Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)and its mechanisms against plant diseases for sustainable agriculture and better productivity

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)are specialized bacterial communities inhabiting the root rhizosphere and the secretion of root exudates helps to,regulate the microbial dynamics and their interactions with the plants.These bacteria viz.,Agrobacterium,Arthobacter,Azospirillum,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,etc.,play important role in plant growth promotion.In addition,such symbiotic associations of PGPRs in the rhizospheric region also confer protection against several diseases caused by bacterial,fungal and viral pathogens.The biocontrol mechanism utilized by PGPR includes direct and indirect mechanisms direct PGPR mechanisms include the production of antibiotic,siderophore,and hydrolytic enzymes,competition for space and nutrients,and quorum sensing whereas,indirect mechanisms include rhizomicrobiome regulation via.secretion of root exudates,phytostimulation through the release of phytohormones viz.,auxin,cytokinin,gibberellic acid,1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and induction of systemic resistance through expression of antioxidant defense enzymes viz.,phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL),peroxidase(PO),polyphenyloxidases(PPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),chitinase andβ-glucanases.For the suppression of plant diseases potent bio inoculants can be developed by modulating the rhizomicrobiome through rhizospheric engineering.In addition,understandings of different strategies to improve PGPR strains,their competence,colonization efficiency,persistence and its future implications should also be taken into consideration.

Synergistic combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulates morpho-physiological characteristics and soil structure in Nitraria tangutorum bobr.Under saline soil conditions

Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.,a typical xero-halophyte,can be used for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in arid and semiarid regions affected by salinity.However,global climate change and unreasonable human activity have exacerbated salinization in arid and semi-arid regions,which in turn has led to the growth inhibition of halophytes,including N.tangutorum.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)have the potential to improve the salt tolerance of plants and their adaptation to saline soil environments.In this study,the effects of single and combined inoculations of AMF(Glomus mosseae)and PGPR(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42)on N.tangutorum were evaluated in severe saline soil conditions.The results indicate that AMF and PGPR alone may not adapt well to the real soil environment,and cannot ensure the effect of either growth promotion or salt-tolerance induction on N.tangutorum seedlings.However,the combination of AMF and PGPR significantly promoted mycorrhizal colonization,increased biomass accumulation,improved morphological development,enhanced photosynthetic performance,stomatal adjustment ability,and the exchange of water and gas.Co-inoculation also significantly counteracted the adverse effect of salinity on the soil structure of N.tangutorum seedlings.It is concluded that the effectiveness of microbial inoculation on the salt tolerance of N.tangutorum seedlings depends on the functional compatibility between plants and microorganisms as well as the specific combinations of AMF and PGPR.

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria at Various Nitrogen Rates on Corn Growth

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize plant roots and promote plant growth by producing and secreting various chemical regulators in the rhizosphere. With the recent interest in sustainable agriculture, an increasing number of researchers are investigating ways to improve the efficiency of PGPR use to reduce chemical fertilizer inputs needed for crop production. Accordingly, greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of PGPR inoculants on biomass production and nitrogen (N) content of corn (Zea mays L.) under different N levels. Treatments included three PGPR inoculants (two mixtures of PGPR strains and one control without PGPR) and five N application levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended N rate of 135 kg N ha−1). Results showed that inoculation of PGPR significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root morphology of corn compared to no PGPR application under the same N levels at the V6 growth stage, but few differences were observed at the V4 stage. PGPR with 50% of the full N rate produced corn biomass and N concentrations equivalent to or greater than that of the full N rate without inoculants at the VT stage. In conclusion, mixtures of PGPR can potentially reduce inorganic N fertilization without affecting corn plant growth parameters. Future research is needed under field conditions to determine if these PGPR inoculants can be integrated as a bio-fertilizer in crop production nutrient management strategies.

Potential seed germination-enhancing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for restoration of Pinus chiapensis ecosystems

Rhizosphere soil samples of three Pinus chiapensis sites were analyzed for their physicochemical properties,soil bacteria isolated and screened in vitro for growthpromoting abilities.Nine isolates that showed promise were identified to five genera Dyella,Luteimonas,Euterobacter,Paraburkholderia and Bacillus based on the sequences of16 S rRNA gene.All the strains were isolated from nondisturbed stands.These bacteria significantly decreased germination time and increased sprout sizes.Indole acetic acid and gibberellin production and phosphate solubilisation were detected.Results indicate that these biochemicals could be essential for P.chiapensis distribution and suggest the possibility that PGPR inoculation on P.chiapensis seeds prior to planting could improve germination and possibly seedling development.

