Species-diversified plant cover enhances orchard ecosystem resistance to climatic stress and soil erosion in subtropical hillside

Naturally occurring plants in agroecosystem evidently play an important role in ecosystem stability. Field studies on the ecological effects of native plants conserved in orchard and their resistance to adverse climatic stress, and soil erosion were conducted from 1998 to 2001 in a newly developed Changshan-huyou (Citrus changshan-huyou Y.B. Chang) orchard. The experimental area covered 150 ha in typical red soil hilly region in southeastern China. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six combinations of twelve plant species with four replications. All species used were native in the orchard. Plots were 15×8m^2 and separated by 2m buffer strips. Precipitation, soil erosion in rainstorm days and aboveground biomass of plant community when rainstorm days ended, soil temperature and moisture under various plant covers during seasonal megathermal drought period, antiscourability of soil with different root density under various simulated rainfalls were measured. Plant cover significantly decreased the daily highest and mean soil temperature and its daily variation in hot-drought season, but there was no significant difference of the alleviation among various plant covers. Plant covers significantly increased the soil moisture in seasonal megathermal drought period. Better moisture maintenance and soil erosion reduction was found when the plant species numbers in cover plant communities increased from one to eight. Higher root density in plant communities with higher species richness increased significantly the antiscourability of the soil. It was suggested that conserving plant communities with diversified native species could produce the best positive ecological effects on citrus orchard ecosystem stability.

Analysis of Application Status and Recommendations for Shade-Tolerant Lawns and Ground Cover Plants in the West Lake Scenic Area

Taking 8 parks in Xihu Scenic Area as the survey objects, this study found that there are 77 kinds of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants under the forest in good growth condition, and there are 3 types of application forms: dense forest, sparse forest and forest edge. In response to the existing problems, it is proposed that it is necessary to adhere to principles of ecology, adapt to local conditions and plant suitable varieties in accordance with local conditions, develop and use new varieties of wild shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, and strengthen the promotion of the mixed planting model of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, so as to provide guidance for the better use of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover under the forest in the West Lake Scenic Area in the future.

Application of Garden Ground Cover Plants in Urban Roof Gardens

By analyzing the characteristics of ground cover plants,this study aimed to discuss about the plant species available for roof gardens and the selection principles.

Study on the Ground Cover Plant in Tibetan Herb Garden

This paper conducts a comprehensive survey of the ground cover plant in Tibetan herb garden for the first time using " five-point sampling method". Survey results show that:(i) A total of 46 families,95 genera,119 species of ground cover plants in herb garden are applied in Tibet,and Asteraceae,Gramineae,Leguminosae,Labiatae,Iridaceae and Liliaceae are used most,with the species number of 22,15,8,7,6 and 5,respectively,accounting for 18. 49%,12. 61%,6. 72%,5. 88%,5. 04% and 4. 20% of the plants surveyed,respectively.(ii) In terms of importance value for the herbaceous layer,the top three plants are Poa pratensis L.,Festuca arundinace and Lolium multiflorum L.,with the importance value of 45. 950,34. 610 and 29. 880,respectively; in terms of importance value for the non-turf ground cover herb plants,the top three plants are Trifolium L.,Cosmos bipinnata Cav. and Althaea rosea(Linn.) Cavan.,with the importance value of4. 372,3. 437 and 2. 062,respectively.(iii) The overall level of greening is low and uneven in the region,with large regional differences. In terms of ground cover plant abundance,Nyingchi > Lhasa > Shannan > Changdu > Xigaze > Ali > Nagqu.

