Morphological variations of the nucleus in starchy endosperm cell were observed by theelectron-transmisson microscope during endosperm development in rice. Along with thedevelopment of the starchy endosperm, the nucle...Morphological variations of the nucleus in starchy endosperm cell were observed by theelectron-transmisson microscope during endosperm development in rice. Along with thedevelopment of the starchy endosperm, the nuclei of the cells showed chromatin condensation,the typical feature of programmed cell death (PCD). The nuclei also showed nucleusdeformation, disruption of nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm leaking into the cytoplasm andnucleus disintegration resulting in nuclear residue formation. From the nucleus deformationto the nucleus disintegration, the morphological changes of the nucleus were orderlyprogressive. This indicated that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice wasprogrammed cell death. Evans Blue staining observation showed that the cell death wasinitially detected in the central part of starchy endosperm in rice, then expandedoutward. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in rice starchyendosperm both descended continuously as development progressed. The analysis of DNA ofrice starchy endosperm did not show the presence of DNA laddering. The above resultsshowed that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice was a special form of PCD.展开更多
Cell death is an important physiological phenomenon in life.It can be programmed or unprogrammed.Unprogrammed cell death is usually induced by abiotic or biotic stress.Recent studies have shown that many proteins regu...Cell death is an important physiological phenomenon in life.It can be programmed or unprogrammed.Unprogrammed cell death is usually induced by abiotic or biotic stress.Recent studies have shown that many proteins regulate both cell death and immunity in plants.Here,we provide a review on the advances in plant immunity with cell death,especially the molecular regulation and underlying mechanisms of those proteins involved in both cell death and plant immunity.In addition,we discuss potential approaches toward improving plant immunity without compromising plant growth.展开更多
Abstract: Cell death is a common event in all types of plant organisms. Understanding the phenomenon of programmed cell death (PCD) is an important area of research for plant scientists because of its role in senescen...Abstract: Cell death is a common event in all types of plant organisms. Understanding the phenomenon of programmed cell death (PCD) is an important area of research for plant scientists because of its role in senescence and the post-harvest quality of ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables. In the present paper, PCD in relation to petal senescence in ornamental plants is reviewed. Morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that are related to PCD in petals, such as water content, sink-source relationships, hormones, genes, and signal transduction pathways, are discussed. Several approaches to improving the quality of post-harvest ornamentals are reviewed and some prospects for future research are given.展开更多
The maize (Zea mays) spikelet consists of two florets, each of which contains three developmentally synchronized anthers. Morphologically, the anthers in the upper and lower florets proceed through apparently simila...The maize (Zea mays) spikelet consists of two florets, each of which contains three developmentally synchronized anthers. Morphologically, the anthers in the upper and lower florets proceed through apparently similar developmental programs. To test for global differences in gene expression and to identify genes that are coordinately regulated during maize anther development, RNA samples isolated from upper and lower floret anthers at six developmental stages were hybridized to cDNA microarrays. Approximately 9% of the tested genes exhibited statistically significant differences in expression between anthers in the upper and lower florets. This finding indicates that several basic biological processes are differentially regulated between upper and lower floret anthers, including metabolism, protein synthesis and signal transduction. Genes that are coordinately regulated across anther development were identified via cluster analysis. Analysis of these results identified stage-specific, early in development, late in development and bi-phasic expression profiles. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that four genes whose homologs in other plant species are involved in programmed cell death are up-regulated just prior to the time the tapetum begins to visibly degenerate (i.e., the mid-microspore stage). This finding supports the hypothesis that developmentally normal tapetal degeneration occurs via programmed cell death.展开更多
The oxidative burst is a critical early event in plant-pathogen interactions that leads to a localized, programmed cell death (PCD) called the hypersensitive response (HR). The HR and associated PCD retard infection b...The oxidative burst is a critical early event in plant-pathogen interactions that leads to a localized, programmed cell death (PCD) called the hypersensitive response (HR). The HR and associated PCD retard infection by biotrophic pathogens, but can, in fact, enhance infection by necrotrophic pathogens like Botrytis cinerea. In addition to signaling the induction of the HR, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during the oxidative burst are?antimicrobial. We hypothesize that pathogens such as B. cinerea survive the antimicrobial effects of ROS, at least partially by secreting the antioxidant mannitol during infection. This is supported by the previous observation that overexpression of the catabolic enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) can decrease a plants susceptibility to mannitol-secreting pathogens like B. cinerea. To extend the above hypothesis, and test the general utility of this approach in an important horticultural crop, we overexpressed celery MTD in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. “Moneymaker”). In these studies, we observed a significant increase (up to 90%) in resistance to B. cinerea in transgenic tomatoes expressing high amounts of MTD.展开更多