Comparative Analysis of Various Strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on the Physiology of Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and biochemical contents. Garlic cloves were inoculated with 3 kinds of PGPRs, Pseudomonas putida (KX574857), Pseudomonas stutzeri (Kx574858) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579) at 108 cells/mL prior to sowing. Under natural conditions, plants were grown in the net house. The PGPR significantly enhanced % germination, leaf and root growth and their biomass also increased the diameter of bulb and fresh and dry weight. The flavonoids, phenolics, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content were also significantly increased due to PGPR inoculation. The Pseudomonas stutzeri was found most effective for producing longer leaves with moderate sugar, high flavonoids (129%) and phenolics (263%) in bulb over control (Tap). The Pseudomonas putida exhibited a maximum increase in bulb diameter and bulb biomass with maximum phenolics and flavonoid contents.

Research Progress of Mechanism of Action of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

The paper first introduces the definition and classification of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR）, then reviews the research achievements on the mechanism of action of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, including growth pro-moting mechanism and bio-control mechanism, subsequently lists the use of excel-lent plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strains in recent years, especial y Pseu-domonas and Bacil us strains, and final y discusses problems existing in this area and points out issues requiring further exploration, including PGPR screening meth-ods, preservation methods, mechanism of action, in order to commercialize PGPR as soon as possible and practical y realize its application to production.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biological Control Agent in Rice

The use of agrochemical products to combat diseases in crops has adverse effects on the environment and human health. Plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) has been increasingly proposed as an eco-friendly alternative in agriculture. PGPRs have beneficial effects not only in promoting plant growth but also have shown their potential as biological control agent, being able to inhibit plant pathogens. Here, we investigated the use of PGPR Paraburkholderia sp. strain SOS3 to provide disease protection in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The antagonistic activity of SOS3 against five fungal pathogens of rice was assessed by dual culture on plates and on rice seedlings. The results showed that on plate assay, SOS3 inhibits the growth of Curvularia lunata, Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, and Fusarium moniliforme by 17.2%, 1.1%, 8.3%, 32.5%, and 35.4%, respectively. When inoculated on rice seeds, SOS3 promotes seed germination and significantly reduces disease symptoms in plants infected with R. solani. These results suggest that SOS3 has a great potential to be used in rice agriculture to combat the “Sheath Blight” disease.

PGPR菌剂对攀西高原植烟土壤nifH基因群落的影响

为研究植物根际促生菌(PGPR)菌剂处理下攀西高原植烟土壤氮素循环的微生物调控机制,本研究以凉山州会理市不同PGPR菌剂(Lysinibacillus sp.、Streptomyces Phaeochromogenes和Aspergillus niger)处理下的植烟田为研究对象,采集烤烟成熟期根际土壤,通过化学分析和高通量测序技术对土壤理化性质、固氮酶活性及nifH基因群落组成及多样性进行分析。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,施用PGPR菌剂会显著降低植烟土壤的pH值,同时显著提高有效磷含量和固氮酶活性(P<0.05)。总体而言,施用PGPR菌剂提高了植烟土壤nifH基因群落的多样性。植烟土壤优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)。慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、地杆菌属(Geobacter)和固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)等是植烟土壤优势属。冗余分析结果表明,植烟土壤pH值、碱解氮和速效钾含量与nifH基因群落结构相关性最强。综上,PGPR菌剂能改善植烟土壤养分状况,提高土壤固氮酶活性,影响植烟根际土壤nifH基因群落组成及多样性,其中以细菌PGPR菌剂Lysinibacillus sp.效果最佳。本研究结果为植烟土壤科学施肥、培肥地力提供了理论依据。

植物根际优良促生菌(PGPR)筛选及其接种剂部分替代化肥对玉米生长影响研究

通过测定植物根际促生菌株固氮酶活性、溶磷量、分泌植物生长素、对病原菌的拮抗作用及菌株生长速度,筛选出了5株具有较好促生特性的优良菌株。利用筛选的优良菌株研制复合接种剂,并于2009年和2010年进行田试,测定其部分替代化肥对玉米生长的影响。结果表明:利用筛选的优良促生菌研制的复合微生物接种剂符合《微生物肥料》NY227-94标准。施用接种剂替代20%～30%的化肥,玉米株高、地上植物量、穗长、穗粗、单位面积穗数、穗粒数和经济产量等均有提高。研制的微生物接种剂(菌肥+80%化肥),2010年大田推广使用,玉米增产9.86%,减少化肥投入、增产收入及直接经济效益分别为620.1元.hm-2、2 291.4元.hm-2和2 851.5元.hm-2。

