剖面形态,地震伴生的次生灾害(滑坡、崩塌、砂土液化等)的线性分布为识别发震构造提供参考和线索;(2)地表破裂沿破裂走向呈现稳定地穿越不同地貌单元,至少穿越一条沟谷等低凹地貌;(3)地表破裂在地质剖面上表现出稳定的产状;(4)地表破裂伴生构造形态,地表沿破裂发育雁列式褶皱(挤压鼓包)与张裂缝交替出现的现象。本文提出的识别标志为中强地震发震构造的识别提供了新的思路。

Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B surface protein

The tumorigenesis of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) has been widely studied. HBV envelope proteins are important for the structure and life cycle of HBV, and these proteins are useful for judging the natural disease course and guiding treatment. Truncated and mutated pre S/S are produced by integrated viral sequences that are defective for replication. The pre S/S mutants are considered "precursor lesions" of HCC. Different pre S/S mutants induce various mechanisms of tumorigenesis, such as transactivation of transcription factors and an immune inflammatory response, thereby contributing to HCC. The pre S2 mutants and type Ⅱ "Ground Glass" hepatocytes represent novel biomarkers of HBVassociated HCC. The pre S mutants may induce the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent and stress-independent pathways. Treatments to inhibit hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) and damage secondary to HBs Ag or the pre S/S mutants include antivirals and antioxidants, such as silymarin, resveratrol, and glycyrrhizin acid. Methods for the prevention and treatment of HCC should be comprehensive.

A Decadal Shift of Summer Surface Air Temperature over Northeast Asia around the Mid-1990s

This study identifies a decadal shift of summer surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia,including southeastern parts of Russia,Mongolia and northern China,around the mid-1990s.The results suggest that the SAT over the Northeast Asia experienced a significant warming after 1994 relative to that before 1993.This decadal shift also extends to northern China,and leads to a warmer summer over Northeast China and North China after the mid-1990s.The decadal warming over Northeast Asia is found to concur with the enhancement of South China rainfall around the mid-1990s.On the one hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift only in summer,but not in other seasons.On the other hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift not only in the summer seasonal mean,but also in each month of summer （June,July and August）.Furthermore,the decadal warming is found to result from an anticyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia,which can be interpreted as the response to the increased precipitation over South China,according to previous numerical results.Thus,we conclude that the warming shift of summer Northeast Asian SAT around the mid-1990s was a remote response to the increased precipitation over South China.

Smooth constraint inversion technique in genetic algorithms and its application to surface wave study in the Tibetan Plateau

Smooth constraint is important in linear inversion, but it is difficult to apply directly to model parameters in genetic algorithms. If the model parameters are smoothed in iteration, the diversity of models will be greatly suppressed and all the models in population will tend to equal in a few iterations, so the optimal solution meeting requirement can not be obtained. In this paper, an indirect smooth constraint technique is introduced to genetic inversion. In this method, the new models produced in iteration are smoothed, then used as theoretical models in calculation of misfit function, but in process of iteration only the original models are used in order to keep the diversity of models. The technique is effective in inversion of surface wave and receiver function. Using this technique, we invert the phase velocity of Raleigh wave in the Tibetan Plateau, revealing the horizontal variation of S wave velocity structure near the center of the Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the S wave velocity in the north is relatively lower than that in the south. For most paths there is a lower velocity zone with 12-25 km thick at the depth of 15-40 km. The lower velocity zone in upper mantle is located below the depth of 100 km, and the thickness is usually 40-80 km, but for a few paths reach to 100 km thick. Among the area of Ando, Maqi and Ushu stations, there is an obvious lower velocity zone with the lowest velocity of 4.2-4.3 km/s at the depth of 90-230 km. Based on the S wave velocity structures of different paths and former data, we infer that the subduction of the Indian Plate is delimited nearby the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone.

3D Characteristic Diagram of Acoustically Induced Surface Vibration with Different Landmines Buried

The 3D characteristic diagram of acoustically induced surface vibration was employed to study the influence of different buried landmines on the acoustic detection signal. By using the vehicular experimental system for acoustic landmine detection and the method of scanning detection, the 3D characteristic diagrams of surface vibration were measured when different objects were buried underground, including big plastic landmine, small plastic landmine, big metal landmine and bricks. The results show that, under the given conditions, the surface vibration amplitudes of big plastic landmine, big metal landmine, small plastic landmine and bricks decrease in turn. The 3D characteristic diagrams of surface vibration can be used to further identify the locations of buried landmines.

