Plant Nutrient Solution Detection System Based on ZigBee Wireless Technology

Based on the limitations of traditional plant nutrient solution detection, a ZigBee plant nutrient solution detection system based on CC2530 was developed. This system uses CC2530 as the main control chip, DS18B20 as the temperature sensor for temperature acquisition, PH electrode sensor for PH value acquisition. The experiment shows that this wireless control system equipped with temperature and pH detection sensor collects and samples the main nutrient solution parameters through the main controller, performs wireless communication transmission and terminal communication, and realizes the intelligent detection of plant nutrient solution parameters. This technique of applying wireless sensor network technology to plant factories greatly improves the reliability and stability of the nutrient monitoring system.

GIS-Mapping of Soil Available Plant Nutrients (Potentiality, Gradient, Anisotropy)

The research was elaborated in Kafr El-Dawar area (Egypt northern region) to study the availability of the soil plant nutrients. The research introduced three parameters to comprehensively and carefully describe the availability of the soil plant nutrients: potentiality, gradient and anisotropy. Potentiality defines the categories of soil ability to supply plant nutrients;meanwhile gradient expresses the increasing rate of the availability of the soil plant nutrients. The gradient anisotropy refers to the directions or orientation of the increasing rate of the availability of the soil plant nutrients. The introduced parameters enabled to spatially study the availability of the soil plant nutrients. Analytical data, of soil available phosphorus (P), indicated that P ranged from 0.2 ppm to 11.4 ppm to locate all studied soil samples into the low class of the soil nutritional P ability. This was not the case of available potassium (K), where the soil samples were distributed into three available K soil categories: medium, high, and very high. GIS map of soil P nutritional potentiality for plant (potato), displayed the soil studied area in one category, as low P soil nutritional potentiality to coincide with the analytical data classification. Contrary, the K map classified the soil studied area into three categories of soil K nutritional potentiality: medium, high and excessive. This obviously referred that the individual determination of soil K nutritional potentiality is misleading for interpretation of soil tests because it does care of the spatial distribution of soil available K. Nearly, all soil samples had high available micronutrients that they were located in the high category in both classification of analytical data and GIS maps. GIS gradient maps of the soil available plant nutrients referred that the soil plant nutrients, exception of K, had two gradients: non increasing-slight increasing and build up. Gradient of soil available potassium was classified into four classes: non increasing-slight increasing, build up, moderately increasing and hike. Regardless potassium case, the non increasing-slight increasing gradient class dominated the others. GIS maps of anisotropy soil availability of macronutrients (P and K) generally showed that their gradients mainly increased in two directions: north and south. The incasing directions of soil availability of micronutrients coincided with that of the macronutrients.

New insights into plant nutrient signaling and adaptation to fluctuating environments

Over the past 50 years, the Green Revolution and exploitation of heterosis have allowed cereal grain yield to keep pace with world- wide population growth. Unfortunately, plant growth and crop productivity are heavily dependent on the application of synthetic fertilizers.

Warming effects on permafrost ecosystem carbon fluxes controlled by plant nutrients

With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a recent study by the research group led by Prof.Yang Yuanhe(杨元合)from the Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that plant nutrients control the response of permafrost ecosystem carbon fluxes to warming。

Breaking Barriers:Selenium and Silicon-Mediated Strategies for Mitigating Abiotic Stress in Plants

Numerous plant species,particularly those that can accumulate selenium(Se)and silicon(Si),benefit from these essential micronutrients.Se and Si accumulation in plants profoundly affects several biochemical reactions in cells.Understanding how plants react to Se/Si enrichment is crucial for ensuring adequate dietary Se/Si intake for humans and animals and increasing plant tolerance to environmental stressors.Several studies have shown that Se/Si-enriched plants are more resistant to salinity,drought,extreme temperatures,UV radiation,and excess metalloids.The interplay between Se/Si in plants is crucial for maintaining growth and development under normal conditions while providing a critical defense mechanism against stressors like heavy metals and drought.Se and Si commonly stimulate antioxidant defense systems in plants exposed to environmental stressors,but the involved mechanisms are complex and not well understood.To ensure the positive effects of Se/Si fortification in plants,it is essential to consider the degree of accumulation,the chemical form of Se/Si used,the method of application,and the likelihood of interaction with other elements.In this review,we will discuss the effects of Se/Si bio-fortification on plants subjected to abiotic stressors.Plant responses to exogenous Se/Si will also be reviewed,emphasizing the influences of Se/Si in the modulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms under various abiotic stress conditions.

