Characteristics and the Issue of Eco-safety for the Plant Biodiversity in Longtan Nature Reserve

The characteristic and status quo of plant biodiversity in Longtan Nature Reserve was evaluated from the three aspects of species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem dioversity. And the primary eco-safety influencing factors for plant biodiversity in Longtan nature reserve were put forward. The results show that the plant species in Longtan Nature Reserve was abundant, including 2 821 species of vascular bundle plants belonging to 1029 genera, 205 families. The main problems influencing eco-safety included the destruction of endangered wild plants and exotic species invasion.

Spatial variations of Pb in the vertical zone of the soil-plant system in the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve

The characteristics of vertical and horizontal variations of lead element(Pb) in soil plant system of vertical zone in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve(CNNR) were studied. The results showed that Pb concentrations in soils of vertical zone are all above 25 mg/kg, and the average Pb concentration of each soil zone negatively correlates its degree of variation, i.e. brown coniferous forest soil zone has the lowest average Pb concentration of four soil zones, and the highest horizontal variation; however, mountain soddy forest soil has the highest average Pb concentration, and the lowest horizontal variation; the average concentration of plant Pb of each plant zone is lower than the worldwide average level of Pb in plant(Clarke), respectively, and plant Pb content order is consistent with soil Pb content order, but their horizontal variations are different from those in soil zones, the variation of mountain tundra forest zone is highest, but Betula ermanii forest zone the lowest. Vertical variation of plant Pb is obviously higher than that in soils with variation coefficient of 89.76%; the enrichment capability of plant for Pb is depended on the plant types and the different organs of plant; parent material and parent rock, pH values, soil organic matter and soil particle fraction etc. are the main factors influencing variations of Pb content in soil plant system of vertical zone in CNNR.

Landscape influences and management countermeasures of ginseng planting near Changbai mountain nature reserve

Ginseng planting in Northeast China brings economic benefits but affects forest landscape integrity and native ecological processes.In order to quantify the impacts of ginseng planting on the forest landscape,Fusong County in Jilin Province was selected as a study area.The number and distribution of ginseng fields over different time was quantified based on remote sensing and ground surveys.Grid analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to study the impacts of ginseng planting on the landscape.The results showed that altitudes and slopes of ginseng fields increased and became increasingly scattered and smaller closer to the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve.Ginseng fields and abandoned fields increased total patches and total area of the local forested landscape,and shared edge lengths between ginseng fields and forests,resulting in continuous fragmentation of the landscape.Although the total area of existing and abandoned ginseng fields accounts for a small fraction of the total landscape,their negative impacts on ecosystem conservation is significant.The local government needs to rationally plan ginseng planting,scientifically implement the restoration of abandoned ginseng lands,and enhance awareness of ginseng farmers to environmental stewardship.Our study has important significance for maintaining the healthy and stable development of the local ginseng industry and for improving the quality of regional ecological environment.

Securing a future for China's plant biodiversity through an integrated conservation approach

The severely threatened Chinese flora urgently needs a new, well adapted to China and properly formulated conservation strategy. The present review provides a detailed conservation methodology that complements previously described guidelines for preservation of plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP) in China. This review adds to the above concept in several aspects, making it relevant to all threatened Chinese plant species. The proposed integral conservation strategy has the following crucial components:-ecoregional basis for conservation planning and implementation;-a unified scoring system that is used in regional systematic planning for reserve design,monitoring and assessment of efficiency of a reserve network, and creation of seed banks and living collections;-a focus on population demography and the presence of naturally occurring regeneration as the key criteria for defining the conservation status of a species and the appropriate major focus of the species recovery plan;-creation of multi-species living collections that preserve species genetic variation and provide material for in situ actions;-experimental translocation of threatened species into multiple locations within and outside their known range.Adopting and implementing these strategies successfully and more fully in China requires that the country changes PA legislation and improves PA management, the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC) re-prioritizes the type of research that receives research funds, and local scientists improve their approach toward information sharing.

