Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)and its mechanisms against plant diseases for sustainable agriculture and better productivity

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)are specialized bacterial communities inhabiting the root rhizosphere and the secretion of root exudates helps to,regulate the microbial dynamics and their interactions with the plants.These bacteria viz.,Agrobacterium,Arthobacter,Azospirillum,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,etc.,play important role in plant growth promotion.In addition,such symbiotic associations of PGPRs in the rhizospheric region also confer protection against several diseases caused by bacterial,fungal and viral pathogens.The biocontrol mechanism utilized by PGPR includes direct and indirect mechanisms direct PGPR mechanisms include the production of antibiotic,siderophore,and hydrolytic enzymes,competition for space and nutrients,and quorum sensing whereas,indirect mechanisms include rhizomicrobiome regulation via.secretion of root exudates,phytostimulation through the release of phytohormones viz.,auxin,cytokinin,gibberellic acid,1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and induction of systemic resistance through expression of antioxidant defense enzymes viz.,phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL),peroxidase(PO),polyphenyloxidases(PPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),chitinase andβ-glucanases.For the suppression of plant diseases potent bio inoculants can be developed by modulating the rhizomicrobiome through rhizospheric engineering.In addition,understandings of different strategies to improve PGPR strains,their competence,colonization efficiency,persistence and its future implications should also be taken into consideration.

Synergistic combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulates morpho-physiological characteristics and soil structure in Nitraria tangutorum bobr.Under saline soil conditions

Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.,a typical xero-halophyte,can be used for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in arid and semiarid regions affected by salinity.However,global climate change and unreasonable human activity have exacerbated salinization in arid and semi-arid regions,which in turn has led to the growth inhibition of halophytes,including N.tangutorum.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)have the potential to improve the salt tolerance of plants and their adaptation to saline soil environments.In this study,the effects of single and combined inoculations of AMF(Glomus mosseae)and PGPR(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42)on N.tangutorum were evaluated in severe saline soil conditions.The results indicate that AMF and PGPR alone may not adapt well to the real soil environment,and cannot ensure the effect of either growth promotion or salt-tolerance induction on N.tangutorum seedlings.However,the combination of AMF and PGPR significantly promoted mycorrhizal colonization,increased biomass accumulation,improved morphological development,enhanced photosynthetic performance,stomatal adjustment ability,and the exchange of water and gas.Co-inoculation also significantly counteracted the adverse effect of salinity on the soil structure of N.tangutorum seedlings.It is concluded that the effectiveness of microbial inoculation on the salt tolerance of N.tangutorum seedlings depends on the functional compatibility between plants and microorganisms as well as the specific combinations of AMF and PGPR.

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria at Various Nitrogen Rates on Corn Growth

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize plant roots and promote plant growth by producing and secreting various chemical regulators in the rhizosphere. With the recent interest in sustainable agriculture, an increasing number of researchers are investigating ways to improve the efficiency of PGPR use to reduce chemical fertilizer inputs needed for crop production. Accordingly, greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of PGPR inoculants on biomass production and nitrogen (N) content of corn (Zea mays L.) under different N levels. Treatments included three PGPR inoculants (two mixtures of PGPR strains and one control without PGPR) and five N application levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended N rate of 135 kg N ha−1). Results showed that inoculation of PGPR significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root morphology of corn compared to no PGPR application under the same N levels at the V6 growth stage, but few differences were observed at the V4 stage. PGPR with 50% of the full N rate produced corn biomass and N concentrations equivalent to or greater than that of the full N rate without inoculants at the VT stage. In conclusion, mixtures of PGPR can potentially reduce inorganic N fertilization without affecting corn plant growth parameters. Future research is needed under field conditions to determine if these PGPR inoculants can be integrated as a bio-fertilizer in crop production nutrient management strategies.

Potential seed germination-enhancing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for restoration of Pinus chiapensis ecosystems

Rhizosphere soil samples of three Pinus chiapensis sites were analyzed for their physicochemical properties,soil bacteria isolated and screened in vitro for growthpromoting abilities.Nine isolates that showed promise were identified to five genera Dyella,Luteimonas,Euterobacter,Paraburkholderia and Bacillus based on the sequences of16 S rRNA gene.All the strains were isolated from nondisturbed stands.These bacteria significantly decreased germination time and increased sprout sizes.Indole acetic acid and gibberellin production and phosphate solubilisation were detected.Results indicate that these biochemicals could be essential for P.chiapensis distribution and suggest the possibility that PGPR inoculation on P.chiapensis seeds prior to planting could improve germination and possibly seedling development.