Allelopathic Effect of Black Pine( Pinus thunbergii) Needles and Litter on Four Cover Plants

Black pine( Pinus thunbergii) is one of the main afforestation species in the sandy coast and the preferred tree species for landscape green in northern China.Allelopathic activity could be one of the reasons of the sparse vegetation under black pine forests.To explore the allelopathic potential of P.thunbergii,the effects of litter and fresh needles were evaluated against the common cover plants seeds and seedlings,i.e.Tateges erecta,Orychophragmus violaceus,Ophiopogon japonicas and Trifolium repens.The results showed that P.thunbergii possessed allelopathic potential to the accompanying plants.Increasing concentrations of aqueous extracts of needles and litter affected target plant development in different levels.Growth and germination inhibition were directly related to the extract concentrations of needles or litters.Fresh needles played a more important role in the inhibition to target plants than litter because of the less germination rate and biomass in the same concentration.In addition,the adaptability of cover plants to the allelopathic effects of P.thunbergii is obviously different.The sensitivities of the four cover plants to the allelopathic effects of P.thunbergii were in order of T.repens > O.japonicas > O.violaceus > T.erecta.Therefore,T.repens is least suitable for concomitant planting with P.thunbergii,and T.erecta is the most suitable,with other two plants in between in landscape configuration.

The Effect of Plastic-Covered Ridge and Furrow Planting on the Grain Filling and Hormonal Changes of Winter Wheat

Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two cultivars,Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,and RF and traditional flatten planting（TF,control） with the objective of investigating the effect of RF on wheat grain filling and the possible relationship of hormonal changes in the wheat grains under RF to grain filling.The results indicated that RF significantly increased the grain weight,although the effects on grain filling were different： RF significantly increased the grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior grains,whereas RF had no significant effect on grainfilling rate and grain weight of superior grains.The final grain weight of inferior grains under RF was 39.1 and 50.7 mg for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively,3.6 and 3.4 mg higher than the values under TF.However,the final grain weight of superior grains under RF was only 0.6 and 0.8 mg higher than under TF for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively.RF significantly decreased the ethylene and gibberellic acid content in the inferior grains and increased the indole-3-acetic acid,abscisic acid and zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside content in the inferior grains;however,no significant difference between RF and TF was observed for the hormonal content in the superior grains.Based on these results,we concluded that RF significantly modulated hormonal changes in the inferior grains and,thus,affected the grain filling and grain weight of the inferior grains;in contrast,RF had no significant effect on grain filling,grain weight and hormonal changes in the superior wheat grains.

Study on Ability of Ground Cover Plant of Taiyuan to Adsorb PM(2.5)

Four ground cover plant species of Taiyuan（ Iris,Hemerocallis,Sedum,Hosta） were selected to study their capacities in adsorbing PM（2.5）. Meanwhile,the concentration of PM（2.5） in Taiyuan between April 2017 and August 2017 was recorded,and the characteristics of PM（2.5） pollution in summer and autumn in Taiyuan were studied. The results showed that for the 4 plants,the ability to adsorb PM（2.5） was in the order from great to small of Hosta,Iris,Hemerocallis,Sedum,in which H. plantaginea had the best effect to adsorb PM（2.5）. The fresh weight and dry weight per gram of H. plantaginea were 4. 4 times and 2 times higher than those of S. spectabile,while the mass quality of dust adsorption was 2.8 times higher. The sorting result was the same as the ability to adsorb PM（2.5） of unit leaf area. The result of the coefficient of purification showed that the purification coefficients of 3 vegetation structure were positive,and the combination of trees and shrubs in university campus had strong PM（2.5） adsorption capacity. By comparing the seasonal variation of PM（2.5） concentration in Taiyuan city,it found that the PM（2.5） concentration was particularly high in late spring and early summer of Taiyuan,when most of the ground cover plants were not fully grown. Therefore,ground cover plants played an important role in the construction of landscape and the regulation of ecological environment in Taiyuan.

