The Role of Plantain in Promoting Food Security: A Review

Plantain is a food security crop of significant nutritional value in the global south. Yet there are significant post-harvest losses, especially at the senescent stage. This review seeks to give a general overview of the crop, its nutritional significance and the technologies that can be adopted to enhance its utilisation at its senescent stage. In West Africa, plantains are eaten at all ripening stages, yet processing is limited to the unripe and semi-ripe. Adoptable technologies such as foam-mat drying will enhance its utilisation in indigenous meals and other food applications. This review provides useful insight to optimize the use of plantain to prevent food waste.

The Use of Ripe Plantain (<i>Musa spp</i>.) and Peppercorns for Beverage Processing as a Pro-Vitamin A Carotenoid and Nutrition Catalyst

Plantain (Musa spp.) constitutes an essential food crop in both tropical and subtropical areas. The staple’s nutritional value and provitamin A carotenoid potential has attracted more interest and usage. Plantain (Musa spp.) optimization into food recipes has been identified to increase patronage and minimises food wastage, due to the fruit’s (pulp) high perishability nature. In this study, local over ripe plantain (Musa spp.) was sampled and used in a beverage production. The beverage was processed from pureed ripe plantain, by three days fermentation of the pureed plantain mixture, boiling, and spicing, preservation with syrup, storage, and usage. The product’s processing was followed with a sensory evaluation of the new beverage on taste, appearance, color, flavour, and overall acceptability. Majority of the respondents indicated the new product was good and was well accepted. The research sought to create food diversity, encourage more usage of the crop and to highlight the nutritional values of plantain (Musa spp.) which is particularly high in provitamin A carotenoid to address Vitamin A deficiency in low resource setting communities.

Interactive Effect of Variety and Irradiation Dose on Postharvest Behaviour of Fruits of Two Plantain (<i>Musa</i>sp AAB) Varieties from the Green Stage to the Onset of Ripening

Controlling ethylene production and respiratory rate of climacteric fruits is reported to extend the shelf-life of those produce. The aim of this present research was to determine the effect of five (5) doses of gamma irradiation as an ethylene and respiration inhibitor on two (2) distinct varieties of plantain (Musa sp AAB) up to the onset of ripening. The variety and irradiation dose applied had a significant interaction on the number of days to the onset of fruit ripening. The daily mean ethylene production for both varieties was lowest at 200 Gy. Even though Apantu had a lower daily average as compared to Apem, it reached the onset of ripening relatively quicker than Apem. Irradiation caused a significant decrease in the respiratory rate of the plantains. Irrespective of the dose applied, the unirradiated usually had a significantly higher respiratory rate and the accompanying carbon dioxide production. Plantain varieties irradiated at 1000 Gy had the highest amount of total soluble solids contents (10.7°Brix) significantly higher than the other stages of ripening yet similar to the plantain varieties irradiated at 600 Gy (10.6°Brix), 800 Gy (10.6°Brix) and the unirradiated (0 Gy) plantain varieties (10.3°Brix). The lower levels of soluble solids may confer a better cooking quality as plantains would be less sweet and also less prone to textural breakdown when cooked.