根际促生细菌(PGPR)对冬枣根际土壤微生物数量及细菌多样性影响

从6年生冬枣根际土壤中筛选出1株根际促生细菌(PGPR),以发酵鸡粪(DC)为吸附载体制成PGPR生物肥(PF),利用传统的氯仿熏蒸法和现代的T-RFLP技术,从冬枣根际土壤中可培养微生物的数量、细菌群落多样性和微生物量碳的动态变化3个方面,分析PF、普通生物肥料(NF)和DC对冬枣根际土壤微生物特征的影响。结果表明:同NF处理相比,PF处理中的细菌数量和微生物总量显著增加,真菌数量显著减少,但放线菌数量差异不显著。PF处理根际土壤具有较高的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数。基于T-RFLP的主成分分析结果表明:PF处理的细菌群落结构成为1个独立的群,NF,DC和CK处理构成1个相对独立的群。此外,同其他试验处理相比,PF可相对稳定地提供冬枣生长周期内的微生物生物量碳。PGPR生物肥料的施用可提高可培养微生物数量,提高根际土壤中微生物多样性,有效改善冬枣根际土壤的微生态环境。

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)对缓解水稻受土壤锌胁迫的作用

为解决农田重金属污染的严重环境问题,提出利用植物根际促生菌(Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)来缓解农作物受重金属胁迫的科学设想。研究从大宝山污染土壤中筛选出的Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+耐性菌株,经鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.DBM),菌株DBM具有产吲哚乙酸(IAA)和ACC脱氨酶能力,但无产铁载体能力。盆栽试验结果表明,菌株DBM在水稻受重金属Zn(600mg.kg-1)胁迫时能有效保护并促进水稻的生长,使其地上部和地下部干重比不加菌处理对照分别提高97.8%和77.2%。另外,菌株DBM可以增加土壤中Zn的有效态含量,但不能增强水稻对土壤Zn的吸收能力。相反,在Zn600处理下,水稻地上部和地下部Zn浓度分别比不加菌处理对照减少15.1%和19.9%。但由于促生效果也极为显著,其地上部和地下部Zn总量仍分别比不加菌处理对照增加74.2%和48.6%。

植物根际促生细菌(PGPR)分离筛选与鉴定

【目的】从不同作物根际土壤中筛选对黄瓜和番茄有明显促生效应的植物根际促生细菌(PGPR)。【方法】从番茄、黄瓜、茄子、辣椒四种蔬菜作物的根际土壤中进行分离,测定菌株的促生能力,获得优势广适菌株,再根据菌体形态、培养特征及16S rDNA部分序列分析进行鉴定。【结果】共分离得到24株细菌菌株,经平皿初筛,分别筛选出对黄瓜幼苗、番茄幼苗生长有显著促生作用的细菌11和5株,再经营养钵促生实验筛选出2株对黄瓜、番茄幼苗均具有显著促生作用的PGPR菌,经16S rDNA序列分析,分别为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和布克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)。【结论】所筛选细菌对黄瓜和番茄幼苗有显著促生作用,为进一步构建PGPR广适菌群提供了菌株资源。

使用PGPR菌剂及苜蓿培肥新垦地土壤研究

本研究以重庆北碚新垦坡耕地中性土壤为对象,采用裂区设计法研究种植紫花苜蓿并配施根际有盖微生物(PGPR)对紫花苜蓿生长及土壤微生物的影响.本研究涉及的PGPR菌包括根瘤菌、联合固氮菌、硅酸盐细菌和巨大芽孢杆菌.设置种植紫花苜蓿不接种(A)、种植紫花苜蓿接种根瘤菌(A+R)、种植紫花苜蓿接种PGPR(A+PG-PR)和空地(CK)等4个处理.结果显示:各处理对紫花苜蓿农艺品质、土壤微生物数量及土壤微生物生物量氮含量的影响程度大小顺序均为A+PGPR,A+R,A,CK;而对微生物生物量碳含量的影响大小顺序是A,A+PGPR,A+R,CK.与CK相比,接种PGPR处理显著提高了紫花苜蓿瘤质量、株高、根干质量、地上部干质量和全氮含量(p<0.05);接种PGPR较CK显著增加了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、根瘤菌、硅酸盐细菌和固氮菌数量(p<0.05);接种PGPR的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量较CK处理的分别显著提高了60.12%和63.28%(p<0.05);同时,该处理还显著提高了土壤的各项基本化学肥力指标.相关性分析表明,微生物生物量氮与植物全氮以及土壤养分各指标显著相关.研究表明,种植紫花苜蓿并配施PGPR能够显著增加新垦地土壤微生物数量,促进新垦地土壤培肥.

