Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)and its mechanisms against plant diseases for sustainable agriculture and better productivity

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)are specialized bacterial communities inhabiting the root rhizosphere and the secretion of root exudates helps to,regulate the microbial dynamics and their interactions with the plants.These bacteria viz.,Agrobacterium,Arthobacter,Azospirillum,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,etc.,play important role in plant growth promotion.In addition,such symbiotic associations of PGPRs in the rhizospheric region also confer protection against several diseases caused by bacterial,fungal and viral pathogens.The biocontrol mechanism utilized by PGPR includes direct and indirect mechanisms direct PGPR mechanisms include the production of antibiotic,siderophore,and hydrolytic enzymes,competition for space and nutrients,and quorum sensing whereas,indirect mechanisms include rhizomicrobiome regulation via.secretion of root exudates,phytostimulation through the release of phytohormones viz.,auxin,cytokinin,gibberellic acid,1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and induction of systemic resistance through expression of antioxidant defense enzymes viz.,phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL),peroxidase(PO),polyphenyloxidases(PPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),chitinase andβ-glucanases.For the suppression of plant diseases potent bio inoculants can be developed by modulating the rhizomicrobiome through rhizospheric engineering.In addition,understandings of different strategies to improve PGPR strains,their competence,colonization efficiency,persistence and its future implications should also be taken into consideration.

Potential seed germination-enhancing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for restoration of Pinus chiapensis ecosystems

Rhizosphere soil samples of three Pinus chiapensis sites were analyzed for their physicochemical properties,soil bacteria isolated and screened in vitro for growthpromoting abilities.Nine isolates that showed promise were identified to five genera Dyella,Luteimonas,Euterobacter,Paraburkholderia and Bacillus based on the sequences of16 S rRNA gene.All the strains were isolated from nondisturbed stands.These bacteria significantly decreased germination time and increased sprout sizes.Indole acetic acid and gibberellin production and phosphate solubilisation were detected.Results indicate that these biochemicals could be essential for P.chiapensis distribution and suggest the possibility that PGPR inoculation on P.chiapensis seeds prior to planting could improve germination and possibly seedling development.

Synergistic combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulates morpho-physiological characteristics and soil structure in Nitraria tangutorum bobr.Under saline soil conditions

Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.,a typical xero-halophyte,can be used for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in arid and semiarid regions affected by salinity.However,global climate change and unreasonable human activity have exacerbated salinization in arid and semi-arid regions,which in turn has led to the growth inhibition of halophytes,including N.tangutorum.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)have the potential to improve the salt tolerance of plants and their adaptation to saline soil environments.In this study,the effects of single and combined inoculations of AMF(Glomus mosseae)and PGPR(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42)on N.tangutorum were evaluated in severe saline soil conditions.The results indicate that AMF and PGPR alone may not adapt well to the real soil environment,and cannot ensure the effect of either growth promotion or salt-tolerance induction on N.tangutorum seedlings.However,the combination of AMF and PGPR significantly promoted mycorrhizal colonization,increased biomass accumulation,improved morphological development,enhanced photosynthetic performance,stomatal adjustment ability,and the exchange of water and gas.Co-inoculation also significantly counteracted the adverse effect of salinity on the soil structure of N.tangutorum seedlings.It is concluded that the effectiveness of microbial inoculation on the salt tolerance of N.tangutorum seedlings depends on the functional compatibility between plants and microorganisms as well as the specific combinations of AMF and PGPR.

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria at Various Nitrogen Rates on Corn Growth

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize plant roots and promote plant growth by producing and secreting various chemical regulators in the rhizosphere. With the recent interest in sustainable agriculture, an increasing number of researchers are investigating ways to improve the efficiency of PGPR use to reduce chemical fertilizer inputs needed for crop production. Accordingly, greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of PGPR inoculants on biomass production and nitrogen (N) content of corn (Zea mays L.) under different N levels. Treatments included three PGPR inoculants (two mixtures of PGPR strains and one control without PGPR) and five N application levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended N rate of 135 kg N ha−1). Results showed that inoculation of PGPR significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root morphology of corn compared to no PGPR application under the same N levels at the V6 growth stage, but few differences were observed at the V4 stage. PGPR with 50% of the full N rate produced corn biomass and N concentrations equivalent to or greater than that of the full N rate without inoculants at the VT stage. In conclusion, mixtures of PGPR can potentially reduce inorganic N fertilization without affecting corn plant growth parameters. Future research is needed under field conditions to determine if these PGPR inoculants can be integrated as a bio-fertilizer in crop production nutrient management strategies.