Effects of Plant Age and Rock Phosphate on Quality and Nutrient Release of Legume Residue

An incubation experiment was carried out on plateau and slope fields to investigate the effect of plant age and rock phosphate (RP) on the organic resource (OR) quality and available N and P release of the legume residues, including standing biomass and surface litter. The legumes, Mucuna pruriens (L.) and Lablab purpureus (L.), were treated with or without Togo rock phosphate (RP) and were sampled at 12, 18, 24 and 30 weeks after planting. Results showed that the application of RP significantly affected the P content of the legume residues on the plateau field for the first 18 weeks, but not the other OR quality parameters, nor their N mineralization, or P release parameters. Although application of RP led to higher P contents in both legumes on the plateau field, the P contents were still far below those observed on the slope field. For both species, the biomass age appeared to have a major impact on their N, P, and polyphenol contents, but not on the lignin content. At 24 weeks, both legume N and P contents dropped to about half their values at 12 weeks of age. Residue age also significantly affected N mineralization both with and without RP addition and the net Olsen-P with RP addition. The younger residues generally led to higher N mineralization and net Olsen-P content than the older residues. The best immediate responses to herbaceous legume addition were expected from younger materials, but often at the cost of the total biomass produced and the possibility to produce seeds. The production of seeds, however, could be potentially implemented on a small area of legumes, thus invariably allowing for maturity and seed production.

Effect of Cultural Measures on Nutrient Contellts in Rice Plants with Erect Panicles

Since1981,newricevarietieswitherectpanicles,suchasLiaojing5,Shennong91,Liaojing326andShennong8801,havebeenbredinLiaoningProvinceofChina.Experimelltalresultsindicatedthatthegrainyieldsofvarietieswitherectpaniclesnotonlyexceededthoseofcultivarswithcurv...

Effect of Nutrient Management and Planting Geometry on Productivity of Hybrid Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>L.) Cultivars

Field experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 2006 and 2007 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, a part of eastern plateau region of India. The study was designed to investigate the effect of planting geometry and nutrient management practices on productivity of two hybrid rice cultivars. Split-plot design with three replications was adopted to carry out the experiment by allocating combinations of treatments of planting geometry and rice cultivar in main-plots and nutrient management treatments in sub-plots. “CNRH-3” rice proved its efficiency in terms of grain yield that was also reflected in yield attributing characters such as number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, length of panicle, panicle weight, test weight and harvest index. Higher rice grain yield was registered when the cultivars grown in 20 cm × 20 cm planting geometry. Rice cultivars grown with the application of inorganic fertilizers alone produced maximum grain yield and also recorded higher values of ancillary characters. The maximum amount of N, P and K was taken up by the “CNRH-3” rice, whereas maximum residual soil fertility was recorded in “Pro Agro 6201” rice. Maximum N, P and K uptake values were recorded in 20 cm × 20 cm crop geometry and inorganic fertilizers treatment.

Interaction effect of nitrogen form and planting density on plant growth and nutrient uptake in maize seedlings

High planting density is essential to increasing maize grain yield.However,single plants suffer from insufficient light under high planting density.Ammonium(NH_4^+)assimilation consumes less energy converted from radiation than nitrateIt is hypothesized that a mixed NO_3~–/NH_4^+supply is more important to improving plant growth and population productivity under high vs.low planting density.Maize plants were grown under hydroponic conditions at two planting densities(low density:only).A significant interaction effect was found between planting density and N form on plant biomass.Compared to nitrate only,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4^+increased per-plant biomass by 44%under low density,but by 81%under high density.Treatment with 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4^+increased plant ATP,photosynthetic rate,and carbon amount per plant by 31,7,and 44%under low density,respectively,but by 51,23,and 95%under high density.Accordingly,carbon level per plant under 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4^+was improved,which increased leaf area,specific leaf weight and total root length,especially for high planting density,increased by 57,17 and 63%,respectively.Furthermore,under low density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4^+increased nitrogen uptake rate,while under high density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4^+increased nitrogen,phosphorus,copper and iron uptake rates.By increasing energy use efficiency,an optimum NO_3~–/NH_4^+ratio can improve plant growth and nutrient uptake efficiency,especially under high planting density.In summary,an appropriate supply of NH_4^+in addition to nitrate can greatly improve plant growth and promote population productivity of maize under high planting density,and therefore a mixed N form is recommended for high-yielding maize management in the field.