高寒地区燕麦根际高效PGPR菌培养条件研究

用乙炔还原法及比色法对高寒草地燕麦根际分离的5个PGPR菌株(O3、O5、O6、O7、O8)在不同光照、pH值、盐分浓度和温度梯度下的生长能力进行了研究。结果表明:5株PGPR菌在较低的光照强度下生长受阻,高强度的光照有利于细菌的生长繁殖,其最适生长范围为2 000～3 000 Lx;固氮酶活性在pH 7.0～7.2范围之间表现最高;盐分(NaCl)浓度高于1 % 时PGPR菌生长受阻;PGPR菌最适宜的生长温度范围为25～30 ℃。

两株PGPR对豇豆苗期生长及土著细菌群落的影响

以扬豇40为材料,研究了植物根际促生菌Pseudomonas chlororaphis RA6和Bacillus pumilus WP8对豇豆种子出苗及幼苗生长的作用,评价浸种及拌土处理的差异,揭示一段时间内,两株植物根际促生菌(PGPR)在土壤中的行为特征及其对土著细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:PGPR对豇豆的促生作用因接种方式、接种量的不同而不同。WP8、RA6浸种处理的出苗率分别比对照提高14.29%和9.52%(P<0.05);15 d时的株高分别比对照提高14.39%和10.40%(P<0.05);茎叶干物重分别比对照增加19.69%和17.71%(P<0.05)。WP8、RA6低剂量拌土处理(104cfu·g-1soil,以下简作"低拌处理")各指标与对照相比,均无显著差异(P>0.05)。WP8、RA6中剂量拌土处理(106cfu·g-1soil,以下简作"中拌处理")出苗率和株高均比对照提高,但未达显著差异(P>0.05);茎叶干物重分别比对照增加12.71%和18.59%(P<0.05)。WP8、RA6高剂量拌土处理(108cfu·g-1soil,以下简作"高拌处理")出苗率分别比对照提高9.52%和14.29%(P<0.05);15 d时的株高分别比对照提高6.37%和7.64%(P<0.05);茎叶干物重分别比对照增加27.37%和20.43%(P<0.05)。DGGE指纹图谱分析结果显示:各处理在15 d和45 d时,除WP8浸种处理外,其余土壤微生物群落多样性和对照均已发生明显变化,随时间推延,RA6菌株在土壤中优势地位更趋明显,表现在45 d时仍可明显检测到;WP8在土壤中存活时间不长,但拌土处理改变了土著细菌的群落结构。推测WP8的促生作用很可能与土著微生物群落的变化有关。

产生ACC脱氨酶的PGPR种衣剂对黄瓜细菌性茎软腐病的防治效果

为防治近几年越冬茬黄瓜上的新病害——细菌性茎软腐病,从海边盐生植物根际土壤中富集培养、分离和鉴定了产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶的植物根际促生菌(PGPR),共鉴定出了嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、土生拉乌尔菌Raoultella terrigena、土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens、产酸克雷伯菌Klebsiella oxytoca、成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans、产气肠杆菌Enterobacter aerogenes和克吕沃尔氏菌Kluyvera cryocrescens共7个种的PGPR。测定了ACC脱氨酶活性,其中嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌菌株CRG-2,产生ACC脱氨酶活性最高,为324.3μmol/(mg·h)。将菌株CRG-2和枯草芽胞杆菌复配制成丸化种衣剂后,测定了对黄瓜细菌性茎软腐病的田间防治效果。结果表明,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌和枯草芽胞杆菌复配后形成的种衣剂对黄瓜细菌性茎软腐病的田间防治效果达到73.13%,高于中生菌素防治效果15.79%。由此可见该种衣剂有望在生产上用于防治黄瓜细菌性茎软腐病。

