Determining the effect of Plantago major L. and Rosa damascene herbal ointment for bedsore healing

Background:Bedsores are damage or loss of skin integrity due to prolonged pressure which there are several ways to treat and prevent them.The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Plantago major L.and Rosa damascene herbal ointment for bedsore healing in hospitalized patients.Methods:This clinical trial study was accomplished with 100 patients divided into control(50 patients)and intervention(50 patients)groups.The control group had received routine treatment(dressing with Comfeel),but the intervention group only had received herbal ointment and then both groups were compared with each other through the pressure ulcer scale for healing(PUSH)tool.Results:The mean and standard deviation of recovery time in the Comfeel group was 27.40±12.467 and in the herbal ointment group was 21.57±12.695.In the pre-intervention evaluation,the mean and standard deviation of the PUSH score in the herbal ointment group was 10.44±0.323 while in the last evaluation in the same group it was 0.68±0.288 but in the Comfeel group,in the pre-intervention evaluation,the mean and standard deviation of the PUSH score was 10.68±0.317,while in the last evaluation it was 1.98±0.472.The highest frequency of bedsores in the study units was in the sacral region(49%)and the lowest frequency was in the sole of the foot with 1%.Conclusion:The results showed that Plantago major L.and Rosa damascene herbal ointment was effective in accelerating recovery time and wound healing.

Plantago major treatment enhanced innate antioxidant activity in experimental acetaminophen toxicity

Objective: To determine the ef ect of Plantago major(P. major) extract on the liver injury following acetaminophen(APAP) toxicity. Methods: The male Sprague Dawley rats(n = 38) were randomly divided into normal control(n = 6) and experiment(n = 32) groups. The latter was subdivided into four groups and induced with APAP(1 000 mg/kg) per oral, followed by P. major extract and N-acetylcysteine orally to the respective groups for six days. Results: On the seventh day, the serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and tissue malondialdehyde were increased in APAP groups whereas the total protein in serum, tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were reduced. The plant extract treatment reduced the histological deteriorations such as aggregation of hepatocellular cords, formation of binucleated cells and vacuolisation of the cells with scanty cytoplasm. It also revealed signii cant reduction of malondialdehyde and increased level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. The i ndings in the extract treated groups were comparable to the group treated with N-acetylcysteine. Conclusions: In conclusion, P. major can enhance innate antioxidant activity and ameliorate the APAP-induced liver injury.

三峡库区消涨带特有濒危植物丰都车前Plantago fengdouensis的迁地保护

丰都车前(Plantago fengdouensis)为近年在三峡库区消涨带发现的一特有植物。通过多年的调查,发现该种仅分布于重庆市忠县、丰都县和巴南区等3个长江江心岛上,总共290株。随着三峡水库的逐步蓄水,丰都车前的自然分布区将于2006年全部水淹,使其成为因三峡工程建设而导致自然生境和野生居群全部毁灭的唯一的草本植物。为保护这一即将野外灭绝的稀有植物,在对其地理分布、生态学和群落学调查的基础上,对其形态特征、年生长周期和生殖值与同属植物车前(P.asiatica)和北美车前(P.virginica)进行了调查、试验和比较研究,表明丰都车前果期长、种子不适宜长距离传播和生殖值低以及长江水淹干扰是其狭域分布和数量稀少的主要原因。同时探讨了其迁地保护策略,并提出了下一步的研究和保护建议。

车前属(Plantago L.)3种车前种子的生物学比较研究

本研究对黑龙江省车前科(Plantaignaceae)车前属(Plantago L.)的3种野生车前种子的生物学特性进行比较,为黑龙江地产药材车前属植物的引种驯化和开发利用提供依据。采用显微观察、生物学对比等方法,对种子形态和种子萌发的影响因素进行比较研究。结果表明:3种车前的种子形态存在差异,平车前的种子不存在休眠现象,通过低温和赤霉素协同处理有利于大车前和车前种子的萌发。因此,大车前和车前的种子在引种驯化前需要经过低温处理。

Isolation and purification of phenylethanoid glycosides from plant extract of Plantago asiatica by high performance centrifugal partition chromatography

Two phenylethanoid glycosides （PhGs） were isolated and purified from the aerial parts of Plantago asiatica for the first time by high performance centrifugal partition chromatography （HPCPC） using ethyl acetate-n-butanol-ethanol-water （0.5：0.5：0.1：1, v/v/v/v）. A total of 45.6 mg of compound 1 and 293.8 mg of compound 2 were purified from 1341 mg of the n-butanol extract of P. asiatica. The structures of the two PhGs were tentatively identified as plantamajoside and aeteoside or isoacteoside by eleetrospray ionization multi stage tandem mass spectrometry （ESI-MS^n） in the negative ion mode.