Surface-effects-dominated thermal and mechanical responses of zinc oxide nanobelts

t Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations are carried out to characterize the mechanical and thermal responses of [011^-1]-oriented ZnO nanobelts with lateral dimensions of 21.22A × 18.95 A, 31.02A× 29.42 A, and40.81A ×39.89A over the temperature range of 300-1000 K. The Young＇s modulus and thermal conductivity of the nanobelts are evaluated. Significant surface effects on properties due to the highsurface-to-volume ratios of the nanobelts are observed. For the mechanical response, surface-stress-induced internal stress plays an important role. For the thermal response, surface scattering of phonons dominates. Calculations show that the Young＇s modulus is higher than the corresponding value for bulk ZnO and decreases by -33% as the lateral dimensions increase from 21.22 A × 18.95A to 40.81 A × 39.89A. The thermal conductivity is one order of magnitude lower than the corresponding value for bulk ZnO single crystal and decreases with wire size. Specifically, the conductivity of the 21.22 A × 18.95 A belt is approximately （31-18）% lower than that of the 40.81 A × 39.89 A belt over the temperature range analyzed. A significant dependence of properties on temperature is also observed, with the Young＇s modulus decreasing on average by 12% and the conductivity decreasing by 50% as temperature increases from 300 K to 1000 K.

Examining the Relationship Between Spatial Configurations of Urban Impervious Surfaces and Land Surface Temperature

The urban heat island(UHI) effect has significant effects on the quality of life and public health. Numerous studies have addressed the relationship between UHI and the increase in urban impervious surface area(ISA), but few of them have considered the impact of the spatial configuration of ISA on UHI. Land surface temperature(LST) may be affected not only by urban land cover, but also by neighboring land cover. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the abundance and spatial association of ISAs on LST. Taking Harbin City, China as an example, the impact of ISA spatial association on LST measurements was examined. The abundance of ISAs and the LST measurements were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) imagery of 2000 and 2010, and the spatial association patterns of ISAs were calculated using the local Moran’s I index. The impacts of ISA abundance and spatial association on LST were examined using correlation analysis. The results suggested that LST has significant positive associations with both ISA abundance and the Moran’s I index of ISAs, indicating that both the abundance and spatial clustering of ISAs contribute to elevated values of LST. It was also found that LST is positively associated with clustering of high-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,>50%) and negatively associated with clustering of low-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,<25%). The results suggest that, in addition to the abundance of ISAs,their spatial association has a significant effect on UHIs.

Improved S Surface Controller and Semi-physical Simulation for AUV

S surface controllers have been proven to provide effective motion control for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV).However, it is difficult to adjust their control parameters manually.Choosing the optimum parameters for the controller of a particular AUV is a significant challenge.To automate the process, a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm was proposed.It was based on immune theory, and used a nonlinear regression strategy for inertia weight to optimize AUV control parameters.A semi-physical simulation system for the AUV was developed as a platform to verify the proposed control method, and its structure was considered.The simulation results indicated that the semi-physical simulation platform was helpful, the optimization algorithm has good local and global searching abilities, and the method can be reliably used for an AUV.

Surface tension of liquid Au-Bi-Sn alloys

The surface tension of a promising lead-free solder Au-Bi-Sn alloys was investigated both by the sessile-drop method and calculation. Experimental measurements were carried out for two cross-sections with the constant gold to bismuth ration of 1:1 and 1:2. For all the investigated compositions, decrease of the surface tension is observed with increasing temperature. Meanwhile, the surface tension values were also calculated based on Butler’s equation, with using the newest research on thermodynamics data of Au-Bi-Sn ternary system. Compared with the experimental results, a good agreement was obtained.

A Statistical Scheme for the Seasonal Forecasting of North China's Surface Air Temperature during Winter

This paper presents a statistical scheme for the seasonal forecasting of North China's surface air temperature (NCSAT) during winter. Firstly, a prediction model for an decrease or increase of winter NCSAT is established, whose predictors are available for no later than the previous September, as this is the most favorable month for seasonal forecasting up to two months ahead.The predicted NCSAT is then derived as the sum of the predicted increment of NCSAT and the previous NCSAT. The scheme successfully predicts the interannual and the decadal variability of NCSAT. Additionally, the advantages of the prediction scheme are discussed.

Boundedness of singular integrals along surfaces on Lebesgue spaces

In the paper, we establish the LP（Rn＋1）-boundedness for a class of singular integral operators associated to surfaces of revolution {（y,γ（｜y｜）, y ∈ Rn} with rough kernels. We also give several applications of this inequality.