Plant growth-promoting properties and anti-fungal activity of endophytic bacterial strains isolated from Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta in arid lands

Endophytes,as crucial components of plant microbial communities,significantly contribute to enhancing the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus by their hosts,promote plant growth,and degrade pathogenic fungal mycelia.In this study,an experiment was conducted in August 2022 to explore the growth-promoting potential of endophytic bacterial strains isolated from two medical plant species,Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta,using a series of screening media.Plant samples of Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta were collected from Zhaosu County and Habahe County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,in July 2021.Additionally,the inhibitory effects of endophytic bacterial strains on the four pathogenic fungi(Fusarium oxysporum,Fulvia fulva,Alternaria solani,and Valsa mali)were determined through the plate confrontation method.A total of 80 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from Thymus altaicus,while a total of 60 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from Salvia deserta.The endophytic bacterial strains from both Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta exhibited plant growth-promoting properties.Specifically,the strains of Bacillus sp.TR002,Bacillus sp.TR005,Microbacterium sp.TSB5,and Rhodococcus sp.TR013 demonstrated strong cellulase-producing activity,siderophore-producing activity,phosphate solubilization activity,and nitrogen-fixing activity,respectively.Out of 140 endophytic bacterial strains isolated from Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta,104 strains displayed anti-fungal activity against Fulvia fulva,Alternaria solani,Fusarium oxysporum,and Valsa mali.Furthermore,the strains of Bacillus sp.TR005,Bacillus sp.TS003,and Bacillus sp.TSB7 exhibited robust inhibition rates against all the four pathogenic fungi.In conclusion,the endophytic bacterial strains from Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta possess both plant growth-promoting and anti-fungal properties,making them promising candidates for future development as growth-promoting agents and biocontrol tools for plant diseases.

Application Progress of Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria in Crops

Plant growth-promoting bacteria(PGPBs)can promote plant growth and improve crop yield.They can induce plant systemic resistance to resist biotic and abiotic stresses.In recent years,with the development of green ecological agriculture,new biological fertilizers such as microbial inocula and microbial fertilizers based on PGPBs have been gradually applied in crop planting.Based on plant growth promotion and disease control,the application progress of PGPBs in crops from the aspects of growth promotion mechanism,growth promotion effect,resistance to biological and abiotic stresses were discussed,aiming to provide reference for the relevant research and application of PGPBs in crops.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biological Control Agent in Rice

The use of agrochemical products to combat diseases in crops has adverse effects on the environment and human health. Plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) has been increasingly proposed as an eco-friendly alternative in agriculture. PGPRs have beneficial effects not only in promoting plant growth but also have shown their potential as biological control agent, being able to inhibit plant pathogens. Here, we investigated the use of PGPR Paraburkholderia sp. strain SOS3 to provide disease protection in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The antagonistic activity of SOS3 against five fungal pathogens of rice was assessed by dual culture on plates and on rice seedlings. The results showed that on plate assay, SOS3 inhibits the growth of Curvularia lunata, Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, and Fusarium moniliforme by 17.2%, 1.1%, 8.3%, 32.5%, and 35.4%, respectively. When inoculated on rice seeds, SOS3 promotes seed germination and significantly reduces disease symptoms in plants infected with R. solani. These results suggest that SOS3 has a great potential to be used in rice agriculture to combat the “Sheath Blight” disease.

Effect of arsenic on tolerance mechanisms of two plant growth-promoting bacteria used as biological inoculants

Bacterial ability to colonize the rhizosphere of plants in arsenic（As） contaminated soils is highly important for symbiotic and free-living plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria（PGPR）used as inoculants, since they can contribute to enhance plant As tolerance and limit metalloid uptake by plants. The aim of this work was to study the effect of As on growth,exopolysaccharide（EPS） production, biofilm formation and motility of two strains used as soybean inoculants, Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 and Azospirillum brasilense Az39. The metabolism of arsenate（As（V）） and arsenite（As（III）） and their removal and/or possible accumulation were also evaluated. The behavior of both bacteria under As treatment was compared and discussed in relation to their potential for colonizing plant rhizosphere with high content of the metalloid. B. japonicum E109 growth was reduced with As（III）concentration from 10 μM while A. brasilense Az39 showed a reduction of growth with As（III） from 500 μM. EPS and biofilm production increased significantly under 25 μM As（III）for both strains. Moreover, this was more notorious for Azospirillum under 500 μM As（III）,where motility was seriously affected. Both bacterial strains showed a similar ability to reduce As（V）. However, Azospirillum was able to oxidize more As（III）（around 53%） than Bradyrhizobium（17%）. In addition, both strains accumulated As in cell biomass. The behavior of Azospirillum under As treatments suggests that this strain would be able to colonize efficiently As contaminated soils. In this way, inoculation with A. brasilense Az39 would positively contribute to promoting growth of different plant species under As treatment.