Analysis of vascular plant resources and diversity in Fanjing Mountain,Guizhou Province

Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve is located at the junction of Jiangkou,Yinjiang and Songtao counties in the Tongren region of Guizhou Province.Because of the topography and humid climate of the central subtropical monsoonal mountains,the plant species in this area are rich and diverse.The vascular plant resources and diversity of Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province were studied through field survey,literature review and specimen identification.The results show that there are 284 species of vascular plants in the region,belonging to 205 genera in 93 families,mainly angiosperms.Liliaceae,Asteraceae,Polygonaceae,Leguminosae,Ranunculaceae and Polygonum have the most species,followed by Sedum,Dioscorea,Actinidia Lindl and Thalictrum.In terms of life types,perennial herbs are the most dominant,accounting for 68.47%of the total number of species,and annual(or biennial)herbs,shrubs and vine types also present.There are 222 species identified as medicinal vascular plants,accounting for 78.2%of the total number of species.The medicinal parts are primarily found in the whole herb category,followed by the root and rhizome category.

Spatial phylogenetics of two topographic extremes of the Hengduan Mountains in southwestern China and its implications for biodiversity conservation

Previous attempts to elucidate the drivers of speciation mechanisms and spatial distribution patterns of biodiversity in mountain regions have treated different floras within a single geological region as one flora,ignoring the potential contributions of high habitat/ecosystem heterogeneity.Furthermore,current conservation strategies largely focus on forest ecosystems and/or specific flagship species,ignoring marginal ecosystems,leaving species in these ecosystems at risk.Here,we compared the spatial patterns of biodiversity and the potential drivers of these patterns in the river valley and subnival ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains region(HDM)in southwestern China.Specifically,we compared spatial patterns of diversity,endemism,and threatened species in these ecosystems based on both traditional measurements and recent phylogenetic approaches.We then examined how those patterns were related to environmental factors and human activity in these same regions.We found that the middle-southern HDM supports the highest diversity and endemism for the river valley and subnival ecosystems;however,the distribution patterns of neo-and paleo-endemism in these two ecosystems differ.Regression models indicate that habitat diversity and paleo-climatic fluctuation are important drivers of diversity and endemism for these two ecosystems.Temperature and precipitation,however,showed different influences on the spatial patterns in different ecosystems.Categorical analysis of neo-and paleoendemism(CANAPE)indicated that most endemism centers are not covered by current nature reserves.Moreover,the intensity of human activity is highest in the southern and southeastern HDM,which coincides with the distribution patterns of diversity,mixed-endemism and high-priority(and threatened)species.These findings suggest that different floras within a single geographic/floristic region respond differently to environmental factors and show different spatial phylogenetic patterns.We,therefore,recommend that future research into the drivers of biodiversity consider the contributions of various ecosystem types within a single geological region.This study also provides a theoretical basis for protecting habitat diversity.Our work confirms that current conservation efforts are insufficient to protect ecosystem diversity in the river valley and subnival ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains.Therefore,we recommend the establishment of nature reserves in the regions identified in this study;furthermore,we strongly recommend improving current and establishing new management policies for biodiversity conservation in this region.

福建省安溪云中山省级自然保护区药用植物资源调查

目的 了解安溪云中山省级自然保护区药用植物资源多样性状况,为有效保护并合理利用该区域植物资源提供依据。方法 采用第四次全国中药资源普查技术,通过野外实地调查、标本采集与鉴定、文献查阅等方法,对云中山药用植物资源种类和分布进行研究。结果 调查到安溪云中山药用植物192科617属1 021种,其中藻类1种、真菌类22种、地衣类2种、苔藓类4种、蕨类植物80种、裸子植物17种、被子植物895种。结论 安溪云中山省级自然保护区的药用植物资源较为丰富,今后应加强相应的保护和引导工作,使资源得到可持续利用。