Plant growth-promoting properties and anti-fungal activity of endophytic bacterial strains isolated from Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta in arid lands

Endophytes,as crucial components of plant microbial communities,significantly contribute to enhancing the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus by their hosts,promote plant growth,and degrade pathogenic fungal mycelia.In this study,an experiment was conducted in August 2022 to explore the growth-promoting potential of endophytic bacterial strains isolated from two medical plant species,Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta,using a series of screening media.Plant samples of Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta were collected from Zhaosu County and Habahe County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,in July 2021.Additionally,the inhibitory effects of endophytic bacterial strains on the four pathogenic fungi(Fusarium oxysporum,Fulvia fulva,Alternaria solani,and Valsa mali)were determined through the plate confrontation method.A total of 80 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from Thymus altaicus,while a total of 60 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from Salvia deserta.The endophytic bacterial strains from both Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta exhibited plant growth-promoting properties.Specifically,the strains of Bacillus sp.TR002,Bacillus sp.TR005,Microbacterium sp.TSB5,and Rhodococcus sp.TR013 demonstrated strong cellulase-producing activity,siderophore-producing activity,phosphate solubilization activity,and nitrogen-fixing activity,respectively.Out of 140 endophytic bacterial strains isolated from Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta,104 strains displayed anti-fungal activity against Fulvia fulva,Alternaria solani,Fusarium oxysporum,and Valsa mali.Furthermore,the strains of Bacillus sp.TR005,Bacillus sp.TS003,and Bacillus sp.TSB7 exhibited robust inhibition rates against all the four pathogenic fungi.In conclusion,the endophytic bacterial strains from Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta possess both plant growth-promoting and anti-fungal properties,making them promising candidates for future development as growth-promoting agents and biocontrol tools for plant diseases.

Comparative Analysis of Various Strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on the Physiology of Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and biochemical contents. Garlic cloves were inoculated with 3 kinds of PGPRs, Pseudomonas putida (KX574857), Pseudomonas stutzeri (Kx574858) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579) at 108 cells/mL prior to sowing. Under natural conditions, plants were grown in the net house. The PGPR significantly enhanced % germination, leaf and root growth and their biomass also increased the diameter of bulb and fresh and dry weight. The flavonoids, phenolics, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content were also significantly increased due to PGPR inoculation. The Pseudomonas stutzeri was found most effective for producing longer leaves with moderate sugar, high flavonoids (129%) and phenolics (263%) in bulb over control (Tap). The Pseudomonas putida exhibited a maximum increase in bulb diameter and bulb biomass with maximum phenolics and flavonoid contents.

Application Progress of Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria in Crops

Plant growth-promoting bacteria(PGPBs)can promote plant growth and improve crop yield.They can induce plant systemic resistance to resist biotic and abiotic stresses.In recent years,with the development of green ecological agriculture,new biological fertilizers such as microbial inocula and microbial fertilizers based on PGPBs have been gradually applied in crop planting.Based on plant growth promotion and disease control,the application progress of PGPBs in crops from the aspects of growth promotion mechanism,growth promotion effect,resistance to biological and abiotic stresses were discussed,aiming to provide reference for the relevant research and application of PGPBs in crops.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biological Control Agent in Rice

The use of agrochemical products to combat diseases in crops has adverse effects on the environment and human health. Plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) has been increasingly proposed as an eco-friendly alternative in agriculture. PGPRs have beneficial effects not only in promoting plant growth but also have shown their potential as biological control agent, being able to inhibit plant pathogens. Here, we investigated the use of PGPR Paraburkholderia sp. strain SOS3 to provide disease protection in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The antagonistic activity of SOS3 against five fungal pathogens of rice was assessed by dual culture on plates and on rice seedlings. The results showed that on plate assay, SOS3 inhibits the growth of Curvularia lunata, Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, and Fusarium moniliforme by 17.2%, 1.1%, 8.3%, 32.5%, and 35.4%, respectively. When inoculated on rice seeds, SOS3 promotes seed germination and significantly reduces disease symptoms in plants infected with R. solani. These results suggest that SOS3 has a great potential to be used in rice agriculture to combat the “Sheath Blight” disease.