不同植物覆盖下蕉园土壤化学性质和酶活性的变化特征

【目的】通过对植物覆盖下蕉园土壤化学性质及酶活性进行研究,明确植物覆盖对蕉园土壤质量影响的变化特征,以期为用地养地结合的蕉园种植模式提供数据支持。【方法】以无覆盖物的传统裸露种植方式为对照,以人工种植大翼豆[Macroptilium atropurpureum(DC.)Urb]和自然生杂草为覆盖处理,通过连续3年田间小区定位试验,分析植物覆盖下蕉园土壤化学性质及酶活性的变化特征。【结果】植物覆盖显著改善了蕉园土壤化学性质及酶活性(P<0.05),与对照相比,大翼豆覆盖处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷分别提升51.92%、38.00%、41.86%、20.85%、29.70%;大翼豆覆盖处理的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶及磷酸酶活性分别提高34.19%、50.28%、33.41%、101.54%。植物覆盖措施在1年内有效改善了蕉园土壤有机质、碱解氮及有效磷含量,而对土壤全氮及全磷含量的影响则需要覆盖处理2年以上才能达到显著水平;主成分分析结果表明,大翼豆覆盖处理对土壤酶活性影响较自然生杂草处理显著。【结论】与传统裸露种植方式相比,两种覆盖模式均显著提高了土壤化学性质和酶活性,且豆科植物覆盖效果明显优于自然生杂草,宽窄行种植配合豆科植物覆盖处理,能有效改善土壤质量,可作为云南干热河谷区域香蕉产业健康发展的技术模式。

旱区地膜与种植密度对棉花冠层光分布及产量的影响

棉花冠层光合有效辐射截获率(PARI)是影响干物质积累和产量形成的重要因素,然而对于不同覆膜方式下种植密度对棉花冠层光分布的影响尚未明确。在旱区一膜三行的机采种植模式下,设2种覆膜方式(有膜和无膜)与5种种植密度(D1:9×10^(4)株/hm^(2),D2:13.5×10^(4)株/hm^(2),D3:18×10^(4)株/hm^(2),D4:22.5×10^(4)株/hm^(2),D5:27×10^(4)株/hm^(2)),研究不同覆膜方式下种植密度对棉花冠层PARI的影响。结果表明,在全生育期,有膜处理下棉花冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)的截获能力较强;冠层PARI与种植密度呈显著正相关关系,不同种植密度之间PARI存在差异;叶面积指数(LAI)随生育进程推进呈单峰曲线。有膜处理下,不同种植密度LAI在第94~98天达到峰值;无膜处理下,不同种植密度LAI在第109~113天达到峰值;随着种植密度的增加干物质积累量减少,其生殖器官生物量有所下降。种植密度为18×10^(4)株/hm^(2)下的产量显著高于其他处理(有膜为5805.07 kg/hm^(2),无膜为5436.96 kg/hm^(2)),研究结果为旱区合理密植、构建合理的冠层结构提供理论依据。

积雪变化对陆地生态系统植被特征和土壤碳氮过程的影响

在季节性积雪地区,冬季气候变暖导致积雪变薄、积雪不连续、融雪提前及雪盖面积缩小等现象。然而相较于氮沉降、增温、降水变化等全球变化因子,目前尚缺乏积雪因子对陆地生态系统过程和功能影响的系统报道。为加深人们对积雪特征变化生态后果的认知,综述了积雪深度和融雪时间变化对植被物候和群落组成、凋落物分解、土壤碳氮过程、温室气体排放和土壤微食物网(土壤动物和微生物)的影响。由于模拟积雪变化手段不同和复杂的气候、土壤背景,生态系统各要素对积雪特征变化的响应规律存在较大的分异和不确定性。例如,在未来气候变暖导致积雪变薄和融雪提前情景下,植被物候提前,生长季延长,导致生产力增加和凋落物数量增加,禾草比例减少导致凋落物质量增加,早春温度高刺激微生物活性,凋落物分解速率高,促进土壤碳氮周转过程。但积雪减少和融雪提前导致的早春低温和夏季干旱也可能引起植被生产力下降,凋落物数量减少质量降低,土壤微生物活性低,分解速率低,从而减缓碳氮周转过程。此外,积雪特征变化对植被特征和土壤碳氮过程影响相关研究目前还存在以下问题:1)积雪深度和融雪时间对生态系统的影响是否存在交互效应仍缺乏关注,且积雪变化对后续生长季是否存在持续效应也不明确;2)积雪因子对植被、土壤碳氮动态过程和土壤生物的影响,各生态要素研究相对较为独立;3)积雪变化引起对土壤地化循环过程影响的微生物驱动机制缺乏组学数据支撑;4)缺乏遥感手段反演各类影响生态系统功能和过程的积雪参数。应加强植被群落-土壤碳氮过程-土壤微食物网生态关联研究、基于基因组学的土壤微生物群落组成和生态功能研究和遥感相关技术研究,以期为发展积雪生态学提供参考。