Effects of Planting Methods on Root Yield and Nutrient Removal of Five Cassava Cultivars Planted in Late Rainy Season in Northeastern Thailand

The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth, yield and nutrients removal of five cassava cultivars planted by different planting methods in late rainy season of northeastern Thailand. A split plot design was used in this study. The planting methods (vertical and horizontal) were assigned as main-plots. Cassava cultivars (Rayong-7, Rayong-11, Rayong-72, Huaybong-80 and E-dum) were assigned as sub-plots with four replications. Results showed that vertical planting gave significantly higher fresh storage root yield than those of horizontal planting, across five cassava cultivars. The cultivar Rayong-7 produced maximum fresh storage root yield across two planting methods, but not significantly different from Rayong 11, Huaybong 80 and Edum cultivars. Irrespective of nutrient removal, N, P and K removed ranges from 2.9 - 3.6, 0.8 - 1.3 and 5.3 - 7.9 kg per ton fresh root weight, respectively depending on cassava cultivar. The cultivar Rayong-7 removed the highest quantities of N, and the cultivar Rayong-11 removed maximum of P and K in the present study. Regardless of nutrient removal at different plant parts;N, P and K removed maximum quantities in leaf, stem and storage root, respectively. Planting method had no significant effect on N and P removal, but significant effect on K removal. The vertical planting removed K higher than those of horizontal planting.

Optimizing Plant Geometry and Nutrient Management for Grain Yield and Economics in Irrigated Greengram

Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is important pulse crop in India. The yield and economics were in-creased by optimization of plant geometry and nutrient management under irrigated condition. The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of November 2013 to January 2014 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam. An experiment was laid out in randomised block design and replicated thrice and the test variety of the crop greengram (CO 6) was used. The plant geometry of 30 × 30 cm, 25 × 25 cm and 30 × 10 cm was adopted. The Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) based fertilizer application, RDF, FYM and ZnSO4 was applied in soil as basal. The foliar spray of Pulse Wonder and Pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) spray was done at one week after flowering and 1% KNO3 at 50 per cent flowering. Adoption of planting geometry of 30 × 30 cm, application of RDF, 12.5 t of FYM and 25 kg ZnSO4 as basal and foliar spraying of 1% KNO3 at 50 per cent flowering recorded higher dry matter production of 2865 kg·ha-1 and yield attributes viz., number of pod clusters plant-1 (10.34), number of pods plant-1 (53.40), number of seeds pod-1 (13.23), pod length (8.77 cm) and seed test weight (3.42 g). Higher grain yield of 1775 kg·ha-1, haulm yield (2920 kg·ha-1), harvest index (0.38), net return (57,806 Rs·ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.43) were associated with the treatment comprising of 30 × 30 cm spacing, application of RDF, 12.5 t of FYM and 25 kg ZnSO4 as basal and foliar spraying of 1% KNO3 at 50 per cent flowering.

Nutrients of Topsoil for Sugarcane Planting in Xinping County of Yunnan Province

To provide reference for fertilizer application of sugarcane planting in Xinping County,this paper analyzed nutrient content of topsoil according to the nutrient indicators established in the Second Soil Census. The results show that 51. 76% soil in sugarcane planting area of Xinping County is faintly acid,50. 88% soil has relatively low organic matter,45. 88% soil lacks alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen( N),26. 47% soil lacks phosphorus( P),50. 29% soil lacks potassium( K),37. 14% soil lacks sulfur( S),12. 86% soil lacks magnesium( Mg),10% soil lacks manganese( Mn),and 31. 43% soil lacks zinc( Zn). In the sugarcane production,it is required to pay attention to increase of application of organic fertilizer,to foster soil fertility,supplement boron fertilizer,to keep balance of soil nutrients.

Macro and Micro Nutrient Supply to Soil and Plants from Sugar Mill Mud

The effects of sugar mill mud application on the availability of nutrients for plant uptake were investigated. Mill mud generated from conventional sugar mill operations was applied in three different rates and a leafy vegetable, locally called “PuiShak” or Indian spinach (Basellarubra L.) was grown for 60 days as a test crop in a pot culture experiment. Crop yield and essential nutrients like N, P, K and Zn uptake concentration was determined to come up with an inference that higher doses of mill mud application impose better effect on root and shoot uptake of these elements. A little infraction was observed for nitrogen uptake by plants for the maximum dose.

