Dominant woody plant species recognition with a hierarchical model based on multimodal geospatial data for subtropical forests

Since the launch of the Google Earth Engine(GEE)cloud platform in 2010,it has been widely used,leading to a wealth of valuable information.However,the potential of GEE for forest resource management has not been fully exploited.To extract dominant woody plant species,GEE combined Sen-tinel-1(S1)and Sentinel-2(S2)data with the addition of the National Forest Resources Inventory(NFRI)and topographic data,resulting in a 10 m resolution multimodal geospatial dataset for subtropical forests in southeast China.Spectral and texture features,red-edge bands,and vegetation indices of S1 and S2 data were computed.A hierarchical model obtained information on forest distribution and area and the dominant woody plant species.The results suggest that combining data sources from the S1 winter and S2 yearly ranges enhances accuracy in forest distribution and area extraction compared to using either data source independently.Similarly,for dominant woody species recognition,using S1 winter and S2 data across all four seasons was accurate.Including terrain factors and removing spatial correlation from NFRI sample points further improved the recognition accuracy.The optimal forest extraction achieved an overall accuracy(OA)of 97.4%and a maplevel image classification efficacy(MICE)of 96.7%.OA and MICE were 83.6%and 80.7%for dominant species extraction,respectively.The high accuracy and efficacy values indicate that the hierarchical recognition model based on multimodal remote sensing data performed extremely well for extracting information about dominant woody plant species.Visualizing the results using the GEE application allows for an intuitive display of forest and species distribution,offering significant convenience for forest resource monitoring.

Study on Resource Status and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations(PSESP)in Xinjiang

In recent years,the protection of PSESP has gradually become a hot issue in biodiversity research.Through the investigation and analysis of PSESP in Xinjiang,it is shown that:①there are 75 species of PSESP in Xinjiang,including 22 species of trees,18 species of shrubs and 35 species of herbs.The habitats are mainly in extremely cold,extremely dry or extremely narrow conditions such as snow line,desert,mountain,wetland and so on.②53 species(70.67%)are listed as national or autonomous region protected plants,and 22 species of PSESP are not listed in the protection;there are 70 species of PSESP listed in the red list,accounting for 93.33%.③The PSESP in Xinjiang are mainly distributed in the Altai Mountains,western Tianshan Mountains,Pamir Plateau and Karakoram Mountains;they are distributed in all kinds of nature reserves,forest parks,wetland parks and other natural ecological protection areas in Xinjiang.Ammopiptanthus nanus(M.Pop.)Cheng F.,Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight,Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.and Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart have not been found in the literature,indicating that they are distributed in protected areas.In order to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of biodiversity in Xinjiang,this paper puts forward some suggestions on the protection of PSESP.

Review of Effective Vegetation Mapping Using the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) Method

We tried more precise mapping of vegetation using UAV?(unmanned aerial vehicle), as a new method of creating vegetation maps, and we?objected to be clearly the efficient mapping of vegetation using the UAV method by comparing vegetation maps created by analysing aerial photographs taken by a UAV and an aircraft (manned flight). The aerial photography using UAV was conducted in the Niida River estuary (the secondary river flowing into Minamisoma City in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan). The photography period was in August 2013. We analysed the aerial photographs using ArcGis 9 (Esri Japan Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The aerial photographs of the main plant communities (Phragmites australis,?Typha domingensis, and?Miscanthus sacchariflorus) taken by the UAV could clearly discriminate each plant community at the 1/50 scale. Moreover, it could clearly discriminate the shape of a plant at the 1/10 scale. We compared the vegetation maps by analysing the aerial photos taken by a UAV (2013 shooting) and an aircraft (2011 shooting). As a result, the vegetation map created by the UAV method could clearly discriminate community distributions. We conclude that vegetation surveys using UAV are possible and are capable of a highly precise community division in places where field reconnaissance is difficult. The UAV method is effective and will contribute to the improvement of research methods in the future;this method may reduce research costs associated with a reduction in field survey days and man-power.