莓叶委陵菜叶插繁殖技术研究

莓叶委陵菜(Potentilla fragarioidis)作为我国北方地区极具开发潜力的乡土地被植物,存在着有性繁殖材料不易获得且繁殖系数较低的问题。而扦插繁殖作为一种无性繁殖手段,能为莓叶委陵菜的快速繁殖提供新的途径。本研究以莓叶委陵菜生长健壮、无病虫害的叶为试验材料,通过正交试验针对不同扦插基质、激素种类及其浓度对莓叶委陵菜叶插生根效果的影响进行探究。结果表明,莓叶委陵菜插穗在扦插45 d后能够形成根系,不同处理水平的扦插基质、激素种类及其浓度间的交互效应对插穗生根效果的影响具有显著差异(P<0.05)。扦插基质是影响莓叶委陵菜叶插生根率的主导因子,而激素种类是影响平均单株生根数、平均单株总根长、最长根长和根系效果指数的主要因素。以草炭+珍珠岩+蛭石(1:1:1)为基质,扦插前使用300 mg·L^(-1)的IBA对插穗进行处理生根效果最佳,该处理方式下扦插生根率达63.33%,平均单株生根数为6.90条,平均单株总根长为27.98 cm,最长根长13.83 cm,根系效果指数达20.50。本研究结果可为莓叶委陵菜无性系繁殖体系的快速建立提供理论依据。

植物覆盖对香蕉园土壤真菌多样性及群落结构的影响

高度集约化的农业措施致使蕉园土壤退化日趋严重,制约了中国香蕉产业的健康可持续发展。植物覆盖能够改善土壤理化性质,优化土壤微生物群落结构,是一种重要的改善农业生态系统土壤退化的耕作措施。本研究通过宽窄行种植方式,以传统的裸露土壤种植方式为对照,在宽行中人工种植大翼豆[Macroptilium atropurpureum(DC.)Urb.]和自然生杂草为植物覆盖处理,通过连续定位试验,采集土壤样品并进行高通量测序,分析蕉园在植物覆盖下的土壤真菌多样性及群落结构的差异特征,以期探索蕉园土壤可持续利用种植模式。结果表明:蕉园植物覆盖处理下真菌群落组成差异显著,并随着覆盖年限增加呈现加强的趋势。根据FUNguild功能预测,与对照相比,大翼豆覆盖处理2019年和2020年Saprotroph_Symbiotroph真菌种群显著地(P≤0.05)增加,2020年Pathogen_Saprotroph真菌种落显著(P≤0.05)降低。共线性网络分析结果表明大翼豆覆盖处理与对照相比,群落复杂性无差异,但群落稳定性更高。同时核心物种无镰刀菌属ASVs,这可能反映了大翼豆覆盖可以减少镰刀属ASVs在群落中主导力,降低土传病害香蕉枯萎病的潜在发生风险。大翼豆处理有效提高了共生有益真菌群,减少了潜在的致病真菌群,有利于保持香蕉种植中的土壤健康。宽窄行与行间覆盖植物相结合的种植技术可有效改善土壤微生物多样性,有利于香蕉产业的可持续发展。