Effects of Planting Methods and Seed Density on Vegetable Yield and Nutrient Composition of <i>Solanum macrocarpon</i>and <i>Solanum scabrum</i>in Southwest Nigeria

Two field studies were carried out using Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum scabrum to investigate the effects of planting methods and seed density required for optimum biomass yield and nutrient content in southwest Nigeria. Two planting methods (drilling and broadcasting), and two seed densities (4 and 8 table spoon full) were investigated as a 2×2×3 factorial experiment in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Four seed spoons gave 25.78 kg seeds ha-1 for S. macrocarpon and 20.67 kg·seeds·ha-1 for S. scabrum. Significant highest S. macrocarpon shoots (2.75 kg·m-2) and Ca, K, Fe and Zn contents and S. scabrum (2.95 kg·m-2) and Zn content, were obtained with drilling and four spoons of seeds compared with broadcasting and 8 spoons of seeds. This treatment gave average values for N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca/P and Na/K ratio were 2.79%, 0.03%, 3.37%, 1.64%, 0.02%, 300 mg·kg-1, 100 mg·kg-1, 300 mg·kg-1, 8 mg·kg-1, 1.22 and 0.008 for S. macrocarpon and 2.05%, 0.27%, 5.81%, 3.27%, 2.91%, 0.09%, 280 mg·kg-1, 52.99 mg·kg-1, 359.35 mg·kg-1 and 22.42 mg·kg-1, 11.63 and 0.016 for S. scabrum. It was concluded that planting in drilling made weeding, fertilizer application, irrigation and harvesting more effective rather than by broadcasting, and four spoons of seeds per 9 m-2 produced deep green and broader leaves and balanced nutrient contents than eight spoons of seeds.

Effect of Plant Ash on Nutrient Quality and Antioxidant Activity of African Yam Bean Seed Porridge in Relation to Cooking Time

The present study aimed to investigate the nutrient quality, antioxidant activity and sensory acceptability of hard-to-cook African yam bean (AYB) seeds cooked for 5 h (control) and for 2 h with plant ash. The plant ash were unripe plantain peel ash (UPA), corn cob ash (CCA) and UPA and CCA mixture. Standard methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were used for the proximate and mineral analysis, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were used to investigate the antioxidant activity. A completely randomized design with one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis. The results showed that cooking of AYB seeds for 2 h with 8 g/100mL plant ash solution improved the nutrient contents, antioxidant activity and sensory scores of the porridge. Higher values of proteins, ash and energy were obtained in 8 g/100mL UPA/CCA and in 8 g/100mL CCA additives. However, moisture, fat and fibre contents were not affected by plant ash additives and were higher in 5 h cooked porridge. Cooking with 8 g/100mL plant ash solution for 2 h significantly increased mineral elements in the porridge. Phenolic compounds (total polyphenols and flavonoids), and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) showed higher values with plant ash additives. This study reveals that addition of plant ash did not only reduce the cooking time of AYB seed by 60%, but also improved the nutrient quality, antioxidant activity and sensory acceptability.

棉隆土壤消毒联合种植密度防除油菜田杂草及对作物产量和田间光照的影响

在农田杂草的治理中,结合农艺措施来治理草害的发生,可有效减少化学除草剂的使用,实现草害的综合治理。本文采用田间试验研究了棉隆土壤消毒联合油菜不同种植密度对油菜田主要杂草野燕麦Avena fatua、苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus的防除效果,及杂草对氮、磷、钾及水分消耗的影响。结果表明,土壤消毒联合种植密度对油菜田杂草防除效果显著,对野燕麦、苦苣菜均有良好防效,总鲜重防效达到89.8%~100.0%。采取防除措施后,杂草对田间氮、磷、钾和水分的消耗量减少85%以上,有效改善了田间的水肥和光照条件。土壤消毒联合种植密度不同处理的油菜籽产量达到3155.0~4920.5 kg/hm^(2),增产效果显著,产量较未消毒土壤区增加13.3%~76.8%,增收1857.3~10684.8元/hm^(2)。研究表明采用土壤消毒结合种植密度对油菜田杂草具有很好的控制效果,适度增加油菜种植密度既能保证对杂草防效,同时也能保证产量。

水稻种植模式与秸秆还田方式对土壤养分的影响

为探明水稻不同种植模式与还田方式下土壤养分含量的变化。以辽星21号为试验材料,在大田条件下,比较移栽与直播种植2种模式下秸秆还田、炭化还田和不还田3种方式土壤中有机碳、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾含量的差异。研究结果表明,直播种植模式较移栽方式土壤速效磷含量、速效钾含量和全磷含量增加0.9%、5.4%和7.1%,生物炭还田较不还田处理分别显著增加土壤有机碳含量、速效钾含量、全氮含量和全磷含量9.6%、20.1%、5.3%和8.1%。因此,直播种植结合生物炭还田可作为提高农田肥力、改善土壤养分的一项促进北方寒地稻田资源再利用有效措施。