Mutual Information Flow between Beneficial Microorganisms and the Roots of Host Plants Determined the Bio-Functions of Biofertilizers

Modern agriculture is facing new challenges in which ecological and molecular approaches are being integrated to achieve higher crop yields while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The application of biofertilzers could meet this requirement. Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer that helps to provide all the nutrients required by the plants and helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural microorganism environment. This paper reviewed the types of biofertilzers, the biological basic of biofertilizers in plant growth promotion. This paper also assayed the bidirectional information exchange between plant-microbes in rhizoshpere and the signal pathway of plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) in the course of plant infection. At last, the challenges of the application and the promising future of biofertilizers were also discussed.

PGPR调控植物响应逆境胁迫的作用机制

盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫是限制植物生长和产量的重要环境因子。植物根际促生菌(PGPR)是一类定殖于植物根系的有益微生物,利用其生物学功能制成的生物菌剂具有低成本、高效和环保等优点,不仅可促进植物生长与作物产量,还能提高植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。本研究对PGPR定义和种类、生物学功能及其在植物响应盐碱、干旱、高低温及重金属等非生物胁迫中的作用加以综述,并对其未来研究方向进行展望,以期为今后PGPR介导植物抗逆性的研究与生物菌剂的开发和应用提供理论支撑。

Effect of Inoculation with Three Phytohormone Producers Phytobacteria with ACC Deaminase Activity on Root Length of Lens esculenta Seedlings

Plant-associated bacteria that inhabit the rhizosphere may influence the plant growth by their contribution to the endogenous pool of phytohormones and by the activity of ACC deaminase to decrease the ethylene concentration. The aim of this study was to analyse the root length growth by the promoting effect of indole acetic acid producers phytobacteria with ACC deaminase activity, on inoculated seeds of Lens esculenta as synergistic effect on root elongation. In this study, although the roots of L. esculenta seedlings do not show a significant promotion, these phytobacteria could be recommended to treat plants analyzing their added inoculum to increase plant biomass and retard the effect of ethylene on cultures supplied with Tryptophan and ACC.

广西亚热带植物根际促生菌的筛选、鉴定及促生作用研究

[目的]本文旨在从植物根际土壤中分离具有多种促生性能的菌株,并明确其促生特性和抗病效果。[方法]采用选择培养方法从植物根际土壤中筛选具有固氮、产氨、溶磷、解钾、分泌吲哚乙酸(indole acetic acid,IAA)、产铁载体和产蛋白酶等特性的菌株,通过16S rRNA对菌株分类学鉴定。测定其对小麦根腐病菌(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、小麦冠腐病菌(Fusarium gramiuearum)、黄瓜织球壳菌(Plectosphaerella cucumerina)、香蕉炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum musae)、交链格孢菌(Alternaria alternate)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑制作用,并通过盆栽试验探究植物根际促生菌对植物的促生效果。[结果]从植物根际土壤中分离细菌191株,固氮及产氨菌171株,解有机磷菌66株,解无机磷菌62株,解钾菌28株,产铁载体菌98株,产IAA菌41株,产蛋白酶菌45株。抑菌试验表明贝莱斯芽胞杆菌C32对6种致病菌均表现出较强的抑菌活性,抑菌率均在50%以上。盆栽试验结果表明,1株IAA高产菌株川大肠杆菌0208对番茄和玉米植株促生效果最为显著。与对照组相比,玉米盆栽株高、茎粗、根长、地上部鲜重和地下部鲜重分别增加21.49%、19.35%、42.98%、19.58%和56.67%,番茄盆栽分别增加53.51%、14.90%、12.28%、43.12%和48.62%。[结论]从广西亚热带植物根际土壤中筛选到多株具有高效促生和防病功能的菌株,为微生物肥料的开发提供优质菌种资源。