Increased ammonification,nitrogenase,soil respiration and microbial biomass N in the rhizosphere of rice plants inoculated with rhizobacteria

Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens are well-known plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.However,the effects of A.brasilense and P.fluorescens on the N cycles in the paddy field and rice plant growth are little known.This study investigated whether and how A.brasilense and P.fluorescens contribute to the N transformations and N supply capacities in the rhizosphere,and clarified the effects of A.brasilense and P.fluorescens on the N application rate in rice cultivation.Inoculations with A.brasilense and P.fluorescens coupled with N application rate trials were conducted in the paddy field in 2016 and 2017.The inoculations of rice seedlings included four treatments:sterile saline solution(M_(0)),A.brasilense(M_(b)),P.fluorescens(M_(p)),and co-inoculation with a mixture of A.brasilense and P.fluorescens(M_(bp)).The N application rate included four levels:0 kg N ha^(–1)(N_(0)),90 kg N ha^(–1)(N_(90)),180 kg N ha^(–1)(N_(180)),and 270 kg N ha^(–1)(N_(270)).The results indicated that the M_(bp) and M_(p) treatments significantly enhanced the ammonification activities in the rhizosphere compared with the M_(0) treatment,especially for higher N applications,while the Mbp and M_(b) treatments greatly enhanced the nitrogenase activities in the rhizosphere compared with the M_(0) treatments,especially for lower N applications.Azospirillum brasilense and P.fluorescens did not participate in the nitrification processes or the denitrification processes in the soil.The soil respiration rate and microbial biomass N were greatly affected by the interactions between the rhizobacteria inoculations and the N fertilizer applications.In the M_(bp) treatment,N supply capacities and rice grain yields showed no significant differences among the N_(90),N_(180),and N_(270) applications.The N application rate in the study region can be reduced to 90 kg N ha^(–1) for rice seedlings co-inoculated with a mixture of A.brasilense and P.fluorescens.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Having 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Deaminase to Induce Salt Tolerance in Sunflower (<i>Helianthus annus L.</i>)

Soil salinity badly affects agriculture productivity through accumulation of salts in upper layers of soils. The harmful effects of salts in arable lands have influenced modern as well as ancient civilizations. A pot study was carried out to test the performance of two PGPR isolates (KS 8, KS 28) on sunflower (SMH-0917) under different salinity levels (8, 10 and 12 dS·m-1). These salinity levels were developed by adding calculated amount of salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 and MgSO4) with ratio of 3:4:2:1. The bacterial strains KS 8 and KS 28 were applied separately in two treatments while third treatment was co-inoculation (KS mix). Completely randomized experimental design (CRD) was used and data were collected at flowering stage about pre-decided plant growth parameters (plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight). The bacterial isolate KS 8 showed an increase of 26, 102% and 83% in plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight at EC 8 dS·m-1, while this improvement was 67%, 163% and 296% at EC 10 dS·m-1, however an increase of 100%, 74% and 382% was recorded over control respectively at EC 12 dS·m-1. Similarly isolate KS 28 exhibited an increase of 14%, 69% and 54% in plant height;shoot dry weight and root dry weight at EC 8 dS·m-1, whereas this improvement was 56%, 163% and 188% at EC 10 dS·m-1, while an increase of 60%, 41% and 282% was registered respectively over control at EC 12 dS·m-1. The increase due to mixture treatments was 4%, 41% and 16% in plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight at EC 8 dS·m-1, while an increase of 33%, 57% and 100% at EC 10 dS·m-1, whereas an improvement of 53%, 33% and 164% respectively was noted at EC 12 dS·m-1 over un-inoculated. The isolate KS 8 performed better than KS 28 and mixture treatment. These two PGPR strains could be used to mitigate the adverse impact caused by salinity stress on sunflower.