覆膜种植措施对垄作农地土壤优先流空间异质性的影响

为进一步针对垄作田间农业生产制定高效的需水用肥策略提供科学支撑,将野外染色示踪试验和室内土柱水分入渗实验相结合,利用图像形态学解析、模拟入渗分析、熵权分析和灰色系统理论分析等方法,对垄作覆膜和垄作(对照)种植措施下的农地土壤优先流空间异质性特征进行分析,阐明覆膜种植措施下的垄作农地土壤优先流空间分布及其运动变化规律,揭示覆膜种植措施影响下的优先流与垄作田间土壤水分运动过程的作用关系。结果表明:在相同外部供水条件下,垄作覆膜种植农地的水分集中分布在0~10 cm土壤表层,随着土壤深度的增加分布范围逐渐缩小,其土壤染色复杂程度随着土壤深度的增加先增大后减少。而垄作种植农地在10~30 cm土壤深度范围内的水分分布出现显著的指状优先流分化现象。同时,垄作覆膜农地土壤达到饱和状态的时间是垄作农地的1.36倍,其单位时间内的平均土柱水流出流量(质量流率为0.20 g/s)显著(P<0.05)小于垄作农地(质量流率为0.35 g/s),土壤优先流程度相较更高,土壤属性中饱和导水率对优先流程度影响最大。垄作覆膜种植措施相较垄作在一定程度上能够进一步降低农地土壤空间内优先流的发生及其分布,减少水分向土壤深层渗漏,起到一定程度的蓄水保墒作用。

呼和浩特市绿地建设中花境设计与应用研究

花境已成为草原都市-呼和浩特市绿地建设中一种较为常见的园林造景方式,可以极大地提高草原都市的生态景观品质和宜居水平。本文以2020—2023年呼和浩特市建设的花境为研究对象,通过对300余处花境的主题、应用环境、造型和构成材料等方面进行了调查分析,结果为花境设计中涉及生态主题的作品最多;花境中使用的花草种类126种,共涉及41个科104个属的草本植物,有75种花卉在呼市地区都有较好的性状表现和较高的推广价值。染色树皮、砾石、陶粒、火山岩、园林小品、景石和园林废弃物等资源作为花镜建设的构成材料。同时总结出一些在花境建设与养护过程中的共性问题,并给出合理的建议。

Transformation of vegetative cover on the Ustyurt Plateau of Central Asia as a consequence of the Aral Sea shrinkage

The gradual shrinkage of the Aral Sea has led to not only the degradation of the unique environments of the Aral Sea,but also numerous and fast developing succession processes in the neighborhood habitats surrounding the sea.In this study,we investigated the vegetative succession processes related to the Aral Sea shrinkage in the Eastern Cliff of the Ustyurt Plateau in Republic of Uzbekistan,Central Asia.We compared the results of our current investigation(2010–2017)on vegetative communities with the geobotany data collected during the 1970s(1970–1980).The results showed great changes in the mesophytic plant communities and habitat aridization as a result of the drop in the underground water level,which decreased atmospheric humidity and increased the salt content of the soil caused by the shrinkage of the Aral Sea.In the vegetative communities,we observed a decrease in the Margalef index(DMg),which had a positive correlation with the poly-dominance index(I-D).The main indications of the plant communities'transformation were the loss of the weak species,the appearance of new communities with low species diversity,the stabilization of the projective cover of former resistant communities,as well as the appearance of a new competitive species,which occupy new habitats.

高植被覆盖下铁路隧道口危岩落石风险评估

山区铁路选线受地形条件制约,高陡边坡或陡崖地段的隧道洞口常面临危岩落石风险,传统人工调查方法困难,尤其是高植被覆盖地区,受现场条件限制不能完全查明危岩分布,同时常用的落石运动轨迹模拟缺少横向范围控制,存在一定的安全隐患。以某铁路隧道进口工程为研究对象,以机载LiDAR和三维倾斜摄影数据为基础,查明了危岩形成机制及分布特征,利用自主研发的Rockfall Hunter软件分析不同破坏形式的危岩三维运动特征,并给出防护措施建议。研究表明:(1)基于定性分析和定量计算,建立的“数据、方法、意义”三阶段高植被覆盖区危岩落石风险综合评估方案行之有效;(2)利用精细化三维实景模型可准确提取危岩体几何信息,危岩落石发育区数字地表灰度影像表面坎坷不平、具粗糙感,危岩体截面地面点棱角显著、地势陡峭,原生孤石或滚石截面呈凸起状、有明显界限;(3)研究发现可能对工程造成危害的危岩体120处,总体积约15541 m^(3),以倾倒、坠落式破坏为主,局部发生组合式破坏;(4)落石进入隧址区最大速度为17.3 m/s,最大弹跳高度为12.5 m,最大冲击能量超过8000 kJ,建议采用避让、清理、加固等措施。