Isolation and Purification of Plantamajoside and Acteoside from Plant Extract of Plantago asiatica L. by High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

Two phenylethanoid glycosides（PhGs）, plantamajoside and acteoside, were isolated and purified from the aerial parts ofPlantago asiatica for the first time by high performance centrifugal partition chromatography（HPCPC） with ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol and water（0.5：0.5：0.1：1, volume ratio） as solvent system. A total of 45.6 mg of plantamajoside and 293.8 mg of acteoside were purified from 1341 mg of the n-butanol extract of P. asiatica, with a purity of 〉93.3% as determined by HPLC. The HPCPC fractions were analyzed by HPLC-DAD and the structures were identified by their retention time, UV, electrospray ionization multi stage tandem mass spectrometry（ESI-MSn） in the negative ion mode, and confirmed by NMR experiments. The characteristic fragment ions of ESI-MS of the two PhGs isolated from Plantago asiatica were discussed, which are specific and useful for the identification of the structures of PhGs.

Four new indole alkaloids from Plantago asiatica

Four new indole alkaloids,plasiaticines A-D(1-4),together with two known ones,were isolated from the seeds of Plantago asiatica.The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data.All compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity,and all compounds except 4 were tested for their acetylcholinesterase(AChE)inhibitory activities.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved plant growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta under variable soil water conditions

Desert ephemeral plants play an important role in desert ecosystem.Soil water availability is considered as the major restrictive factor limiting the growth of ephemeral plants.Moreover,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AM fungi） are widely reported to improve the growth of desert ephemerals.The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of that AM fungi could alleviate drought stress of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta,and AM fungal functions reduced with the improvement of soil water content.A pot experiment was carried out with three levels of soil water contents（4.5%,9.0%,and 15.8%（w/w））,and three AM inoculation treatments（Glomus mosseae,Glomus etunicatum and non-inoculation）.The results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with the increase of soil water availability.Inoculation improved plant growth and N,P and K acquisition in both shoots and roots regardless water treatments.When comparing the two fungi,plants inoculated with G.mosseae performed better than those inoculated with G.etunicatum in terms of plant growth and nutrient acquisition.These results showed that ameliorative soil water did not suppress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal functions in improving growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta.

PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM-GRAFTED-POLYACRYLONITRILE:SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS USE FOR SOLID REMOVAL FROM SEWAGE WASTEWATER

Plantago psyllium mucilage(PSY),an anionic natural polysaccharide consisting of pentosan and uronic acidobtained from the seeds of Plantago psyllium(Plantago family),was grafted with acrylonitrile(AN).Graft copolymers wereprepared by ceric ion initiated solution polymerization technique and were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,scanningelectron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.These copolymers are good flocculating agents for removal ofsuspended(SS)and total dissolved solid(TDS)in sewage wastewater treatment.The effects of copolymer dose,pH andcontact time on flocculation capacity of one selected copolymer sample were studied by jar test method.The suitable pHrange for maximum solid removal was 7.0 to 9.2 and the optimum copolymer dose was 1.2 mg/L.The overall process forsolid removal took 4 h.X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns of grafted copolymer,PSY grafted polyacrylonitrile(PSY-g-PAN)and solid waste,before and after treatment are used to suggest the interaction of the solid waste with PSY-g-PAN copolymer.