Characteristics and utilization of plant diversity and resources in Central Asia

The geographical region of Central Asia comprises Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.Central Asia’s temperate forests,steppes,and sandy deserts,including riparian tugai forests,have been identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature as Global 200 ecoregions,and the Mountains of Central Asia are considered biodiversity hotspots.Here,we describe and analyze the diverse characteristics and utilization of plant diversity and resources of the region.We confirm that there are 9520 species of higher plants,20%of which are endemic species,belonging to 138 families and 1176 genera.The vegetation geography of Central Asia can be divided into 5 provinces and 33 districts,and more than 65%species have a Central Asian geographical distribution pattern.Plant resource utilization can be grouped into 5 categories and 31 subcategories,including food,medicine,industry,environmental protection,construction,and plant germplasm.In this review,we also discuss the principal threats to plant biodiversity in Central Asia posed by global climate change and offer recommendations for conservation strategies.

Native Aquatic Plant Establishment Efforts in a High-Herbivore, Central Texas Reservoir

Maintaining beneficial, native plant structure and diversity while reducing invasive, nuisance species dominance is an important management domain for natural resource managers. One such vegetation component in North American lakes and reservoirs is submerged aquatic vegetation—a valuable aquatic resource which serves as productive habitat for fish, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and other wildlife. Reservoirs in the southern parts of the United States have experienced varying aquatic plant dominance dynamics due to historical water resource management actions, including drawdowns and introduction of herbivorous fish for the purpose of controlling invasive aquatic vegetation. Some of these management options have also been detrimental to native submerged aquatic vegetation. This paper explores an adaptive management research effort by installing herbivore-protected, fenced-pen submerged aquatic vegetation sites in a high-herbivore reservoir to determine effectiveness of protecting habitat and serving as founder colony sources for propagule spread. Four experimental sites with three management treatments each were planted with American eelgrass. Each site utilized one un-fenced treatment and two treatments with varying mesh sizes for protective fencing-pens. Site integrity, species survival and spread, and grazing were documented. One additional site was installed and planted with other native submerged aquatic vegetation species for nominal species performance descriptions. No plants survived unprotected in the high-herbivore system and plants, in general, performed consistently better within the smaller mesh size. These test planting results were ultimately used to inform adaptive management decision making for plant installation and expansion designs for managing reservoirs invested with Hydrilla, considered one of the most serious invasive aquatic plants in the United States.

Monitoring River Restoration Efforts: Do Invasive Alien Plants Endanger the Success? A Case Study of the Traisen River

River restoration activities are challenging for the native vegetation and the colonization process. The development of invasive alien plant species (IAS) as well as the development of the pioneer vegetation cover and seed bank were observed in one year prior to construction of a new river bed and within the first two years after construction, along the downstream section of the river Traisen in Austria. One year after completion of the new river channel, the occurrence of IAS above ground decreased while the occurrence of target species increased. Furthermore, no seeds of IAS were detected in the new river bed as a result of proper management of soil movement. Despite the positive impact on the abundance of IAS, the restoration project of the river Traisen shows that the fact that such a restoration activity is a disturbance event must be taken into consideration already during the planning process. Supporting the competitiveness of native plant species is an important tool for reducing the danger of establishment of invasive alien species.

Plant Diversity of Maoershan National Forest Park

There are a wide variety of wild plants in Maoershan National Forest Park.According to a fiveyear survey,the plants are found to include 557 species belonging to 116 families and 335 genera.There are 10 dominant families,such as Asteraceae,Ranunculaceae,Rosaceae,Fabaceae,and Chenopodiaceae,including 251 species,accounting for 46.06% of the total.There are 9 dominant genera,such as Polygonum,Potentilla ,Viola ,Artemisia ,and Corydalis ,which include 82 species of plants,accounting for 14.72% of the total.This study statistically analyzed the diversity and function of plants in the park and classified useful plants to provide a basis for the conservation and development of plant resources in Maoershan National Forest Park.