Plantain-based diet modulates atrazine-induced testicular toxicities in rats

Objective:To assess the potential of plantain-based diet in modulating testicular toxicities in rats exposed to atrazine.Methods:The plantain-based diet at 50%,25% and 12.5% were prepared from the basal diet by substituting the corn starch with plantain fruit pulp flour at different percentages.Wistar rats were fed plantain-based diet in varying concentrations ranging from 12.5% to 50% of the basal diet for 21 days before or after atrazine treatment in a two-phase experiment:preventive and therapeutic phases.The therapeutic model(n=35)had seven groups with 5 rats each,including the control,atrazine,atrazine recovery,atrazine plus plantain-based diet 50%,25%,12.5%,and atrazine plus quercetin groups.The preventive model(n=30)had six groups of 5 rats,consisting of the control,atrazine,50%,25%,12.5% plantain-based diet plus atrazine,and quercetin plus atrazine groups.Gonadal hormones(testosterone,luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone),sperm parameters(sperm motility,viability,morphology and concentration),and testicular function indices(protein,cholesterol,glycogen,acid phosphatase,alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase)were measured.Results:The gonadal hormones,sperm characteristics,and testicular function indices of the rat testis decreased significantly in the atrazine group alongside degeneration of the histoarchitecture.However,plantain-based diet restored the gonadal hormone concentrations,semen parameters,and testicular function indices in both the preventive and therapeutic models.Conclusions:Treatment with plantain-based diet protects against rat testicular toxicity caused by atrazine via the modulation of gonadal hormones,sperm quality,testicular function index as well as histoarchitecture of rat testes.

Evaluation of the Productivity of Intercropping Plantain Cultivar (PITA 3) Fertilized with Two Types of Manure, under Coconut Tree Based (Cocos nucifera L.), on the Tertiary Sands of Côte d’Ivoire

Pressure on land tenure is having a negative impact on the coconut sector, reducing farmers’ incomes. Intercropping cultivars plantain under coconut based has been considered as a solution to this problem. The aim of this work is to diversify the sources of income for coconut growers. The plantain variety PITA 3, popularised by the CNRA, was grown in coconut inter-rows (PB113+), with two types of manure (chemical, organic). Six (06) treatments D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 were studied. In the tenth month after planting, treatment D3, which included banana plants fertilised with 9 kg of manure/plant, got the best agromorphological performance: height (264.08 cm), neck circumference (57.68 cm) and 12 leaves. In terms of production parameters, D3 banana plants had a shorter production cycle (347 days) and the highest diet mass (9.3 kg). However, the plants that received no fertiliser (D6) showed stunted growth and were unable to produce brunch. The fertilization of plantain with 10 t/ha of laying hen droppings permitted good development and production of plantains on tertiary sands.

Biofuel Recovery from Plantain and Banana Plant Wastes:Integration of Biochemical and Thermochemical Approach

Globally,fossil fuel dependence has created several environmental challenges and climate change.Hence,creating other alternative renewable and ecologically friendly bio-energy sources is necessary.Lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant attention recently as a renewable material for biofuel production.The large amounts of plantain and banana plant parts wasted after harvesting,as well as the peels generated daily by the fruit market and industries,demonstrate the potential of bioenergy resources.This review briefly assesses plantain and banana plant biomass(PBB)generated in the developing,developed,and underdeveloped countries,the consumable parts,and feasible products yield.It emphasized the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly adopted treatment technologies of composting,incineration,and landfilling.Further,the utilization of PBB as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis was briefly highlighted.To optimize recovery of biofuel,different integration routes of pyrolysis,anaerobic digestion,fermentation,hydrothermal carbonization,hydrothermal liquefaction,and hydrothermal gasification for the valorization of the PBB were proposed.The complex compounds present in the PBB(hemicellulose,cellulose,and lignin)can be converted into valuable bio-products such as methane gas and bio-ethanol for bioenergy,and nutrients to promote bioactive ingredients.The investigation of the viability and innovation potential of the integrated routes’technology is necessary to improve the circular bio-economy and the recovery of biofuels from biomass waste,particularly PBB.

基于WGS构建葡萄高密度遗传图谱及抗炭疽病QTL定位

葡萄炭疽病是一种危害葡萄成熟果实的真菌病害,严重影响葡萄的产量和品质。美洲种葡萄具有适应南方湿热气候且高抗炭疽病的特点,因此构建美洲葡萄高密度分子遗传图谱,定位其抗炭疽病QTL,利用其中的抗病基因指导葡萄抗病育种具有重要意义。本研究以美洲葡萄‘C30-5-1’165株自交后代为作图群体,基于全基因组测序(WGS)开发SNP标记,构建遗传图谱,并对葡萄抗炭疽病QTL进行分析。构建的葡萄分子遗传图谱总遗传距离为3138.74 cM,相邻标记间平均遗传距离为0.98 cM,分布均匀。根据群体炭疽病抗性表型数据,在11号连锁群上检测到1个炭疽病抗性相关QTL,命名为Cgr2,可解释表型变异5.0%,是一个微效QTL。与葡萄参考基因组比对分析发现,该QTL区域包含2个候选抗性基因,分别编码UDP糖基转移酶和类黄酮3’-单加氧酶,它们可能对葡萄炭疽病抗性起重要作用。