3株玉米根际解磷菌筛选鉴定及促生作用研究

为获得优良的植物根际促生菌,研究其对玉米植株的促生效果。利用有机磷和无机磷固体培养基,从玉米植株根际土壤中筛选得到3株解磷能力较强的解磷菌株,通过细菌形态学鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定菌株A23为阿氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae),菌株A24为桑树肠杆菌(Enterobacter mori),菌株H10为神户肠杆菌(Enterobacter kobei)。结果表明,菌株A23、A24和H10解有机磷能力为146.19~158.52μg·mL^(-1);解无机磷能力为132.29~339.18μg·mL^(-1)。3株菌株还具有产生铁载体、合成玉米素和生长素的能力,并产生不同种类和含量有机酸。接种3株菌株的玉米植株株高、茎围、干重和鲜重等植株性状分别提高36.99%、21.32%、170.14%和102.11%。3株解磷菌株可为植物促生菌剂研制和应用提供理论基础。

氧化亚氮还原细菌YSQ030的筛选、鉴定及其植物促生特性

筛选获得具有氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)还原活性及植物促生特性的细菌,为新型微生物肥料的研发与应用提供微生物资源。通过固氮培养基筛选以及含硝酸钠和琥珀酸钠的营养肉汤培养基纯化,从水塘芦苇根际土中分离得到一株细菌YSQ030;通过形态观察、16S rRNA基因序列和生理生化特征分析,对菌株进行鉴定;采用无氮反硝化培养基测定菌株的N_(2)O还原能力;通过纯培养试验测定菌株的促生特征并通过水培试验研究其对水稻的促生效应。结果显示,菌株YSQ030为反硝化无色杆菌(Achromobacter denitrificans),含nosZ基因;在30℃、转速为200r/min、氧气浓度为0%的前提下,还原N_(2)O的效率为66.3%;分泌吲哚乙酸、具有溶磷和产生1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶的能力;温室水培试验结果表明,与未接菌的对照组相比,接种YSQ030菌液显著提高了水稻幼苗的地上部鲜重和根鲜重,分别增加了48.3%和37.6%。本研究表明,YSQ030具有明显的N_(2)O还原能力,同时对水稻生长具有显著的促进作用,可为进一步构建具有N_(2)O还原能力的生物肥料提供良好的种质资源。

Siderophore-Producing Rhizobacteria as a Promising Tool for Empowering Plants to Cope with Iron Limitation in Saline Soils:A Review

Iron(Fe) bioavailability to plants is reduced in saline soils;however, the exact mechanisms underlying this effect are not yet completely understood. Siderophore-expressing rhizobacteria may represent a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers by simultaneously tackling salt-stress effects and Fe limitation in saline soils. In addition to draught, plants growing in arid soils face two other major challenges: high salinity and Fe deficiency. Salinity attenuates growth, affects plant physiology, and causes nutrient imbalance,which is, in fact, one of the major consequences of saline stress. Iron is a micronutrient essential for plant development, and it is required by several metalloenzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration. Iron deficiency is associated with chlorosis and low crop productivity. The role of microbial siderophores in Fe supply to plants and the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR) on the mitigation of saline stress in crop culture are well documented. However, the dual effect of siderophore-producing PGPR, both on salt stress and Fe limitation, is still poorly explored. This review provides a critical overview of the combined effects of Fe limitation and soil salinization as challenges to modern agriculture and intends to summarize some indirect evidence that argues in favour of siderophore-producing PGPR as biofertilization agents in salinized soils. Recent developments and future perspectives on the use of PGPR are discussed as clues to sustainable agricultural practices in the context of present and future climate change scenarios.

Applications of beneficial plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae in rhizosphere and plant growth:A review

Because of climate change and the highly growing world population,it becomes a huge challenge to feed the whole population.To overcome this challenge and increase the crop yield,a large number of fertilizers are applied but these have many side effects.Instead of these,scientists have discovered beneficial rhizobacteria,which are environmentally friendly and may increase crop yield and plant growth.The microbial population of the rhizosphere shows a pivotal role in plant development by inducing its physiology.Plant depends upon the valuable interactions among the roots and microbes for the growth,nutrients availability,growth promotion,disease suppression and other important roles for plants.Recently numerous secrets of microbes in the rhizosphere have been revealed due to huge development in molecular and microscopic technologies.This review illustrated and discussed the current knowledge on the development,maintenance,interactions of rhizobacterial populations and various proposed mechanisms normally used by PGPR in the rhizosphere that encouraging the plant growth and alleviating the stress conditions.In addition,this research reviewed the role of single and combination of PGPR,mycorrhizal fungi in plant development and modulation of the stress as well as factors affecting the microbiome in the rhizosphere.