赣州市园林地被植物资源筛选评价及园林应用研究

为评价地被植物在赣州城市绿地中的表现,筛选出适合城市园林应用的地被植物品种,采用层次分析法构建赣州市园林地被植物综合评价体系,从观赏性、生物学特性、应用潜力3方面筛选出13个评价指标,对赣州市园林应用的75种地被植物进行评价与分级。结果表明:观赏期、显示度、适应性等指标在园林地被植物占较大权重,其中Ⅰ级(3.6<Q≤4.0)有9种,Ⅱ级(3.2<Q≤3.6)有29种,Ⅲ级(2.8<Q≤3.2)有25种,Ⅳ级(Q≤2.8)有12种。

紫花苜蓿种植模式对干热河谷咖啡园土壤质量的影响

为改善干热河谷地区咖啡园脆弱的生态环境,探讨不同的覆盖作物种植模式对咖啡园土壤质量的影响,本研究通过设置紫花苜蓿单播(A1),紫花苜蓿×光叶紫花苕混播(A2)两个处理,以休闲处理(CK)为对照,分析了覆盖作物盛花期时对土壤酶活、理化性质、细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明:A1、A2处理都能显著提高咖啡园土壤有机质和氮素含量(P<0.05),促进土壤pH从弱碱性恢复到中性,更利于咖啡树的生长;与CK相比,A1的土壤脲酶显著提高(P<0.05),A1、A2、CK的土壤过氧化氢酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05);A1的Sobs指数、Chao1指数显著低于A2、CK处理(P<0.05),A1、A2的Shannon指数显著低于CK(P<0.05),与休闲处理相比,单播/混播覆盖作物种植降低了土壤细菌多样性,但紫花苜蓿×光叶紫花苕混播的土壤细菌多样性比紫花苜蓿单播更丰富;酸杆菌门是A1的优势菌门,放线菌门是A2、CK组的优势菌门,酸杆菌门的RB41是3个处理的优势菌属;pH值对土壤细菌种群分布的影响最大;细菌群落的主要功能是碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢。覆盖作物种植可以显著增加干热河谷地区咖啡园土壤营养,调整土壤酸碱度,影响土壤细菌群落结构和功能,土壤改良效果显著,紫花苜蓿和光叶紫花苕混播是干热河谷地区咖啡园覆盖作物种植的较优模式。

园林地被植物混植技术应用研究

络石、常春藤、铜钱草、薜荔、过路黄都是园林应用价值高的地被植物,单一应用中有观赏期生长季节性的局限性,混合栽植博采众长,是实践验证可行的园林种植形式,但表现效果却千差万别,园林审美质量有待提升。以长效性多样性为目标,对络石、常春藤、铜钱草、薜荔、过路黄混植,观察生长状况,探索不同混合比例不同栽植方式混植地被的园林表现效果。通过选择不同数量比例,进行对比试验,经过4年的持续观察,研究不同混植比例对植被的新梢长度、粗度、叶片大小的影响,结果表明络石:常春藤:铜钱草:薜荔:过路黄进行1:4:4:1:4栽植,生长势覆盖度、色彩丰度、叶片质地效果较好。通过叶片大小色泽和密度观察,栽植方式比较发现栽培坡度为10:2的混植效果较好。

覆盖作物种植要点及前景分析

本文分析了覆盖作物的种植意义、种植要点以及种植前景。覆盖作物在防止土壤侵蚀、保持土壤水分、改良土壤质量、提高主栽作物产量和品质,以及增加农田生态系统的物种多样性等方面发挥重要功能。覆盖作物的选择,需从提供氮素、改善土壤质量、控制杂草生长及保持土壤水分等方面的需求出发,实现覆盖作物所需达成的主要目标,还需根据当地的气候条件、土壤类型以及下一季主栽作物种类等因素,选择适宜的覆盖作物品种及种植方式。本研究旨在为覆盖作物的种植利用提供参考。