Plantago Ovata Efficiency in Elimination of Water Turbidity

Coagulation and flocculation are the most important processes in water treatment plants. Nowadays, in Iran, coagulants which have the most usage in water treatment are Aluminum Sulphate (Alum) and Ferric Chlo-ride. Using synthetic coagulants are not economical and useful for health in developing countries. The aim of this research is to survey and compare the Ferric Chloride coagulant function and this coagulant accompany with Plantago ovata coagulant aid under variable pH for eliminating of water turbidity. This study was performed in lab scale for water containing artificial turbidity of clay. The experiments were done in three turbidity ranges 100, 50, 20 NTU and two ranges of pH 7 and 8. The amount of Ferric Chloride in all experiments were 10 ppm and P.ovata extarct in optimum concentration for turbidity of 100, 50, 20 NTU was 0.2 ppm, 0.1 ppm and 0.04 ppm respectively. The optimum pH was 7. Using P.ovata co-agulant aid in turbidity 100, 50, 20 NTU can eliminate 94.1, 94.5, 88.15 percent of above turbidities, while using Ferric Chloride coagulant alone in optimum pH can eliminate 90.3, 85.16, 80.2 percent of the turbid-ities mentioned above. Results show that P.ovata extract is less efficient in high turbidities when used as a coagulant aid. Plantago ovata, as a coagulant aid, showed positive influence on turbidity removal from water. In addition, optimized pH showed important role in reducing turbidity.

Effects of Nitrogen Sources on Nitrate Reductase Activity and Some Physiological Parameters in Psyllium （Plantago ovata F.） under Salinity Stress

The effects of three nitrogen sources （ammonium, nitrate and ammonium＋nitrate） and three salt treatments （0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl） on nitrate reductase activity, proline, soluble protein and carbohydrate contents in psylliom （Plantago ovata） plants were Studied. The nitrate reductase activity tended to increase when NO3- was included in the root-zone solution, but decrease as salinity increased. All N sources stimulated plant growth and nutrient uptake. Shoot and root dry matter tended to decrease as salinity increased, but less so when both NH4＋ and NO3- were present. Shoot biomass accumulated to significantly greater quantities under the mixed-N treatments than when produced using either NH4＋ or NO3- N-form alone. Although not statistically significant, the root biomasses showed a similar tendency. Generally, leaf proline and soluble shoot carbohydrate contents increased with increasing salinity in contrast to soluble protein which decreased regardless of the N source. Under salinity conditions, the concentration of Na＋ in shoot and root tissues was highest in ammonium-N treatment, while that of K＋ was highest in the mixed-N treatment.

车前草中熊果酸、齐墩果酸的HPLC测定

采用 ＨＰＬＣ法同时测定车前草中熊果酸、齐墩果酸的含量。选用 Ｃ_１８ ＯＤＳ色谱柱，流动相：甲醇－水（８８： １２），检测波长：２２０ ｕｍ，流速：０． ６ ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，柱温：２５ ℃。熊果酸和齐墩果酸分别在 ０．４０４２～２．０２０ μｇ（ｒ＝０． ９９８４）和 ０．４１０～２．０５０ μｇ（ｒ＝０．９９９７）范围内呈线性；熊果酸、齐墩果酸的平均回收率分别为９８．２％（ＲＳＤ＝１．７４％）和９７．８％（ＲＳＤ＝２．２４％）。该法准确、快速、灵敏，重现性好。

车前草中总黄酮的微波提取及含量测定

目的 :从车前草中提取总黄酮 ,并测定其含量。方法 :运用微波技术提取车前草总黄酮 ,用比色法测定总黄酮含量。结果 :测得车前草中总黄酮含量 3.74% ,平均回收率为 97.6% ,RSD =1 .2 7% (n =6)。结论 :首次运用微波技术从车前草中提取出总黄酮 ,反应速度加快 ,实验结果令人满意。

大车前体外再生体系的建立和优化

大车前不仅有很高的药用价值,在生态学研究方面也是重要模式植物。关于大车前的组培,目前报道很少。我们通过不定芽直接再生和愈伤组织诱导两种途径,建立了大车前(PlantagomajorL.‘GiantTurkish.’)的快速高效组培再生系统。完整的成熟种子培养在添加IAA和TDZ的MS培养基中,不经过愈伤的分化阶段,从子叶节的部位产生不定芽,直接不定芽的诱导频率达到100%。在0.2mgLIAA和1.0mgLTDZ作用下,培养4～5周后平均每个外植体产生再生芽的数目达到14.6个。对同一个外植体诱导得到的9株再生植株进行的RAPD检测表明,部分植株在DNA水平上发生了变异。以叶片作为外植体,在添加1.0mgLNAA的MS固体培养基中培养3周后,伤口处形成愈伤组织,产生愈伤的频率平均为98%。愈伤组织在添加4.0mgL6BA的MS固体培养基中分化得到再生芽,分化频率为25%,平均每块愈伤产生再生芽2.8个。两种途径得到的再生芽转到12MS培养基上均可生根、长成完整植株,小苗移栽到温室90%能够存活。

