Demarcation of juvenile and mature woods of planted Chinese fir and its wood quality prediction

According to the dara of trashed length, micro fiber angle, air density, ring width and late wood percentage, with the analysis of optimum method of classification, the boundary line of juvenile wood and maturewood of planted Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was determined as the 14th year. Based on the variationpattern of these parameters, the prediction equations were established. Wood quality prediction can be realizedby these equations. By error analysis between the values of measured data and the values of prediction data, it isfound that the results of wood prediction of planted Chinese fire are satisfactory.

Analysis on the Growth Condition of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide good basic research data for Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in southern Anhui,so as to improve local ecological,economic and social benefits.[Methods]A 22-year-old near-mature C.lanceolata plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm,Xiuning County,Huangshan City,Anhui Province was investigated and analyzed by sample plot survey.[Results]The average DBH value of the C.lanceolata plantation at the lower slope was the largest,24.7%and 19.2%higher than those at the upper and middle slopes,respectively.The average single plant wood volume at the lower slope was 47.6%and 49.1%higher than those in the upper and middle slopes,respectively.However,the average tree heights at various slope positions showed little difference.Meanwhile,all the indexes showed the phenomenon of semi-shady slope>sunny slope>shady slope under different slope directions.Among them,the effect of slope position on DBH was extremely significant,but the effect of slope direction on DBH was not significant,and slope position,slope direction and the interaction of slope direction and slope position had no significant effects on the tree height of the C.lanceolata plantation.In addition,slope direction and slope position had extremely significant effects on single plant wood volume.From the overall growth situation of the C.lanceolata plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm,the slope position factor had greater effects on various indexes of forest growth than the slope direction factor,mainly manifested in that the lower slope was better than the middle slope,and the middle slope position was better than the upper slope,while although slope direction had some effect on the growth of the C.lanceolata plantation,the influence degree was not as significant as that of slope position.[Conclusions]This study provides some reference for the adjustment and optimization,development and renewal of C.lanceolata plantation structure in the later period in this area,as well as some data support for other theoretical research on economic forests.

Growth and wood properties of a 38-year-old Populus simonii 3 P.nigra plantation established with different densities in semi-arid areas of northeastern China

To characterize the effects of plantation densities on the growth characteristics(diameter at breast level,tree height and volume)and the common wood properties,38-year-old Populus simonii 9 P.nigra clones planted with four levels of spacing(2 m 92 m,3 m 93 m,4 m 94 m,and 5 m 95 m)in a semi-arid area in northeastern China were examined.The results of ANOVA showed significant differences(P\0.01)for all the investigated growth traits and wood properties under different plantation densities,except for the chemical composition of wood.The repeatability and phenotypic variations of all the traits varied from 0.34 to 0.99 and from 13.45 to 59.65%,respectively.Except for wood density,which was significantly negatively correlated with the growth traits,a positive correlation was observed between the growth traits and all the other wood mechanical properties.However,most of the correlations between the growth traits and the chemical composition of the wood were not significant.The path analysis for the wood mechanical characteristics and the growth in the prediction of volume were significant and ranged from 0.18 to 0.72 for wood density and diameter at breast height,respectively,while those for the chemical composition of wood ranged from 0.001 to 0.336,which showed a low impact on the volume.The highest stand volume(610 m3)per hectare was observed with the 2 m 92 m spacing,which consequently provided a high total price and income,while a high individual volume growth per tree was observed with the 5 m 95 m spacing.The results suggested that for the poplar trees younger than 40 years in a semi-arid area in China,2 m 92 m spacing is suitable for obtaining a high volume per hectare,while 5 m 95 m spacing is best for obtaining a high individual volume per tree.

Environmental load of solid wood floor production from larch grown at different planting densities based on a life cycle assessment

As one of the main structural units in a building,a solid wood floor has significant strategic research value for low-carbon energy saving.Taking the production line of a solid larch wood floor as a case study,we assessed the environmental load during production based upon a life cycle assessment.Using GaBi 6.0 software,we analyzed the associated carbon sequestration during floor production,with the initial planting density serving as the disturbance factor in a modular analysis.The results indicated that the cutting and finishing steps have relatively intense,negative influences on the environment,whereas transportation,ripping,and trimming do not.Additionally,recycling biomass waste has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.When the initial planting density was 3.0×3.0 m,carbon sequestration was relatively high.Although the emissions of freshwater pollutants,volatile organic compounds,and fine particulate matter（matter with a 2.5-μm diameter） were comparatively high,the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions was still excellent at this planting density.