垂穗披碱草根际促生菌的分离鉴定及促生作用研究

优良的根际生长促生菌(Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR)是生产优质微生物菌肥的重要物质基础。本研究以广布于青藏高原的垂穗披碱草(Campeiostachys nutans Griseb.)为材料,采用平板划线法分离其PGPR,探究菌株的促生特性,通过16S测序确定菌株的分类地位,并进行盆栽试验验证PGPR的促生效果。结果表明,从垂穗披碱草根际土筛选出14株促生特性优良的PGPR,其中,有11株兼具产IAA,ACC脱氨酶以及铁载体的能力。经16S rDNA鉴定,以假单胞菌属为优势菌属,6株属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),2株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),2株属于葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),其他四株分别属于类节杆菌属(Paenarthrobacter)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和考克氏菌属(Kocuria)。盆栽试验表明,接种14株菌株对多年生黑麦草具有良好的促生效果,并能够提高其光合效率。研究结果丰富了植物根际促生菌菌种资源库,为实现农业“绿色增产”提供优质菌肥种质资源。

PGPR调控植物响应逆境胁迫的作用机制

盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫是限制植物生长和产量的重要环境因子。植物根际促生菌(PGPR)是一类定殖于植物根系的有益微生物,利用其生物学功能制成的生物菌剂具有低成本、高效和环保等优点,不仅可促进植物生长与作物产量,还能提高植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。本研究对PGPR定义和种类、生物学功能及其在植物响应盐碱、干旱、高低温及重金属等非生物胁迫中的作用加以综述,并对其未来研究方向进行展望,以期为今后PGPR介导植物抗逆性的研究与生物菌剂的开发和应用提供理论支撑。

番茄疫霉根腐病菌拮抗细菌HP8-1的鉴定及生物防治潜力

【目的】探究HP8-1在番茄上的生物防治潜力,为番茄疫霉根腐病的生物防治提供优良生物防治资源。【方法】通过形态学观察、生理生化特性检测并结合16S rRNA序列分析鉴定HP8-1菌株,探讨其对植物病原菌的抑菌效果和生物学功能及在番茄根际的定殖能力,并通过盆栽试验测定其对番茄疫霉根腐病的防治效果和对番茄生长的影响。【结果】HP8-1为多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa),对多种植物病原菌具有抑菌效果,具有解磷、分解蛋白、分解纤维素、产嗜铁素和产吲哚乙酸等生物学功能;HP8-1在番茄根系和根际土壤具有稳定的定殖能力,尤其是在接种疫霉菌的条件下其定殖量趋于增加并显著高于未接种疫霉菌的条件;HP8-1处理对番茄疫霉根腐病具有明显的防治效果,防治效果达到57.41%;同时,HP8-1处理显著促进番茄植株生长、提高叶绿素含量和根系活力。【结论】HP8-1菌株稳定定殖在番茄根系和根际土壤,防治番茄疫霉根腐病,促进番茄生长,是对番茄疫霉根腐病具有生物防治潜力的资源。