海拔高度对大车前叶和根中抗氧化系统的影响

以甘肃马衔山（ 海拔３７５０ ｍ）自然生长的大车前（ Ｐｌａｎｔａｇｏ ｍａｊｏｒ Ｌ．） 为材料，通过检测比较不同海拔高度下大车前根和叶中抗氧化保护系统的变化，探讨植物对于高寒环境的适应机理。结果表明，随着海拔的升高（ 从１６００ ｍ～３３００ ｍ） ，根中还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量增加，过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ） 活性显著升高，叶中的ＰＯＸ和ＳＯＤ活性则逐渐降低。高海拔区（３３００ ｍ）根中出现了特异性酶带ＰＯＸ５ 和ＳＯＤ８。这种趋势可能有利于根的越冬，而对叶片的越冬不利。

HPLC测定车前草提取物中熊果酸、齐墩果酸的含量

用高效液相色谱法对车前草提取物中的熊果酸、齐墩果酸进行了含量测定。本法准确、灵敏 ,可用于车前草及其制剂的质量控制。

车前草的不同提取物抗菌活性比较研究

[目的]研究车前草不同提取物的抗菌活性,比较提取物的抗菌能力。[方法]将车前草以8种不同溶剂进行室温提取,采用分光光度比浊法测定不同提取物在96孔板中对3种细菌的抗菌活性。[结果]抗菌活性最好的是车前草无水乙醇提取物(P<0.05),乙醚提取物和无水甲醇提取物次之,自来水和超纯水提取物没有抗菌活性。[结论]车前草的不同溶剂提取物均具有一定的抗菌活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑制作用最为明显,对绿脓杆菌的抑制作用也较好。

车前种质资源遗传多样性ISSR分析

[目的]研究江西、湖南、湖北等7个省份的车前种质资源的遗传多样性。[方法]采用ISSR技术,对28份车前样品进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。[结果]从40条引物中共筛选出16条可用于车前遗传多样性分析的ISSR引物,共扩增出131条带,其中多态性条带(PPB)有107条,占81.7%。ISSR数据分析显示,多态性位点百分率(P)为75.3%;平均等位基因观测数为0.071 3;有效等位基因数为0.299 0;Nei,s基因多样性指数(H)为0.360 1;Shannon多态性信息指数(I)为0.535 4。[结论]车前种质资源遗传多样性的地理差异较为明显;野生种与栽培种基因型差异较大。

藏药大车前草中大车前苷的定性和定量分析

目的：建立藏药大车前草药材的定性定量方法。方法：以大车前苷为指标性成分，以硅胶G为吸附剂，乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸-水（18：3：1．5：1）为展开剂，紫外光灯（365nm）下检测，建立大车前草药材的薄层色谱鉴别方法。用高效液相色谱法进行含量测定，DIKMADiamonsilC18 色谱柱（250x4．6mm5μm）；流动相为乙腈-0．1％磷酸（18：82），流速：1mL／min；检测波长330nm；柱温：30℃。结果：大车前草药材薄层色谱在紫外光灯（365nm）下检识，大车前苷呈亮蓝色荧光斑点，斑点清晰，分离效果佳；高效液相色谱法含量测定大车前苷在0．09-11．22μg呈线性（r=0．999）；加样回收率为100．64％（RSD=0．95％）；测得4批大车前草中大车前苷的含量在0．094％-1．361％。结论：通过对4批大车前草中的大车前苷进行定性和定量分析，证明所建立的薄层色谱鉴别和高效液相色谱法含量测定方法简便可靠，准确度高，重复性好，为大车前草的质量标准建立提供了实验依据。