临沧勐库熟茶基体重金属成分分析标准物质的制备研究

[目的]建立临沧勐库熟茶基体重金属成分分析标准物质的制备方法。[方法]将筛选的临沧勐库熟茶通过干燥、粉碎、筛分、研磨、混匀、均匀性初检、分装,制备得到临沧勐库熟茶基体重金属成分分析标准物质,对均匀性和稳定性进行检验;参考食品安全国家标准,10家实验室采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,对标准物质中Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Pb元素含量进行联合定值,评定定值结果的测量不确定度。[结果]制备得到的临沧勐库熟茶基体重金属成分分析标准物质的均匀性良好,稳定性达到12个月,其中Cr、As元素的定值结果分别为(1.534±0.126)、(0.108±0.018) mg/kg。[结论]该临沧勐库熟茶基体重金属成分分析标准物质满足基体标准物质的要求,可用于普洱茶熟茶检测的质量控制。

赤霉素和脱落酸对花生生长与后熟进程的影响

脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA)是影响作物后熟作用和休眠的两大主要植物激素。以吉花25为试验材料,采用随机区组试验,以空白处理为对照(CK),分别设置ABA、GA以及两者不同浓度比的混合溶液共5个处理:A(0.1 mmol/L ABA)、G(0.2 mmol/L GA)、AGⅠ(ABA:GA=1:1)、AGⅡ(ABA:GA=2:1)、AGⅢ(ABA:GA=1:2),研究不同处理对植株性状、干物质积累、光合作用、生理生化指标、不同收获时期产量和品质的影响,同时比较不同收获时间花生种子的萌发特性,筛选促进花生生长及花生种子后熟的最适方案。结果表明,与CK相比,GA单施处理均能增加花生结荚期前的主茎高、侧枝长、叶面积、干物质积累量及光合速率,除ABA单施处理对叶面积具有增加作用外,ABA单施及二者不同比例混施处理均对其他农艺性状及光合速率无显著影响。各处理下花生叶片抗氧化酶活性表现趋势不同,但GA单施处理能够增加叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量。与CK相比,无论是否提前收获,GA单施处理均能增加三个不同收获时间的花生产量,提高籽仁品质,产量增加幅度分别为9.20%、5.18%和16.83%。GA单施处理下三个不同收获时间的种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均高于对照。由此表明,0.2 mmol/L GA单施处理是最佳激素施用方案,能促进花生前期生长发育,影响花生体内各时期抗氧化酶活性,促使其成熟,提高花生产量及品质。单施GA能在早收的情况下保证种子发芽率和活力,加快花生种子的后熟进程。