甘肃太统-崆峒山国家级自然保护区野生观赏植物调查与分析

2021年11月至2022年5月,按照踏查路线和典型样地法相结合,对甘肃太统-崆峒山国家级自然保护区内的野生观赏植物资源进行调查和筛选,共筛选出具有观赏性的野生植物398种,隶属于89科,241属,其中包含变种、亚种以及变型的野生植物。蕨类植物13种,隶属于10科,11属,裸子植物2科2属4种,被子植物77科228属372种。在398种野生观赏植物中,我国特有植物有128种,占32.16%。根据野生植物观赏的特性以及在城市园林绿化中的应用,将崆峒山自然保护区内的野生观赏植物资源分为观花类野生植物、观果类野生植物、观树形类野生植物、垂直绿化类野生植物和地被类野生植物五大类,筛选出观花类野生植物资源39种,包括乔木、灌木和草本,观果类野生植物资源18种,包括乔木和灌木,观形类野生植物资源15种,垂直绿化类野生植物资源10种,地被类野生植物资源24种。将野生观赏植物的最佳观赏特性进行描述(包括观花时期、观果时期以及生活型),对城市绿化造景有所启发,针对崆峒山保护区野生观赏植物资源的现状提出保护及开发利用对策。

高黎贡山某公路隧道施工对地下水及地表植被的影响研究

横断山南段高黎贡山国家级自然保护区水文地质条件复杂,为研究此区域某公路隧道掘进对地下水环境和地表植被的影响,在隧址区工程地质勘察和自然植被垂直分布、植物多样性调查的基础上,采用地下水动力学法计算出隧道施工地下水影响半径、最大和正常涌水量,据此分析隧道涌水造成的漏失对地下水环境、高黎贡山自然保护区植被生长及植物多样性的影响。结果表明:1)隧道施工对隧址区局部和个别泉点水量减小的风险较大,间接影响其补水区域地表植被生长,但不会引起大范围区域地下水位下降;2)通过类比分析得出隧道施工不会影响到顶部地表浅层包气带,对顶部植被优势群系非耗水植物影响小。根据研究结果提出了隧道涌水预判、封堵、利用及生态监测等环境保护措施建议,可作为隧道施工过程中地下水和生态环境保护的依据。

湖北长江新螺段白鱀豚国家级自然保护区维管束植物区系研究

湖北长江新螺段白鱀豚国家级自然保护区地处长江中游,是中国重要的淡水豚类保护区之一。于2022-2023年对保护区开展维管束植物调查,调查结果显示,保护区内维管束植物共计136科445属726种,其中蕨类植物8科9属12种,裸子植物5科11属14种,被子植物123科425属700种。区系分析结果显示,新螺段自然保护区维管束植物在科水平上,与全球植物区系存在广泛联系;在属水平上,以温带成分分布型和热带成分分布型为主,具有明显的热带温带过渡特点。本研究结果为新螺段自然保护区生物多样性维持、濒危物种栖息地的保护管理工作提供科学依据。

哀牢山楚雄片区野生种古茶树生存现状分析与管护探讨

通过对哀牢山楚雄片区野生种古茶树生存现状分析,探讨该片区野生种古茶树管护经营模式,提出科学可行的对策建议,以改善野生种古茶树生存现状。调查结果表明,云南哀牢山国家级保护区楚雄片区野生种古茶树均为大理茶种,以单株分散生长为主,资源总量较少;天然和天然萌生各占一半,生长前期茶树主干遭受损坏,生长情况一般,生长势主要处于中等状态,幼树更新旺盛,但较大树木较少,竞争后期可能出现衰退的趋势。研究区的野生种古茶树生存现状不够理想,除自然因素干扰以外,管护措施也不到位,仍需加强资源保护力度,注重宣传保护和科研开发协调平衡,破除制约野生种古茶树生存发展障碍,实现地区野生种古茶树资源发展最大化。