Secondary xylem development has long been recognized as a typical case of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. During PCD, the degradation of genomic DNA is catalyzed by endonucleases. However, to date, no endonuc...Secondary xylem development has long been recognized as a typical case of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. During PCD, the degradation of genomic DNA is catalyzed by endonucleases. However, to date, no endonuclease has been shown to participate in secondary xylem development. Two novel Ca^2+-dependent DNase genes, EuCaN1 and EuCaN2, were identified from the differentiating secondary xylem of the tree Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., their functions were studied by DNase activity assay, in situ hybridization, protein immunolocalization and virus-induced gene silencing experiments. Full-length cDNAs of EuCaN1 and EuCaN2 contained an open reading frame of 987 bp, encoding two proteins of 328 amino acids with SNase-like functional domains. The genomic DNA sequence for EuCaN1 had no introns, while EuCaN2 had 8 introns. EuCaN1 and EuCaN2 digested ssDNA and dsDNA with Ca^2+-dependence at neutral pH. Their expression was confined to differentiating secondary xylem cells and the proteins were localized in the nucleus. Their activity dynamics was closely correlated with secondary xylem development. Secondary xylem cell differentiation is influenced by RNAi of endonuclease genes. The results provide evidence that the Ca^2+-dependent DNases are involved in secondary xylem development.展开更多
The spatial and temporal distributions of programmed cell death (PCD) in developing central nervous system (CNS) of human fetuses ranging from 12 to 39 weeks of gestation were investigated using techniques of flow cyt...The spatial and temporal distributions of programmed cell death (PCD) in developing central nervous system (CNS) of human fetuses ranging from 12 to 39 weeks of gestation were investigated using techniques of flow cytometry and terminal transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). The results showed that PCD did occur in every representative brain region of all fetuses examined in different stages. It was found that there were two peaks of PCD appearing at the 12th and 39th weeks respectively, which suggested that the first peak of apoptosis may be involved in the selective elimination of neurons overproduced during the early development and the second may play an important role in establishing the correct neuronal circuitry.展开更多
Sphinganine or dihydrosphingosine (d18:0, DHS), one of the most abundant free sphingoid Long Chain Base (LCB) in plants, has been recently shown to induce both cytosolic and nuclear calcium transient increases an...Sphinganine or dihydrosphingosine (d18:0, DHS), one of the most abundant free sphingoid Long Chain Base (LCB) in plants, has been recently shown to induce both cytosolic and nuclear calcium transient increases and a correlated Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in tobacco BY-2 cells. In this study, in order to get deeper insight into the LCB signaling pathway leading to cell death, the putative role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) has been investigated. We show that DHS triggers a rapid dose-dependent production of H2O2 that is blocked by diphenyleniodonium (DPI), indicating the involvement of NADPH oxidase(s) in the process. In addition, while DPI does not block DHS-induced calcium increases, the ROS production is inhibited by the broad spectrum calcium channel blocker lanthanum (La^3+). Therefore, ROS production occurs downstream of DHS-induced Ca^2+ transients. Interestingly, DHS activates expression of defense-related genes that is inhibited by both La^3+ and DPI. Since DPI does not prevent DHS-induced cell death, these results strongly indicate that DHS-induced H2O2 production is not implicated in PCD mechanisms but rather would be associated to basal cell defense mechanisms.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30070363)the Foundation for Doctorate Research of Ministry of Education,China(200005041).
文摘Morphological variations of the nucleus in starchy endosperm cell were observed by theelectron-transmisson microscope during endosperm development in rice. Along with thedevelopment of the starchy endosperm, the nuclei of the cells showed chromatin condensation,the typical feature of programmed cell death (PCD). The nuclei also showed nucleusdeformation, disruption of nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm leaking into the cytoplasm andnucleus disintegration resulting in nuclear residue formation. From the nucleus deformationto the nucleus disintegration, the morphological changes of the nucleus were orderlyprogressive. This indicated that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice wasprogrammed cell death. Evans Blue staining observation showed that the cell death wasinitially detected in the central part of starchy endosperm in rice, then expandedoutward. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in rice starchyendosperm both descended continuously as development progressed. The analysis of DNA ofrice starchy endosperm did not show the presence of DNA laddering. The above resultsshowed that the cell death of starchy endosperm in rice was a special form of PCD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 31972254)the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (171021)+5 种基金the Tianfu Tenthousand Talents Program (Tianfu Science and Technology Elite Project), Chinathe Outstanding Young Scientific and Technological Talents Project in Sichuan Province, China (2019JDJQ0045)Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Sichuan Agricultural University, China (2021SZYQ002) to Li Weitaothe Key R&D Projects of Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2018JZ0072)NSFC (31825022) to Chen Xueweithe NSFC (32072041) to Yin Junjie。
文摘Cell death is an important physiological phenomenon in life.It can be programmed or unprogrammed.Unprogrammed cell death is usually induced by abiotic or biotic stress.Recent studies have shown that many proteins regulate both cell death and immunity in plants.Here,we provide a review on the advances in plant immunity with cell death,especially the molecular regulation and underlying mechanisms of those proteins involved in both cell death and plant immunity.In addition,we discuss potential approaches toward improving plant immunity without compromising plant growth.