基于改进YOLOv5s的不同成熟度苹果目标检测方法

[目的]本文旨在解决在自然环境下不同成熟度苹果目标检测精度较低的问题。[方法]提出了一种改进的YOLOv5s模型SODSTR-YOLOv5s(YOLOv5s with small detection layer and omni-dimensional dynamic convolution and swin transformer block),用于不同成熟度苹果检测。首先改进YOLOv5s的多尺度目标检测层,在Prediction中构建检测160×160特征图的检测头,提高小尺寸的不同成熟度苹果的检测精度;其次在Backbone结构中融合Swin Transformer Block,加强同级成熟度的苹果纹理特征融合,弱化纹理特征分布差异带来的消极影响,提高模型泛化能力;最后将Neck结构的Conv模块替换为动态卷积模块ODConv,细化局部特征映射,实现局部苹果细粒度特征的充分提取。基于不同成熟度苹果数据集进行试验,验证改进模型的性能。[结果]改进模型SODSTR-YOLOv5s检测的精确率、召回率、平均精度均值分别为89.1%、95.5%、93.6%,高、中、低成熟度苹果平均精度均值分别为94.1%、93.1%、93.7%,平均检测时间为16 ms,参数量为7.34 M。相比于YOLOv5s模型,改进模型SODSTR-YOLOv5s精确率、召回率、平均精度均值分别提高了3.8%、5.0%、2.9%,参数量和平均检测时间分别增加了0.32 M和5 ms。[结论]改进模型SODSTR-YOLOv5s提升了在自然环境下对不同成熟度苹果的检测能力,能较好地满足实际采摘苹果的检测要求。

基于可见-近红外光谱的鲜食葡萄成熟品质关键指标检测

酚类物质是评价葡萄成熟品质的重要指标,本文利用可见-近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学定量分析方法对葡萄皮总酚、籽总酚、皮单宁和籽单宁含量开展了无损检测研究。通过手持式可见-近红外光谱仪采集巨玫瑰葡萄波长400~1029 nm范围内的漫反射光谱,采用SPXY算法将其划分为校正集和预测集,结合标准正态变换(Standard normal variate,SNV)、多元散射校正(Multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)、一阶导数(First derivative,1 D)、二阶导数(Second derivative,2 D)、Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑(Savitzky-Golay smoothing,SG)和Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑+一阶导数(SG+1D)6种预处理方法以及偏最小二乘回归(Partial least squares regression,PLSR)、支持向量机回归(Support vector machine regression,SVR)和卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network,CNN)3种建模算法,分别建立了基于全波段和特征波长的葡萄皮总酚、籽总酚、皮单宁和籽单宁定量预测模型并进行综合对比分析。结果表明,对于皮总酚、籽总酚和籽单宁,经特征波长筛选后建立的模型效果优于全波段,而对于皮单宁,全波段建立的模型较特征波长效果更佳;因此,在预测皮总酚、籽总酚、皮单宁和籽单宁含量时,最优模型分别为RAW-CARS-SVR、1D-CARS-SVR、RAW-CNN和RAW-CARS-PLSR,校正集相关系数(Correlation coefficient of calibration set,Rc)分别为0.96、0.99、0.96和0.91,预测集相关系数(Correlation coefficient of prediction set,Rp)分别为0.95、0.99、0.83和0.89,剩余预测偏差(Residual predictive deviation,RPD)分别为3.56、7.30、1.92和2.25。因此,结合可见-近红外光谱和合适的回归模型,可以实现对巨玫瑰葡萄的皮-籽总酚、皮-籽单宁含量的无损检测。

核桃仁发育过程中不同形态酚及其抗氧化活性的动态变化

阐明发育期核桃仁中3种不同形态酚(游离、酯化和结合)及其单体酚组成的变化,探究酚类成分与抗氧化能力的关系,为深入了解核桃功能性成分形成规律和深化功能性产品开发提供参考。以核桃品种‘寒丰’为对象,运用UPLC-MS/MS测定3种形态酚组成,分光光度计法测定核桃的羟自由基清除能力,皮尔逊相关分析用于研究酚类物质与羟自由基清除能力的相关性关系。在核桃仁发育过程中,酚形态中以游离态为主且占比大于58%;3种形态总酚含量最高值均出现在采前63 d,分别为10.47 mg/g(游离态)、2.76 mg/g(酯化态)、1.28 mg/g(结合态);鞣花酸、咖啡酸、绿原酸等单体酚的3种形态质量分数随着核桃仁发育显著降低(58.03%~88.83%);单体酚含量与抗氧化活性呈现显著相关性,相关系数为0.63~0.97。核桃仁3种形态总酚含量和抗氧化活性最大值均出现在未成熟早期,游离态是核桃仁中提供抗氧化活性的酚类物质主要形态,并且核桃仁发育过程中单体酚的抗氧化能力与成熟度、酚形态有关。