干旱胁迫下PGPR对红枣植株生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究不同干旱胁迫程度下,接种植物根际促生细菌(PGPR)T1(Pseudomonas koreensis)、T2(Bacillus filamentosus)和T3混合菌剂(T1∶T2=1∶1)对红枣苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:在任何水分条件下,接种3种菌剂均能显著提高植株株高、干质量、净光合速率和叶绿素含量(P<0.05);叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量不同程度降低;抗氧化酶活性则表现出相反趋势;随着水分胁迫程度的加剧,接种效应越明显;尤其在重度干旱胁迫下,接种T1、T2、T3菌剂后,丙二醛含量分别下降了25.2%、20.9%、43.1%,脱落酸含量分别下降了14.5%、12.2%、27.1%;叶片内的过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量较未接种植株分别上升22.0%~39.4%、19.5%~30.5%、14.0%~17.7%、59.7%~104.8%(P<0.05)。由此可见,接种3种菌剂均能通过调节红枣植株光合作用、体内各种抗氧化酶活性,减少膜脂过氧化物的积累,从而提高红枣植株的耐旱性;混合菌剂的接种效应明显优于单菌剂;菌株P.koreensis和B.filamentosus在干旱地区具有潜在的推广应用前景。

运用生色基因标记黄瓜根围促生菌(PGPR)筛选菌株

采用三亲交配方法 ,通过Tn7转座系统将lacZY标记基因导入黄瓜根围促生菌 (PG PR)筛选菌株PseudomonasfluorescensCN1 1 6和PseudomonascorrugataCN31的利福平抗性突变株中 ;标记假单胞菌菌株则被赋予了利用乳糖作为唯一碳源的能力 ,在只有乳糖的M9培养基上生长能分解X Gal,菌落显出特有的蓝色 ;经Southern杂交分析 ,证明标记基因lacZY存在于转化菌株的染色体上 ;经验证标记菌株标记性状稳定 ,与对应的野生菌株比较其它性状如培养性状、形态特征、生防效果等基本不变 ;PGPR菌株利福平抗性和生色基因标记的结合 (双标记 )能最大限度地将土壤中引入的PGPR菌株与土著细菌分开 ,检测下限可达 1 0CFU mL ,为PGPR在根围的分子生态学研究提供了一个较好的工具。

梭梭根际促生菌(PGPR)菌肥对番茄产量、品质和土壤特性的影响

【目的】探究梭梭根际促生菌(PGPR)菌肥对番茄生长、果实产量及根际土壤特性的影响。【方法】课题组前期从梭梭根际土壤中分离得到芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)WM13-24、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)M30-35和根瘤菌(Rhizobium sp.)WMN-33个菌株,并结合已有的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)GB03和苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)ACCC17578制备成含有5种促生菌的复合菌肥;以芽孢杆菌WM13-24制备单株菌肥;并以LB培养基和微生物肥料巧农2号作为对照进行番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)田间试验。【结果】与LB培养基对照相比,施用复合菌肥后,番茄的产量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、维生素C含量、有机酸含量、土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性、磷酸酶活性分别增加了73.75%、28.53%、15.73%、75.42%、15.15%、15.71%、1.8倍和26.73%。【结论】PGPR菌肥均可显著改善番茄品质,提高番茄产量。与单株菌肥相比,以梭梭根际促生菌为主要菌源制备的复合菌肥显著提高了番茄产量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、维生素C含量;且优化了番茄根际土壤特性。

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)解磷菌的筛选及其对番茄促生作用的研究

【目的】筛选能降解难溶性磷的PGPR菌株。【方法】采用解磷圈法从15株PGPR中筛选透明圈直径最大的菌株,并将解磷菌加入到番茄育苗基质和灌根方式测定了解磷菌对幼苗期和成株期番茄促生作用及根围土壤养分的影响。【结果】经过16srRNA序列比对,2株解磷菌LZT-5和FQG-5分别为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia),其解磷透明圈直径分别为2.33和2.27 cm。用10%FQG-5和LZT-5育苗后番茄幼苗株高、茎粗和叶面积最高,分别为13.66 cm、0.35 cm、28.95 cm2和13.70 cm、0.36 cm、29.75 cm2,显著高于其他处理。用FQG-5灌根后露地番茄根围的速效磷、速效钾、硝态氮、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别为40.05 mg·kg^-1、193.00 mg·kg^-1、78.30 mg·kg^-1、50.53 mg·kg^-1、37.79 g·kg^-1、0.80 g·kg^-1、0.79 g·kg^-1和2.03 g·kg^-1,均显著高于其他处理。【结论】解磷菌FQG-5可以促进番茄根围土壤养分转化成速效性养分,从而促进番茄植株生长,提高产量。