云南轿子山国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物的危害与防治

为更好地管理云南轿子山国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物、推动轿子山自然保护区建设。通过系统野外调查并结合文献数据分析,揭示轿子山外来入侵植物入侵现状,并根据物种组成、来源分析以及危害性划分入侵植物的入侵等级,提出相应管控建议。结果表明:轿子山共记录外来入侵植物42种,隶属于15科34属,其中菊科占比最高,达到38.09%,其次是豆科(11.90%)和茄科(9.52%);从地理来源看,源自普渡河的入侵植物最多,有23种,占全部入侵植物总数54.76%。根据入侵现状评估结果,严重入侵以上等级的种类有22种,另外还有一些物种目前尚未形成明显危害,但具有较高的入侵风险。普渡河谷和旅游景区应作为重点防范区域。

罗平万峰山市级自然保护区动植物资源及其保护价值

罗平万峰山市级自然保护区地处地貌发育典型的喀斯特地区,是我国滇东喀斯特山地森林的重要组成部分,也是滇东地区重要的物种基因库。本文介绍了保护区内现有野生动植物资源的现状,从典型性、稀有性、脆弱性、多样性、感染力、面积适宜性、潜在价值、科研价值等方面对保护区的保护价值进行了综合评价分析,认为保护区形成了具有代表性的喀斯特山地森林生态系统,区内的森林生态系统对保护喀斯特地区极其脆弱的生态环境和生物多样性具有十分重要的意义。

茫荡山国家级自然保护区木本植物区系分析

通过对茫荡山国家级自然保护区木本植物资源的调查,标本的采集与鉴定,表明该保护区野生木本植物资源共有93科269属685种,其中裸子植物9科11属14种,被子植物84科258属671种。区系分布类型由科属种层级分布,科有9类型6变型,属有13类型9变型,种有13类型9变型。由区型性质分析,科级别热带性质与温带性质分布型各占比65.33%与33.33%,属级别热带性质与温带性质分布型各占比58.06%与38.31%,种级别分布型中泛热带广布分布最多,占比31.62%。且有12种中国特有型分布植物,可见茫荡山国家级自然保护区具有较强的热带性质且带有部分温带性质,符合亚热带气候的特点,且存在着热带性质区系与温带性质区系相互交织的过渡性。

四川省老河沟自然保护区兽类多样性红外相机调查

自然保护区的生物物种编目是区域性和全国性生物多样性研究与监测的基础,而红外相机调查技术已成为兽类物种编目的重要手段之一。老河沟自然保护区位于四川省岷山北部,地处大熊猫岷山种群分布核心地区,是2012年新建保护区。从2011年至2014年,我们把保护区划分为1 km×1 km的方格,采用红外相机技术,对区内的兽类多样性进行了系统全面的调查。经过9 188个相机日的调查,共记录到分属7目18科的兽类。其中,有81 709份记录可以鉴定出具体物种,包括野生兽类24种,家畜1种(家狗),分属5目14科,有效探测数总计1 766次。其余未能鉴定出具体物种的兽类记录为小型翼手目、食虫目和啮齿目动物。在24种野生兽类中,食肉目物种数最多,共4科9种;其次为偶蹄目(4科7种)与啮齿目(3科6种)。就有效探测数而言,偶蹄目兽类是记录到次数最多的类群(占总探测数43.97%),其次是啮齿目(25.61%)和食肉目(22.44%)。被IUCN红色名录评估为"濒危EN"、"易危VU"和"近危NT"级别的物种各3种,被列为国家I级和II级重点保护野生动物的分别为4种和5种。本次调查对老河沟自然保护区内的大中型兽类进行了首次系统性编目,了解了区内兽类群落的物种组成、空间分布与相对多度,为后续的科研项目和保护管理提供了本底数据和基础信息。

长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估

使用市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法和替代花费法等对长白山自然保护区森林牛态系统的功能价值进行了经济评估评价结果表明，保护区总的生态功能价值为176465.94万元，其中活立木生产量价值10777.43万元，涵养水源价值69741.2万元，保护土壤减少侵蚀的价值2307、02万元，固碳以减缓温室效应的价值87716．6万元，林分持留N、P、K分价值4338．88万元。