Local Perceptions on the Status,Values and Conservation and Ethnobotanical Implications of Medicinal and Multipurpose Plants in and Around Selected Church Forests in Central Ethiopia

Societies have varied attitude and perception on the forest resources nearby them.Ethnobotanical knowledge should be integrated with biophysical studies in order to be used for managing and conserving forests.The objectives of the study were to assess the existing knowledge about the uses of plant species and to examine the plant species.Three sites were selected around central Ethiopia encompassing three church forests.Focus group discussion,questionnaire-based social survey and vegetation inventory were undertaken.The focus group discussants were selected from traditional healers,elders of the society,development agents,and people who are knowledgeable about the vegetation of the areas.Voucher specimens were collected for those species difficult to identify.The data analysis was done by descriptive statistics using Excel 2010 and SPSS v20.The results indicated agricultural expansion,charcoal making and fuel wood as the major causes of deforestation in Site 1,Site 2 and Site 3 respectively.Religious preaching was stated by group discussants as the most effective solution to reverse the degradation and to protect the church forests.The plant species have varied uses as traditional medicine,food,construction wood,household utensils,and firewood but higher percent of the mentioned species were used either for human or livestock medicine.Sørensen similarity index indicated Site 1 and Site 2 have 12.5%,Site 1 and Site 3 have 10.9%and Site 2 and Site 3 have 43.5%similarities.Documenting the wealth of indigenous knowledge and in situ conservation of the plant species are key recommendations.

山东省黄河三角洲水生耐盐药用植物资源调查与分析

对山东省黄河三角洲地区水生耐盐药用植物的种类、生活型及对应药材入药部位、药性、功效进行统计调查分析。共调查到野生水生耐盐药用植物299种。根据恩格勒分类系统,这些植物隶属于76科204属;生活型以草本型为主,共222种。以299种药用植物为基源的药材共338种,其中全草入药药材144种,占药材种类数的42.60%;平性药材最多,共85种;苦味药、甘味药和辛味药数量较其他药味具有明显优势;以功效分类,清热药、利水渗湿类、活血化瘀类、化痰止咳类、止血药和补虚药占优势。针对水生耐盐药用植物特点,结合该区域自然状况,提出了合理开发和综合利用的建议。

贵州北盘江流域观赏兰科植物及其功能群研究

为科学保护和合理开发贵州北盘江流域野生兰科(Orchidaceae)植物资源,科学筛选高观赏价值兰科植物并探究其环境适应特征,该文以贵州省北盘江流域分布的兰科植物为研究对象,基于层次分析法筛选出具有较高观赏价值的种类,并使用聚类和冗余分析明确不同环境条件下的植物功能群物种组成。结果表明:(1)研究区兰科植物共74属249种(含变种),在水平空间分布上有2个密集区,分别是望谟县与紫云县交界片区和盘州市西部片区;在垂直空间分布上,随海拔变化呈“中间膨胀型”分布,以800~1 600 m范围为主。(2)研究区观赏兰科植物可划分为三大等级,第一级为开发优等级,共51种兰科植物,第二级为开发储备级,共170种,第三级的28种观赏价值较低,没有作为观赏植物开发的必要。(3)研究区开发优等级的观赏兰科植物可划分为低海拔喜荫非石灰岩山地功能群、低海拔喜阳石灰岩山地功能群、中海拔喜荫石灰岩山地功能群和高海拔喜阳非石灰岩山地功能群4类,不同功能群间兰科植物适应环境类型差异较大。综上表明,对贵州北盘江流域观赏兰科植物的筛选和生态功能群的划分,为今后园林应用、科学保护、引种驯化开发、野外回归等研究提供了一定参考价值。