植物促生菌暹罗芽孢杆菌37402-1的功能特性及对大蒜的促生效果

大蒜(Allium sativum L.)是我国的重要经济作物,主产地连作障碍严重,其种植生产的持续性受到制约。植物根际促生菌(PGPR)能够促进植物生长、防治病害且对环境友好。研制高效防控大蒜土传病害的微生物肥料对我国大蒜产业可持续发展和绿色发展有着重要的生态学和现实意义。以实验室前期从山东省金乡县连作大蒜根部分离的细菌为供试菌株,筛选获得对大蒜根腐病病原真菌尖刀镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)ACCC37402和拟枝孢镰刀菌(Fusarium sporotrichioides)ACCC36464具有较好拮抗效果的菌株37402-1。菌株37402-1的PGPR功能特性研究结果显示:对大蒜根腐病病原真菌ACCC37402和ACCC36464的抑菌率分别为52.70%和37.98%;经16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析,确定为暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis);具有水解蛋白能力、产铁载体能力、溶解有机磷和无机磷的能力。温室盆栽试验显示,接种暹罗芽孢杆菌37402-1菌悬液能够促进大蒜幼苗的生长。田间试验表明,接种暹罗芽孢杆菌37402-1菌剂使大蒜增产12.78%,并改变土壤酶活性(提高土壤蔗糖酶和土壤脲酶活性,降低土壤过氧化氢酶活性)。菌株暹罗芽孢杆菌37402-1兼具多种功能特性,对大蒜根腐病具有较好的拮抗效果,同时可以显著促进大蒜幼苗生长,并可在大田条件下促进大蒜的单产,有望开发成为高效的微生物肥料生产菌种。

促生菌种组合提高玉米根际土壤有益微生物基因丰度及促生效应研究

【目的】微生物肥料一般需要采用复合菌种提高有益菌在作物根际的定殖和促生效果。我们对本实验室前期分离鉴定的26个具有不同功能的玉米根际菌株进行复配,并研究复合菌株在土壤中的有益作用及其促生效果。【方法】按照功能共构建了4组合成菌群:C1,将铁载体分泌量最高的解磷菌、解钾菌、自生固氮菌、联合固氮菌各1株进行组合;C2,将吲哚乙酸(IAA)分泌量最高的解磷菌、解钾菌、自生固氮菌、联合固氮菌各1株进行组合;C3,每个菌属选择1株综合促生能力最强的菌株进行组合;C4,由C1与C2所有菌株组合。用以上4组菌群在灭菌土壤和未灭菌土壤上分别进行玉米接种菌剂和土壤浇灌菌剂盆栽试验,包括无菌剂对照在内共10个处理,灭菌土壤处理分别记为MCK、MC1、MC2、MC3、MC4,未灭菌土壤处理分别记为WCK、WC1、WC2、WC3和WC4。玉米接菌试验是将初生胚根长1~2 cm的玉米种子浸泡在菌群悬浮液中1 h,然后种植在灭菌土壤和未灭菌土壤中,9天后测定株高、鲜重、根长、根尖数和分叉数。土壤浇灌试验采用种子发芽方法,将种子播在灭菌和未灭菌土壤中,每5天浇灌1次菌悬液,待玉米生长15天后,收集玉米根际土壤用于宏基因组学测序,揭示菌群对玉米根际微生物的影响及其促生机制。【结果】4个复合菌剂相比,C4表现出最好的综合促生能力。玉米接种C4后,幼苗株高、地上鲜重、根鲜重、根长、根尖数和分叉数在灭菌组中分别比对照提高了28.97%、46.00%、59.99%、61.99%、62.27%和46.70%,在未灭菌组中分别提高了27.49%、25.86%、50.13%、40.11%、62.26%和82.55%。复合菌群C4提高了根际土壤中有益菌属Pseudomonas、Klebsiella、Duganella、Cellvibrio、Pantoea、Pseudoxanthomonas的丰度,在浇灌菌群C4的玉米根际土壤中,有益菌属Enterobacter和Klebsiella的注释丰度与对照组相比显著提高。菌群C4提高了根际土壤中磷和氮的转运、IAA的合成、铁载体的转运与调控系统和碳循环相关的功能基因的丰度,部分丰度上升的功能基因的微生物溯源分析结果显示,多数有益微生物的菌属丰度与功能基因丰度呈正相关,同时在ugqB、phnW的基因集中注释到了菌群C4的成员Klebsiella。【结论】菌群C4改变了玉米根际细菌群落组成,提高了有益菌属丰度,富集了促生相关功能基因,具备微生物复合菌肥开发的潜能。