文摘Abstract: Cell death is a common event in all types of plant organisms. Understanding the phenomenon of programmed cell death (PCD) is an important area of research for plant scientists because of its role in senescence and the post-harvest quality of ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables. In the present paper, PCD in relation to petal senescence in ornamental plants is reviewed. Morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that are related to PCD in petals, such as water content, sink-source relationships, hormones, genes, and signal transduction pathways, are discussed. Several approaches to improving the quality of post-harvest ornamentals are reviewed and some prospects for future research are given.
基金the National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (No 2002-35301-12234 and 2004-35301-14620)Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds
文摘The maize (Zea mays) spikelet consists of two florets, each of which contains three developmentally synchronized anthers. Morphologically, the anthers in the upper and lower florets proceed through apparently similar developmental programs. To test for global differences in gene expression and to identify genes that are coordinately regulated during maize anther development, RNA samples isolated from upper and lower floret anthers at six developmental stages were hybridized to cDNA microarrays. Approximately 9% of the tested genes exhibited statistically significant differences in expression between anthers in the upper and lower florets. This finding indicates that several basic biological processes are differentially regulated between upper and lower floret anthers, including metabolism, protein synthesis and signal transduction. Genes that are coordinately regulated across anther development were identified via cluster analysis. Analysis of these results identified stage-specific, early in development, late in development and bi-phasic expression profiles. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that four genes whose homologs in other plant species are involved in programmed cell death are up-regulated just prior to the time the tapetum begins to visibly degenerate (i.e., the mid-microspore stage). This finding supports the hypothesis that developmentally normal tapetal degeneration occurs via programmed cell death.
文摘The oxidative burst is a critical early event in plant-pathogen interactions that leads to a localized, programmed cell death (PCD) called the hypersensitive response (HR). The HR and associated PCD retard infection by biotrophic pathogens, but can, in fact, enhance infection by necrotrophic pathogens like Botrytis cinerea. In addition to signaling the induction of the HR, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during the oxidative burst are?antimicrobial. We hypothesize that pathogens such as B. cinerea survive the antimicrobial effects of ROS, at least partially by secreting the antioxidant mannitol during infection. This is supported by the previous observation that overexpression of the catabolic enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) can decrease a plants susceptibility to mannitol-secreting pathogens like B. cinerea. To extend the above hypothesis, and test the general utility of this approach in an important horticultural crop, we overexpressed celery MTD in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. “Moneymaker”). In these studies, we observed a significant increase (up to 90%) in resistance to B. cinerea in transgenic tomatoes expressing high amounts of MTD.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB114500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31070156)
文摘Secondary xylem development has long been recognized as a typical case of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. During PCD, the degradation of genomic DNA is catalyzed by endonucleases. However, to date, no endonuclease has been shown to participate in secondary xylem development. Two novel Ca^2+-dependent DNase genes, EuCaN1 and EuCaN2, were identified from the differentiating secondary xylem of the tree Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., their functions were studied by DNase activity assay, in situ hybridization, protein immunolocalization and virus-induced gene silencing experiments. Full-length cDNAs of EuCaN1 and EuCaN2 contained an open reading frame of 987 bp, encoding two proteins of 328 amino acids with SNase-like functional domains. The genomic DNA sequence for EuCaN1 had no introns, while EuCaN2 had 8 introns. EuCaN1 and EuCaN2 digested ssDNA and dsDNA with Ca^2+-dependence at neutral pH. Their expression was confined to differentiating secondary xylem cells and the proteins were localized in the nucleus. Their activity dynamics was closely correlated with secondary xylem development. Secondary xylem cell differentiation is influenced by RNAi of endonuclease genes. The results provide evidence that the Ca^2+-dependent DNases are involved in secondary xylem development.
文摘The spatial and temporal distributions of programmed cell death (PCD) in developing central nervous system (CNS) of human fetuses ranging from 12 to 39 weeks of gestation were investigated using techniques of flow cytometry and terminal transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). The results showed that PCD did occur in every representative brain region of all fetuses examined in different stages. It was found that there were two peaks of PCD appearing at the 12th and 39th weeks respectively, which suggested that the first peak of apoptosis may be involved in the selective elimination of neurons overproduced during the early development and the second may play an important role in establishing the correct neuronal circuitry.
文摘Sphinganine or dihydrosphingosine (d18:0, DHS), one of the most abundant free sphingoid Long Chain Base (LCB) in plants, has been recently shown to induce both cytosolic and nuclear calcium transient increases and a correlated Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in tobacco BY-2 cells. In this study, in order to get deeper insight into the LCB signaling pathway leading to cell death, the putative role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) has been investigated. We show that DHS triggers a rapid dose-dependent production of H2O2 that is blocked by diphenyleniodonium (DPI), indicating the involvement of NADPH oxidase(s) in the process. In addition, while DPI does not block DHS-induced calcium increases, the ROS production is inhibited by the broad spectrum calcium channel blocker lanthanum (La^3+). Therefore, ROS production occurs downstream of DHS-induced Ca^2+ transients. Interestingly, DHS activates expression of defense-related genes that is inhibited by both La^3+ and DPI. Since DPI does not prevent DHS-induced cell death, these results strongly indicate that DHS-induced H2O2 production is not implicated in PCD mechanisms but rather would be associated to basal cell defense mechanisms.