7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖学研究

黄檀属(Dalbergia L.f.)大部分树种的木材都具有世界高知名度,有关木材解剖学的研究主要为针对乔木树种,而对藤本或攀援植物树种研究甚少。本研究旨在探讨7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材宏观、微观构造,系统地归纳总结,并与乔木树种降香黄檀进行比较分析,为黄檀属植物的木材识别、物种鉴定及其保护、繁育、开发和利用等方面提供科学依据。结果表明:宏观构造均表现为心边材区别不明显,几无光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。生长轮不明显;管孔明显,常含丰富的树胶,初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集;内含韧皮部呈圆形。微观构造显示均为散孔材,单管孔、径列复管孔,管孔排列分散,单穿孔,管间纹孔互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形,弦切面上明显;轴向薄壁组织量较多,叠生,主为傍管带状、环管状;木射线非叠生、较细密。与乔木树种降香黄檀的比较发现,降香黄檀为散孔材至似半环孔材;内含韧皮部无;髓心较小;轴向薄壁组织主要为傍管型以翼状、聚翼状,离管型为极小的带状;管孔密度较小。综上所述,7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖构造上有很多相似之处,但也存在较大差异,主要在于:(1)木射线。红果黄檀和滇黔黄檀相同,以同形多列为主,偶见同形单列;斜叶黄檀和两粤黄檀相似,同形单列或多列,而前者为稀异形Ⅲ型;藤黄檀和白沙黄檀相似,以异形单列为主,偶见异形Ⅰ型,而前者极少异形Ⅲ型;弯枝黄檀以异形Ⅱ型为主,其次异形Ⅰ型、异形单列。(2)木射线宽度。藤黄檀和白沙黄檀1~2个细胞;斜叶黄檀、两粤黄檀和弯枝黄檀1~3个细胞;滇黔黄檀1~4个细胞、多数2~3个;红果黄檀1~5个细胞、多数3~4个。(3)髓心内含物。以金黄色为主,但红果黄檀为银白色,斜叶黄檀无或不明显。

植物源活性物质对木材的抑菌防腐效果及机理研究

植物源活性物质具有安全、高效、毒副作用小等优点,主要包括生物碱、酚类、多糖、黄酮、挥发油、萜类化合物等。从植物提取物中分离出的活性物质对木材腐朽菌具有抗菌作用,主要机制包括直接与真菌酶相互作用、破坏细胞壁和细胞膜结构以及抗氧化等。探讨了这些活性物质对木材腐朽菌的抗真菌机理,分析了植物源木材防腐剂存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势,为植物源木材防腐剂的综合利用提供了理论依据。

木醋液改良盐碱土壤的研究进展

盐碱土因碱性高、透气性差透水性差、表面容易板结、养分含量低、含有害盐分等导致植物生长受到限制,但是国家粮食安全战略则要求必须加大力度“向盐碱地要粮”。大量研究证明,适宜浓度木醋液可以有效改善盐碱土理化性状,从而提高盐碱土生产力。文章列举了不同种类木醋液理化性质和成分含量,描述了木醋液施用浓度的范围,总结了木醋液施入盐碱土后,土壤物理、化学、微生物、酶活性以及植物生长情况的变化,以为木醋液应用于盐碱土壤中提供理论参考。

Improvement of wood properties by composite of diatomite and “phenol-melamine-formaldehyde” co-condensed resin

We improved the overall performance of fast-growing poplar by utilizing a low-cost, effective and simple method. The fast-growing poplar was modified by a vacuum-pressure impregnation method with three types of modification solutions composed of phe- nol-melamine-formaldehyde （PMF） co-condensed resin, diatomite, and 3-aminopropyl （diethoxy） methylsilane. We measured the weight percent gain （WPG）, bulking, leaching, anti-swelling efficiency （ASE）, wa- ter-repellent effectiveness （WRE）, and oxygen index of the modified specimens. All of the wood physical properties, which are beneficial for human uses, were significantly improved by the treatment. We improved various characteristics of wood and the oxygen index of poplar above 48.6% after the modification using diatomite and PMF co-condensed resin.