植物根际促生菌F13的筛选、鉴定及对豆角促生、抗病的效果

为获得具有药肥双效的多功能植物根际促生菌,从葡萄根际土壤中分离出同时具有溶磷解钾功能的菌株F13。该菌通过形态学观察、生理生化检测和16S rDNA比对,鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。经平板对峙法测定菌株F13对8种植物病原菌的抑制率为63.26%~81.53%。田间应用中发现,菌株F13发酵液灌根处理对豆角(Vigna unguiculata subsp.sesquipedalis(L.)Verdc.)生长具有显著的促进作用,其中实验组在株高、叶片数、茎粗方面分别高于对照组26.7%、24.4%、11.9%,产量高于对照组39.68%;在植株吸收磷、钾元素方面分别高于对照组11.5%、46.8%;在豆角果实中维生素C、可溶性蛋白含量方面分别高于对照组22.15%、55.55%。此外,菌株F13对豆角白粉病的相对防效达71.92%。因此,菌株F13是一株具有巨大应用潜力的药肥双效植物根际促生菌。

萎缩芽孢杆菌CNY01的生防特性及其对玉米的抗盐促生作用

【目的】从黄河三角洲盐碱地中筛选到具有抗盐促生作用的一株根际菌,制成菌剂用于缓解玉米植株的高盐胁迫。【方法】通过功能培养基、16S rDNA序列和全基因组分析,确定菌株种属以及对玉米植株的抗盐促生效果。【结果】从黄河三角洲盐碱地中筛选到一株可在0-16%的NaCl和pH 5-8的条件下正常生长的萎缩芽孢杆菌CNY01,该菌株可促进玉米在高盐条件下生长,具有降蛋白和解钾的能力,还可抑制青枯雷尔氏菌、串珠镰刀菌等病原菌的生长。玉米植株在含100 mmol/L NaCl的营养液中生长8 d时,施加菌株CNY01可使植株的生理株高、根长和鲜重分别提高38.80%(P<0.01)、23.73%和28.19%(P<0.01)。玉米植株在加100 mmol/L NaCl的高盐盆栽条件下生长28 d时,菌株CNY01可使植株的株高、地上鲜重和地下鲜重分别提高10.84%、41.87%(P<0.01)和23.29%。全基因组序列分析也预测出该菌株基因组中含有维持细胞渗透压、合成应激蛋白等缓解高盐胁迫的基因。【结论】从黄河三角洲盐碱地中筛选到一株具有防病促生功能的萎缩芽孢杆菌CNY01,对玉米植株有显著的抗盐促生作用,结合基因组结果预测到该菌株含有与抗盐促生相关基因,是重要的菌种资源。

耐乙草胺促生菌筛选及其对玉米幼苗的促生效应

分离筛选具有耐乙草胺特性的促生菌株,并对其进行菌种鉴定,可为推进多功能微生物菌剂的研发提供可行性方案和理论依据。本研究利用不同浓度乙草胺的改良培养基筛选出具有高耐乙草胺能力的菌株,测试其在不同培养基条件下的促生作用,并通过促发芽试验和盆栽试验验证可行性。结果表明:菌株JL7与JL16为高耐乙草胺且具有较强促生能力的根际促生菌,两株菌对乙草胺的最大抗性浓度达700 mg·L^(-1)。JL7的溶磷能力高达223.21 mg·L^(-1),产IAA(吲哚乙酸)量达82.40 mg·L^(-1)。经鉴定JL7菌株为肠杆菌属(Enterbacter sp.),JL16菌株为醋菌属(Acetobacter sp.)。促发芽试验结果表明,施入JL7与JL16菌株72 h后发芽率分别较对照提高9.42、3.84个百分点,且JL16菌株对芽长与根长有显著的促生作用,较对照增加52.53%、23.22%。盆栽试验中,JL7与JL16的添加对株高、茎粗、根直径、根长等植株形态指标均表现为促进作用,并证实菌株JL7、JL16在土壤中仍对乙草胺具有耐受性。两种耐乙草胺菌株在促生方面具有显著效果,这为后期微生物改良土壤和开发新型微生物肥料提供了菌种资源和理论基础。