新疆资源植物多样性的组成特点及分布特征

【目的】确定新疆资源植物的物种组成和空间分布,对其开展有效保护至关重要。【方法】本研究基于大量文献资料的查阅、收集和整理,以自然分布于新疆的维管植物为研究对象,对新疆资源植物的种类、分布和生境等信息进行收集、整理和归纳,并分析了新疆资源植物的基本组成、地理和生境分布特征。【结果】1)自然分布于新疆的资源植物共计1003种,隶属于104科460属。在蕨类植物、裸子植物和被子植物3个类群中,被子植物相对丰富,占据了总物种的96.31%。按利用类型可分为食用植物、药用植物、工业植物和环保植物4类,数量占比最多的是药用植物,为77.77%。生活型包括草本、灌木和乔木3类,其中草本植物占据了主体,占比高达82.35%。2)在市域上的水平地理分布不均匀,主要集中分布在北疆的几个大地级市中,阿勒泰地区物种组成最丰富,包含了70.09%的物种。3)在海拔上的垂直地理分布范围很广,主要集中分布于1000~2100 m的中海拔范围内,呈随海拔升高而先增加后降低的单峰分布模式。4)在生境上的分布不均匀,草原、森林是包含物种数最多的2类(自然)植被,占比分别为32.70%和31.80%。【结论】新疆资源植物组成丰富,草本植物是主体,其中药用植物数量最多。新疆资源植物空间分布不均匀,主要集中分布于北疆山区中海拔地段,以草原和森林生境为主。本研究可为新疆资源植物多样性保护提供科学参考依据。

内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗野生药用植物资源初报

内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗常见野生药用植物有73科231属352种,其中,国家重点保护野生药材有9种,其中,Ⅱ级有1种:黄檗(Phellodendron amurense);Ⅲ级有8种:黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)、防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)、远志(Polygala tenuifolia)、卵叶远志(P.sibirica)、龙胆(Gentiana scabra)、三花龙胆(G.triflora)、秦艽(G.macrophylla)、五味子(Schisandra chinensis)。文章简要论述了不同植物类型的野生药用植物资源分布情况,对29种野生药用植物资源进行了定性评价,提出了野生药用植物资源保护利用建议。

双城区林地资源结构及营造林树种的选择

以哈尔滨市双城区林地资源结构为研究对象,综合分析哈尔滨市双城区的乡镇农田防护区现状,以及自然环境对植物的影响,充分利用该区域自然生态条件,选择栽植储备林的方式,逐步将杨树部分替换成樟子松,以实现林网结构的樟子松和杨树混合,改变森林覆盖率低的资源现状,并为其达到平原绿化标准,最大限度地发挥生态功能和经济效益提供合理化建议。

Effects of Haloxylon spp. of Different Age Classes on Vegetation Cover and Soil Properties on an Arid Desert Steppe in Iran

In arid regions,afforestation has been considered as a method for ecological revival in terms of vegetation enrichment and soil amelioration.In this study,the effects of afforestation with Haloxylon spp.on vegetation cover and soil properties were measured<3,3,6,and 25 years after planting in an arid desert in Iran.Soil samples were collected at two depths(0-30 and 30-60 cm)under and between shrub canopies.Afforestation succession significantly affected plant community characteristics.In total,16 species from 8families and 15 genera were observed along the afforestation successional gradient.Plant species richness and diversity and vegetation cover increased slowly during the succession,and reached the maximum values in the area where Haloxylon had been planted for25 years.Soil nutrient values gradually increased during the succession,and the levels of organic matter,total nitrogen,available potassium,and available phosphorus were significantly higher under Haloxylon canopies than between them.Afforestation reduced soil pH under and between Haloxylon canopies during the succession,while soil electrical conductivity followed an opposite pattern.Haloxylon planting increased the silt content in the 0-30 cm soil layer.Our results suggest that Haloxylon establishment plays an important role in the reestablishment of desertified ecosystems in arid regions.