一株滁菊枯萎病拮抗菌的筛选及生防效果的研究

筛选出滁菊枯萎病病原菌的拮抗菌株,可为滁菊枯萎病的防治提供菌株资源。使用连作滁菊根际土壤作为供试土壤分离微生物,经过CAS培养基和平板对峙试验筛选出产铁载体拮抗菌株。共分离纯化出183株细菌分离株,通过CAS培养基筛选出77株具有产铁载体功能的菌株,与尖孢镰刀菌平板对峙试验复筛出5株拮抗菌。其中TZ-8抑菌率为59.68%,且具备固氮、解磷、解钾和分泌IAA的能力,鉴定表明该菌株为越南伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis)。侵染试验表明该菌株能够有效抵御病原菌侵染植物组织,盆栽试验表明该菌株对滁菊枯萎病具备良好的生防效果。通过侵染试验和盆栽试验验证拮抗菌株对滁菊枯萎病具有一定的防治效果,可纳入滁菊枯萎病生防菌剂的菌株资源库。

Co-inoculation of selected nodule endophytic rhizobacterial strains with Rhizobium tropici promotes plant growth and controls damping off in common bean

Production of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)is limited by the occurrence of damping off(rhizoctoniosis),which is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani.However,the co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)involved in biological control along with diatomic nitrogen(N2)-fixing rhizobia can enhance N nutrition and increase production.In this context,finding microorganisms with synergistic effects that perform these two roles is of fundamental importance to ensure adequate yield levels.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation of nodule endophytic strains of the genera Bacillus,Paenibacillus,Burkholderia,and Pseudomonas with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899,an N2-fixing rhizobial strain,on the biocontrol of damping off and growth promotion in common bean plants.Greenhouse experiments were conducted under axenic conditions using the common bean cultivar Pérola.The first experiment evaluated the potential of the 14 rhizobacterial strains,which were inoculated alone or in combination with CIAT 899,for the control of R.solani.The second experiment evaluated the ability of these 14 rhizobacterial strains to promote plant growth with three manners of N supply:co-inoculation with CIAT 899 at low mineral N supply(5.25 mg N mL^-1),low mineral N supply(5.25 mg N mL^-1),and high mineral N supply(52.5 mg N mL^-1).The use of rhizobacteria combined with rhizobia contributed in a synergistic manner to the promotion of growth and the control of damping off in the common bean.Co-inoculation of the strains UFLA 02-281/03-18(Pseudomonas sp.),UFLA 02-286(Bacillus sp.),and UFLA 04-227(Burkholderia fungorum)together with CIAT 899 effectively controlled damping off.For the common bean,mineral N supply can be replaced by the co-inoculation of CIAT 899 with plant growth-promoting strains UFLA 02-281/02-286/02-290/02-293.Nodule endophytes UFLA02-281/02-286 are promising for co-inoculation with CIAT 899 in the common bean,promoting synergy with rhizobial inoculation and protection against disease.

东祁连山高寒草地几种禾本科牧草根际促生菌研究

本研究以东祁连山高寒草地常见的7种禾本科牧草为材料,通过分离培养的方法研究了其根际细菌的数量和分布,重点研究了其有固氮作用的细菌数量和分布。结果发现,7种植物根际均存在大量的细菌,总数在2.50×10^6~17.07×10^6 cfu/g,不同植物根际细菌的数量和分布不同,以高原早熟禾根际细菌数量最多,冰草和赖草根际细菌最少,其余禾草居中;根际固氮菌的数量和分布也因牧草种类不同而不同。7种供试植物根际分离到固氮菌201株。且细菌和PGPR菌株的数量均呈现＂根系表面（RP）〉根际土壤（RS）〉根内（HP）＂的分布趋势,表现出强烈的根际效应。

饲用玉米根际促生菌资源筛选及其特性研究

为获得玉米根际促生菌(PGPR)菌株并明确其功能特性;以玉米根系及根际土壤为材料,利用选择性培养基分离筛选溶磷菌与固氮菌,测定所选菌株溶磷能力和固氮酶活性,并测定其产IAA的能力,从中筛选综合性能优良的菌株,在此基础上,运用生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法鉴定优良菌株的种属。结果表明:玉米根际有大量PGPR菌,分布特征表现出根表(RP)>根表土(RS)>远根土(NRS)>根内(HP)的数量分布规律,呈根际效应。最终获得262株PGPR菌,其中固氮菌48株,溶解无机磷细菌108株,溶解有机磷细菌106株,有分泌IAA能力的菌株15株。筛选出综合性能优良、有进一步开发应用潜力的菌株7株。经鉴定其中3株为Pseudomonas fluorescens;2株为Bacillus subtilis;Klebsiella oxytoca和Bacillus megaterium各1株。