1-甲基环丙烯缓释贴纸对模拟运输期间完熟期番茄果实品质的影响

完熟期番茄果实的成熟度高,生理代谢旺盛,不耐贮运。为了减轻高成熟度番茄果实运输过程中的损耗问题,将果实装入纸箱或泡沫箱,并添加1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)缓释贴纸作为处理,于(30±5)℃条件下进行3 d的模拟运输试验(包含2 h的模拟振动)。以番茄果实的生理代谢、采后品质和相关酶活性为评价指标,分析1-MCP缓释贴纸和包装材料对番茄果实模拟运输期间品质的影响。结果表明,随着模拟运输时间延长,果实品质劣变加剧,包括硬度下降,形成瘀伤、伤呼吸、伤乙烯以及色泽变化。1-MCP缓释贴纸能降低果实的损伤指数、呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率、红色指数a^(*)、丙二醛含量和脂氧合酶活力,保持较高的硬度、亮度L^(*)、抗坏血酸含量,并诱导过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活力。此外,主成分分析表明纸箱包装更适合于贮藏环节,泡沫箱包装更适合于运输环节。综上,使用1-MCP缓释贴纸处理以及泡沫箱外包装可以更好地维持完熟期番茄果实运输期间的采后品质,为高成熟度番茄果实的物流配送及品质调控提供了技术参考。

富含植物乳杆菌的普洱熟茶品质分析

为开发一种感官品质优良且富含植物乳杆菌的普洱熟茶,将植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)PET003在自然发酵第20天时接种于茶样中,进行接菌强化发酵普洱熟茶。细菌16S rRNA扩增子测序发现,接菌强化发酵茶样中乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales)、微球菌目(Micrococcales)的相对丰度和植物乳杆菌属的DNA序列片段数较对照样品(未接种植物乳杆菌)增加。与对照样品比较,接菌发酵茶样中可溶性糖、茶褐素、茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素、表儿茶素、没食子儿茶素、儿茶素没食子酸酯含量显著升高(P<0.05);感官审评发现接菌发酵茶样汤色红褐明亮,茶汤甜度和醇厚度增加。

基于主成分分析与偏最小二乘法建立芒果成熟度判定指标体系

为建立“台农1号”芒果成熟度判定指标体系,并确定代表性成熟度判定指标,以不同采收期、不同产地的“台农1号”芒果为研究对象,分析果实后熟生理指标果肉和果皮色泽、质构(硬度、胶着性、弹性、咀嚼性)、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸的变化,基于主成分分析与偏最小二乘法方法进行果实后熟生理指标系统研究。结果表明:在以商户初始采收成熟度相同的条件下,各批次“台农1号”芒果果实后熟生理指标间存在差异。应用偏最小二乘法方法与主成分分析方法确定了果肉b*、可滴定酸、硬度作为评判果实成熟度的一、二、三级最终指标,通过三个指标的成熟度判定准确率验证一级指标为94.34%,二级指标为87.21%,三级指标为68.09%。综上所述,基于主成分分析与偏最小二乘法建立芒果成熟度判定指标体系是可行的,该研究为各地区“台农1号”芒果适时采收及销售提供理论指导和实用价值。