陕西省永寿县药用植物资源调查分析

依托第四次全国中药资源普查,采用野外踏查、样线调查和样方调查的方法对陕西省永寿县药用植物资源进行调查与分析;查清永寿县药用植物资源分布情况,为该县药用植物资源保护、开发利用提供科学依据。结果表明,永寿县现有药用植物276种,隶属79科222属,科组成以菊科、豆科为优势科,分别包含36种和22种药用植物;草本植物为永寿县药用植物的主要类型,占总数的72.83%;野生重点调查药用植物65种,隶属35科61属,其中以根及根茎类入药的药用植物占比为最高(46.15%);同时,调查还发现了甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)、杜鹃兰[Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino]等10种珍稀濒危药用植物。综上所述,永寿县药用植物资源种类丰富、耐旱喜阳药用植物居多、中药资源开发利用前景广阔。通过本次中药资源普查,基本摸清了永寿县中药资源家底,可为当地中药产业的可持续发展提供参考。

青海湖流域野生药用植物资源物种多样性分析

为了调查青海湖流域野生药用植物资源现状,通过样地调查、样线调查、走访调查和文献查阅等方法对青海湖流域野生药用植物种类进行调查分析。结果表明:青海湖流域共有野生药用植物110种,隶属31科79属,其中单种科和单种属最多,分别占总科属的53.13%和71.79%;该区植物区系分布以北温带为主;生活型以多年生草本居多,占总种数的69.09%;药用部位以全草类、根茎类为主;药效以清热解毒功能居多。因此,青海湖流域野生药用植物资源较为丰富,该调查结果为青海湖流域药用植物资源的保护和开发利用提供依据。

贵州梵净山世界自然遗产地旅游线路植物资源探讨

[目的]探索梵净山世界自然遗产地的原始森林植物物种。[方法]2019年5月在旅游淡季时沿旅游线路的万步云梯从步梯0步(鱼坳,海拔836 m)至金顶蘑菇石(海拔2 318 m),对总海拔跨度1 482 m的步梯沿途视野20 m处维管植物物种进行考察并拍照,室内结合《中国植物志》等资料鉴定植物物种。[结果]梵净山世界自然遗产地有穗花杉、伯乐树、粗榧、华西花楸、瓶尔小草、金发藓等植物达100种之多,并且总海拔跨度1 482 m的梵净山世界自然遗产地植被垂直带谱明显,其中836~1 300 m处为常绿阔叶林,第三纪古老孑遗的长柄水青冈群落分布在海拔1 114 m处;1 300~1 900 m处为三峡槭、贵州青冈、亮叶水青冈和米心水青冈等组成的常绿落叶阔叶混交林;1 900~2 100 m处为亮叶水青冈、多脉青冈等为优势种的落叶阔叶林,结构完整、自然更替良好的贵州青冈群落分布在海拔2 031 m处;2 100~2 200 m为雷山杜鹃、大钟杜鹃、吊钟花等杜鹃花科植物和木樨科的川滇蜡树等亚高山杜鹃矮林,林下层为箭竹、玉簪等草本,2 200~2 318 m为亚高山灌丛草甸,由紫药红荚蒾、西康绣线菊等形成的灌丛及玉山针蔺兰、黄毛草莓等草丛,并有箭竹分布于该植被带。海拔2 000 m以上苔藓植物分布丰富,主要有南亚白发藓、提灯藓、大羽藓、金发藓等。[结论]在贵州梵净山世界自然遗产地有着保存完好的亚热带原始常绿及落叶阔叶林,植被覆盖率在90%以上,植被垂直带谱明显。