玉米根际多功能促生菌的筛选及其对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系产量提升效果

【目的】黄淮海平原小麦玉米生产区主要实行冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植模式。砂质潮土是广泛分布于黄淮海地区的土壤,属性和衍生障碍较多,包括结构性较差、蓄水保肥能力较弱等。为了提高肥料利用率、改善土壤肥力,综合实现作物产量提升和品质优化,筛选了一株多功能促生菌,并在该轮作体系验证其广谱促生效应。【方法】从玉米根际砂质潮土中筛选多功能促生菌,测定其产吲哚乙酸(IAA)、溶有机磷、解钾能力。通过形态学、生理生化及16SrDNA序列分析方法对其种属进行鉴定。摇瓶条件下探究其产IAA的最适条件,通过玉米盆栽验证其促生能力,通过冬小麦-夏玉米大田试验验证其在轮作体系中的广谱性增产效果。【结果】(1)试验筛选得到一株命名为YM3的多功能根际促生菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),其产IAA能力达到59.21 mg/L、解有机磷能力达到0.72 mg/L、解钾能力达到18.56 mg/L。当装液量为25 mL/250 mL,pH 6-8范围内,分别以麦芽糖、蛋白胨为碳、氮源时,YM3产IAA能力最佳。(2)玉米盆栽试验结果可见,与接种灭活菌相比,接种YM3菌水剂的土壤IAA、速效磷、速效钾含量分别显著提高75.00%、48.66%、20.00%。玉米幼苗的根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根分枝数分别显著增加67.95%、59.21%、51.13%、71.34%、92.06%。玉米植株的鲜重、株高、相对叶绿素含量、全氮、全磷、全钾分别显著提高了39.86%、23.51%、18.27%、17.68%、52.26%和36.53%。(3)小麦玉米轮作大田试验结果表明,接种YM3菌剂的小麦大田土壤有效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别显著增加了9.08%、13.78%、16.66%,增产率达到42.18%。玉米大田土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著增加了19.18%和15.95%,增产率达到13.22%。【结论】筛选得到的枯草芽孢杆菌YM3菌株兼具产IAA、溶有机磷、解钾功能,在黄淮海平原小麦玉米轮作体系土壤中适应性强,广谱性强,能够提升砂质潮土土壤肥力,提高冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的产量。

接种氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)还原细菌YSQ030对复垦土壤N_(2)O排放和氮循环关键功能基因的影响

复垦土地是重要的后备土地资源,但通常土壤结构差、有机质和养分含量低;增施有机肥是快速提升地力的关键途径,但会造成温室气体如氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)的大量排放.接种具有N_(2)O还原功能的植物根际促生菌(PGPR)不仅能够减少温室气体排放,还能促进作物生长.本研究以一株具有N_(2)O还原功能的PGPR反硝化无色杆菌(Achromobacter denitrificans)YSQ030为供试菌株,明确接种YSQ030对施用有机肥的复垦土壤N_(2)O排放和氮循环关键功能基因的影响.通过设置施用有机无机复混肥和羊粪有机肥的土壤微宇宙试验,利用气相色谱仪分析接种YSQ030后土壤N_(2)O排放通量,进一步计算累积排放量;在试验结束后分析土壤pH、EC(电导率)、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,并利用实时荧光定量PRC分析土壤硝化功能基因(AOA amoA和AOB amoA)和反硝化功能基因(nirS、nirK、nosZⅠ和nosZⅡ)的丰度.结果显示,施用有机无机复混肥和羊粪有机肥的土壤中接种YSQ030明显减少复垦土壤N_(2)O排放,N_(2)O排放量最大减少分别达90.4%和30.6%.施用有机无机复混肥处理的N_(2)O排放量远高于施用羊粪有机肥处理,这可能是由于施用有机无机复混肥的土壤与施用羊粪有机肥的土壤相比,土壤中编码反硝化细菌N_(2)O还原酶基因nosZⅠ和非典型反硝化细菌N_(2)O还原酶基因nosZⅡ基因丰度较低.施用有机无机复混肥均显著降低土壤硝化和反硝化功能基因丰度,而施用羊粪有机肥对土壤硝化和反硝化功能基因丰度大多没有明显影响.本研究表明,接种YSQ030能够减少施用有机肥土壤的N_(2)O排放,将为复垦土壤地力提升和N_(2)O减排提供科学依据,也将为研发新型微生物肥料或生物有机肥提供核心菌种资源.