海巴戟果实软化相关基因McXTH的克隆和表达分析

【目的】了解诺丽果实软化规律,克隆木葡聚糖内转糖苷酶/水解酶(XTH)基因,初步明确其表达模式。【方法】用果实硬度计测量后熟阶段的诺丽果实在25℃放置及乙烯利处理两种状态下的硬度变化。从诺丽果实采后0~48 h转录组数据中筛选差异表达的XTH候选基因。通过生物信息学分析,克隆目的基因全长,并利用荧光定量PCR技术分析基因表达模式,同时用便携式乙烯测量仪测定内源乙烯释放量。【结果】后熟阶段的海巴戟果实采后表皮硬度随贮藏时间增加而下降,且乙烯利处理后的软化趋势较室温自然放置更为显著。从海巴戟果实采后0~48 h转录组数据中筛选出基因XTH(DN16278g1)的表达量高、差异大。该基因具有完整的开放阅读框(ORF),克隆测序后将其命名为McXTH,并将其提交Genbank获得登录号为ON512442。McXTH基因ORF全长1062 bp,共编码353个氨基酸,与其他植物中的XTH基因氨基酸序列的相似性为75%~88%。RT-qPCR结果和内源乙烯释放量表明,在海巴戟果实成熟阶段McXTH的表达量与同时期的内源乙烯释放量在趋势上大体相同。【结论】海巴戟果实的软化受乙烯和关键基因XTH调控,Mc XTH的克隆为进一步进行XTH基因在海巴戟果实成熟软化过程的功能研究夯实基础。

基于图像处理的成熟草莓检测技术研究

针对目前成熟草莓的检测效率低及易增加草莓损坏率的问题,基于图像处理对成熟草莓检测技术进行了研究。草莓视觉检测系统的硬件组成主要包括CCD摄像头、图像采集卡、计算机主机、光源、继电器和运动控制设备,采用图像处理算法和BP神经网络算法对草莓成熟度进行检测。工作时,通过摄像头拍摄图片,并对草莓图片进行预处理、分割和滤波等处理和分析;然后,采用BP神经网络算法识别出不同成熟度的草莓。为了验证该系统的性能,采用确定成熟度的草莓对系统进行训练和测试,结果表明系统可以准确识别草莓的成熟度。

小白杏生理落果中多酚提取及体外抗氧化活性分析

【目的】优化小白杏生理落果中多酚提取工艺,并研究其提取物抗氧化活性。为小白杏生理落果抗自由基氧化功能食品的开发与利用奠定基础。【方法】以生理落果小白杏为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面试验确定最佳工艺,并用分光光度法测定多酚提取物的体外抗氧化活性。【结果】小白杏多酚的最佳提取工艺为提取时间34 min、提取温度60℃、液料比21∶1、乙醇浓度70%,小白杏生理落果多酚得率为12.50 mg/g。验证试验结果与预测值相对标准偏差为1.31%,回归模型适用于小白杏多酚的提取。小白杏多酚清除ABTS^(+)、DPPH、O_(2)^(-)的IC_(50)值分别为66.35、55.84和103.00μg/mL,其清除自由基的能力由强到弱依次为DPPH、ABTS^(+)、O_(2)^(-);小白杏生理落果多酚对NO^(2-)的清除能力较弱。【结论】小白杏生理落果多酚能不同程度地清除ABTS^(+)、DPPH、O_(2)^(-)、NO^(2-),具有一定的体外抗氧化活性,可用作抗自由基氧化功能食品的原料。

间苯三酚联合缩宫素在足月妊娠孕妇引产中的应用效果

目的:观察间苯三酚联合缩宫素在足月妊娠孕妇引产中的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析2021年1月至2023年10月该院收治的80例足月妊娠需引产分娩孕妇的临床资料,按不同治疗方法将其分为观察组与对照组各40例。对照组采用缩宫素治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合间苯三酚治疗。比较两组宫颈成熟度评分、分娩疼痛程度[视觉模拟评分法(VAS)]评分、应激指标[皮质醇(Cor)、儿茶酚胺(CA)]水平、产程、分娩方式,以及不良反应发生率。结果:治疗12 h后,两组Bishop评分均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组宫口扩张3 cm、6 cm、全开时的VAS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);产后,两组Cor、CA水平均低于产前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组第一、第二、第三产程均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组自然分娩率高于对照组,剖宫产率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:间苯三酚联合缩宫素应用于足月妊娠孕妇引产中可提高宫颈成熟度评分和自然分娩率,缩短产程,降低VAS评分、应激指标水平和剖宫产率,其效果优于单纯缩宫素治疗。