基于TDLAS的H_(2)S气体材料表面吸附特性研究

在H_(2)S气体浓度在线监测过程中,因其具有粘附性强的特点,容易发生管线吸附,从而导致测量结果存在偏差,尤其在痕量H_(2)S检测过程中表现最为明显,所以开展H_(2)S气体管线材料表面吸附特性研究尤为必要。本文基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS),设计并搭建了一套H_(2)S浓度在线测定系统,并对该系统进行了测量性能检验,在此基础上进行了H_(2)S在不锈钢材料表面常温吸附特性探究。实验结果表明,所搭建H_(2)S浓度在线测定系统具有稳定性强、检测限低和灵敏度高的特点,利用此系统可以实现痕量H_(2)S浓度的在线连续测定。经过一系列探究试验,证明了H_(2)S在不锈钢材料表面存在明显且稳定的吸附作用,得出了H_(2)S在不锈钢材料表面的单位面积吸附量在10^(14)(个/cm^(2))量级。实验结果可以为痕量硫化氢在线精准测量提供一定参考。

Scattering of Surface Waves by the Edge of a Small Undulation on a Porous Bed in an Ocean with Ice-cover

Scattering of surface waves by the edge of a small undulation on a porous bed in an ocean of finite depth, where the free surface has an ice-cover being modelled as an elastic plate of very small thickness, is investigated within the framework of linearized water wave theory. The effect of surface tension at the surface below the ice-cover is neglected. There exists only one wave number propagating at just below the ice-cover. A perturbation analysis is employed to solve the boundary value problem governed by Laplace＇s equation by a method based on Green＇s integral theorem with the introduction of appropriate Green＇s function and thereby evaluating the reflection and transmission coefficients approximately up to first order. A patch of sinusoidal ripples is considered as an example and the related coefficients are determined.

Hepatitis B surface antigen seroconversion after HBV reactivation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Reactivation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)can occur in lymphoma patients infected with HBV when they receive chemotherapy or immunotherapy.Prophylactic administration of lamivudine(LAM)reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with HBV reactivation.However,what defines HBV reactivation and the optimal duration of treatment with LAM have not yet been clearly established.HBV reactivation may occur due to the cessation of prophylactic LAM,although re-treatment with nucleoside analogs may sometimes result in hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)seroconversion,which is a satisfactory endpoint for the management of HBV infection.We report a case of HBV reactivation in a 68-year-old HBsAg-positive patient who received rituximab-based immunochemotherapy for follicular lymphoma.HBV reactivation developed following cessation of prophylactic LAM therapy.The patient subsequently received treatment with entecavir(ETV),which led to a rapid and sustained suppression of HBV replication and HBsAg seroconversion.We also appraised the literature concerning HBV reactivation and the role of ETV in the management of HBV reactivation in lymphoma patients.A total of 28 cases of HBV reactivation have been reported as having been treated with ETV during or after immunosuppressive chemotherapy in lymphoma patients.We conclude that ETV is an efficacious and safe treatment for HBV reactivation following LAM cessation in lymphoma patients treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy.

Evaluation and Trend Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Zhengzhou in 1998-2008

Water pollution is one of the major environmental prob- lems, especially in urban areas. Due to rapid urban expansion and industrialization, water pollution in Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province in central China has become a serious problem for its development. In this study, the surface water quality was evalu- ated using Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index （NCPI）, and the change trend was calculated using methods of Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope estimator, based on the monitoring data from 1998 to 2008. The results show that the NCP1 ranged from 3 to 50 in 70% of the monitoring cases, implying that most rivers were seriously polluted. However, this serious polltuon is expected to be gradually improved, as the concentration of water pollutants and NCPI declined significantly in most rivers. Water pollution in reservoirs was much lower than rivers, and the NCPI in the three monitored reservoirs was lower than 3 in most years, and shows a downward trend. Although the surface water quality was gradually improved, great efforts are still needed to enhance the protection and improvement of surface water environment.

Modeling of Surface Tension and Viscosity for Non-electrolyte Systems by Means of the Equation of State for Square-well Chain Fluids with Variable Interaction Range

The equation of state(EOS)for square-well chain fluid with variable range(SWCF-VR) developed in our previous work based on statistical mechanical theory for chemical association is employed for the correlations of surface tension and viscosity of common fluids and ionic liquids(ILs).A model of surface tension for multi-component mixtures is presented by combining the SWCF-VR EOS and the scaled particle theory and used to produce the surface tension of binary and ternary mixtures.The predicted surface tensions are in excellent agreement with the experimental data with an overall average absolute relative deviation(AAD)of 0.36%.A method for the calculation of dynamic viscosity of common fluids and ILs at high pressure is presented by combining Eyring’s rate theory of viscosity and the SWCF-VR EOS.The calculated viscosities are in good agreement with the experimental data with the overall AAD of 1.44% for 14 fluids in 84 cases.The salient feature is that the molecular parameters used in these models are self-consistent and can be applied to calculate different thermodynamic properties such as pVT,vapor-liquid equilibrium,caloric properties,surface tension,and viscosity.