金佛山自然保护区外来入侵植物种及其分布情况

生物入侵对全球的生物多样性造成了严重威胁。自然保护区是保护生物多样性的重要基地,因此,自然保护区的生物入侵现状如何备受关注。本研究以金佛山国家一级自然保护区为研究区域,采用样方法和野外踏勘法对金佛山自然保护区的外来植物进行了调查,初步调查结果如下:1)在金佛山共发现56种外来植物种,主要是草本类植物,且多呈零星分布,绝大部分外来植物与本地植物一样仅仅作为一种可利用资源出现,而且没有出现明显的相互竞争,但五节芒具有突出的入侵分布特征;2)56种外来植物中有31种是有意引进的,占入侵种总数的55%;15种是自然入侵的,占27%;有9种是入侵来源不明的,占16%;1种是伴随其他物种无意引进的,占2%。而目前危害面积最大的五节芒就是入侵通道不明的外来植物种;3)调查的样方中外来植物的出现频度与干扰程度相关,干扰越严重的,出现外来植物种的几率越大,踏勘也呈现了同样的规律。

太行山生物多样性保护优先区(北京区域)急需保护物种的空间分布、热点识别及保护成效评价

随着人类活动影响加剧,生物多样性急剧丧失。识别急需保护物种集聚分布的热点地区,从而分配更多资源予以保护,是提高生物多样性保护效率的有效途径。以太行山生物多样性保护优先区北京区域为案例区,提取待保护目标物种的分布范围,识别目标物种集聚的热点区域和空缺区。研究发现热点区主要分布于北京与河北交界的门头沟区百花山和东灵山区域、延庆区的松山区域、怀柔区的喇叭沟门区域以及密云区的雾灵山区域。除十字兰和刺楸外的其余46种目标物种已受到不同程度保护,但保护效率仍有待提升。此外,研究还识别出急需保护但尚未划入自然保护区的空缺区域约339 km2。建议针对实际情况,通过新建、扩建保护区以及保护小区或生态保护红线等不同方式提升现有保护效果。研究成果有助于优化现有保护网络体系,提升自然保护区的保护效果。

伏牛山自然保护区森林生态系统草本植物功能群的分类

伏牛山国家级自然保护区是中国东部森林样带中的亚热带和暖温带的结合点,随着环境梯度(海拔)的变化,林下植物优势种变化明显。草本植物对环境的反应较为敏感,能较好的反映出植被与环境的动态关系。采用群落学调查方法,对伏牛山南北坡的植被进行调查。以X2检验为基础,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定草本层优势种间的联结性,根据优势种间的联系性及其在海拔梯度上的变化异同,以优势种为主体划分伏牛山自然保护区林下草本植物功能群。研究结果表明,以优势种为主体对森林生态系统草本植物进行功能群划分可行性高,有较强的代表性。对草本优势种共划分了7组植物功能群:Ⅰ"伴人型",Ⅱ"高山型",Ⅲ"阴湿型",Ⅳ"耐旱型",Ⅴ"林隙型",Ⅵ"基础型",Ⅶ"原始型"。每一组都有其特定的分布区域和形态特征,较好了反应出环境与植被的动态关系,为今后森林生态系统研究和植物功能群划分寻找新的思路。

天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹林扩张对生物多样性的影响

为研究毛竹林扩张对植物多样性的影响,在浙江天目山国家级自然保护区内,采用样方调查法对毛竹林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹-常绿阔叶林、针叶林、毛竹-针叶林、针阔混交林、毛竹-针阔混交林等7种群落进行调查,分析毛竹扩张对自然保护区植物群落立木数、不同类型不同层次的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数的影响。结果表明:毛竹林的立竹度为3700株·hm-2,毛竹扩散到其他森林类型,均造成其他树种立木数的降低。受毛竹扩张的影响,常绿阔叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林植物群落的乔木层物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度有减小的趋势。灌木层中,由于受毛竹扩张的影响,常绿阔叶林和针叶林的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度增大。草本层中,常绿阔叶林和针叶林的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度基本未受毛竹扩张的影响。