浙江洛迦山岛的植被类型及特有植物群落的物种和功能多样性

舟山群岛因面积变化、地理隔离和人类高强度干扰而蕴育着丰富的植被和海岛特有植物群落。基于洛迦山岛30个植被样地划分其植被类型,分析特有植物群落的物种和功能多样性。结果表明,1)洛迦山岛植被可划分为常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿灌丛和灌草丛;按优势种和植物区系特征划分出10种群丛或群落类型;按群落年龄和外貌划分出10种演替阶段的群落类型。2)红楠-普陀樟群落和滨柃-海桐灌丛的胸径级结构均呈“L”形分布,胸径在0~5 cm的个体占比最高。3)红楠-普陀樟群落的平均密度显著低于滨柃-海桐灌丛(P<0.05),其他物种多样性在2种群落间无显著差异(P>0.05);仅红楠-普陀樟群落的功能离散度和Rao二次熵指数显著大于滨柃-海桐灌丛(P<0.05)。综合发现洛迦山岛植被类型丰富,海岛特有植物群落结构完整、物种和功能多样性高。研究结果有助于深入理解陆桥型海岛植物群落的构建机制和提升海岛特有植物群落的保护。

补播乡土牧草对荒漠草地土壤持水性及植被生物量的影响

为了探讨乡土牧草补播对退化草地植被恢复的作用,在宁夏盐池县设置了以放牧地(FM)为对照,以蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)单播(M)、牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)单播(N)、蒙古冰草+牛枝子混播(MN)、蒙古冰草+沙打旺(Astragalusadsurgens)混播(MS)和蒙古冰草+草木樨状黄芪(Astragalusmelilotoides)混播(MX)为补播模式,研究不同补播措施对荒漠草地土壤持水性及地上地下生物量的影响。结果表明:1)不同处理间土壤持水性的综合排序为M>MS>MN>MX>N>FM。2)所有补播处理的地下生物量均高于放牧草地,且单播牧草的地下生物量M高于N;而处理间地上生物量表现为MS>MX、M、MN>N>FM的趋势。3)冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,植被地下、地上生物量和表征土壤持水性的指标间显著相关(P<0.05)。本研究结果表明蒙古冰草由于具有较高的地下生物量,单播或与豆科混播均可以显著改善土壤持水性,进而利于植被的恢复,故而在未来草地补播中应因地制宜采用根系生物量大的牧草进行单播或与其他牧草混播。

广西植物名录补遗(Ⅷ)

该文报道了17个广西新记录物种,即柔毛阴山荠[Yinshania henryi(Oliv.) Y.H.Zhang]、臭荠(Lepidium didymum L.)、小酸模(Rumexa acetosella L.)、浙江凤仙花(Impatiens chekiangensis Y.L.Chen)、贵州海桐(Pittosporum kweichowense Gowda)、越南圆叶梭罗树(Reevesia orbicularis Tardieu)、冬青叶鼠刺(Itea ilicifolia Oliv.)、窄叶枇杷(Eriobotrya henryi Nakai)、瘤枝密花树[Myrsine verruculosa(C.Chen) Pipoly&C.Chen]、毛腺萼木(Mycetia hirta Hutch.)、二萼丰花草[Spermacoce exilis(L.O.Williams) C.D.Adams]、滇苦菜(Picris divaricata Vaniot)、纤细通泉草(Mazus gracilis Hemsl.)、皱叶荚蒾(Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl.)、单花莸[Schnabelia nepetifolia(Benth.) P.D.Cantino]、蕨叶南川鼠尾草(Salvia nanchuanensis var.pteridifolia Sun)、四棱菝葜(Smilax elegantissima Gagnep.)。这些新记录种对广西植物区系地理学研究、植物资源利用以及植物多样性保护等具有重要价值。其中,臭荠、二萼丰花草为外来物种,并对其入侵性进行了评估;柔毛阴山荠、臭荠、小酸模、滇苦菜、纤细通泉草、单花莸、蕨叶南川鼠尾草、皱叶荚蒾、冬青叶鼠刺等是广西药用植物新记录,并对其药用功效进行了简要概述。此外,还提供了新记录物种的引证标本、地理分布和彩色照片。