An Effective Wood DNA Extraction Protocol for Three Economic Important Timber Species of India

Extraction of DNA from fresh tissues is routine in studies of tropical forest species, but DNA extraction from wood is considered as difficult due to its highly degraded nature and adequate quality of genomic DNA extraction is essential for molecular studies. Very few studies have validated the potential for isolating DNA from dried wood (Heartwood and Sapwood). Wood genomic DNA extraction is difficult from mature timber (Teak (Tectona grandis f;verbanaceae), Black Rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia f;Fabaceae) Ben Teak (Lagerstroemia lanceolata f;Lytheraceae) tissues due to presence of high quantity of secondary metabolites polyphenols, tannins and terpenoids and protein inhibitors. Mostly in laboratories DNA extraction kits are available but by using kits, DNA yield is very low and it is quite expensive too. We have standardized and validated the DNA extraction through manual protocol which is applicable for Bark, Sapwood and Heartwood samples of tree species which contains huge amount of inflexible tissues and fibers. The quality of the DNA was tested by spectrophotometer, gel electrophoresis and PCR (ISSR and SSR) amplification. An avrage DNA yield for heartwood ranges from 0.186 - 0.166 μg/μL and sapwood was ranges from 0.26 - 0.244 μg/μL. Modification of CTAB method was by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) appx 0.25%, variation in Rnase concentration, proteinase treatment with different concentration and incubation time. In order to evaluate the standardized wood genomic DNA extraction protocol, we compared it with the mature leaf and core samples (heartwood and sapwood) of the same timber species. The outcome was also quantified and proved by means of polymerase chain reaction analysis by using ISSR and SSR microsatellite markers conducted with isolated pure DNAs. This modified protocol made increased yield and purity of wood total genomic DNA and facilitate the important application of forensic timber species effort.

Variability in Wood Density and Wood Fibre Characterization of Woody Species and Their Possible Utility in Northeastern Mexico

Context: Preliminary screening has been undertaken by woody species of Tamaulipan thornscrub for wood density and its utilization northeastern Mexico for different purposes and to find possible relationship of density with wood fibre characteristics. This technique can be used in the selection of species with high wood density for possible utility. Aims: It is to determine the variability in wood density and in fiber cell morphology and its length and among wood species of the Tamaulipan thornscrub, northeastern Mexico. Methods: Wood density and wood fibres are characterized in these woody species following standard methodology. Results: The results reveal large variability in wood density and in fibre cell morphology h. The species have been classified on the basis of wood density and its fibber cell morphology and has been recommended for their possible utilization for different purposes. Conclusions: Species desirable for strong furniture making, paper pulp, soft furniture, fence etc. can be selected on the basis of fibre length to breadth ratios as strong fibres for furniture and fibre cells with broad lumen and thin cell wall use for fabrication of paper pulp and other utilities.

Influence of Different Forest Management Techniques on the Quality of Wood

The issue of accelerated forestry plantation with high-quality wood using the best soils in terms of productivity,fertilizers,and intensive treatment has become quite relevant due to increased demand for forestry products and higher requirements for environmentally friendly use of forest resources.This paper presents the results of a study on the impact of various techniques for treating coniferous plantations,including thinning,fertilization,and herbicide processing,on wood quality key indicators.The paper examined the wood density,correlation of early and late wood zones,and the cell wall thickness for 38-year-old pine trees grown on the sample plots of Siversky leskhoz(Leningrad region,Gatchinskiy district)at different treatment and density control techniques.It has been established that the highest basis density of wood corresponds to the samples grown at the density variant of 1 t/ha and double herbicides treatment,and the lowest basis density value was recorded at the option of 4 t/ha with combined treatment.It has been shown that the increase of width index for early wood is influenced by the lower density of 1 t/ha and one-time herbicide treatment,for late wood–by the lower density of 1 t/ha and repeated treatment with herbicides.The increase in average cell wall thickness for early and late wood is observed when the density increases up to 4 t/ha and double herbicides treatment.The results obtained provide a valuable scientific contribution to general forestry knowledge and have practical value in plantation forestry.

生物质基木醋液的制备工艺和增效技术研究进展

木醋液是生物质热解制炭产生的高价值酸性副产物,具有来源丰富、无污染、成本低等特点。如果将木醋液中的成分进行转化并加以利用,对促进生物质资源利用具有重要意义。木醋液的主要成分为有机酸、醇类、酚类、醛类和酮类等多种有机物和微量金属元素,具有刺激作物生长、抑制病原菌生长和抗氧化的作用,通过不同的制备工艺和增效技术将木醋液应用于植物上是目前的研究热点。通常,木醋液生产途径可分为工业生产木醋液和实验室制备木醋液,但初步制备出的木醋液含有某些有毒物质,需要进一步精制,精制的过程主要采用过滤法、活性炭吸附法、蒸馏法、静置法、低温法、萃取法等。笔者基于近年来国内外木醋液的研究动态,简述了木醋液的制取和精制,分析了目前木醋液精制方法的优缺点,介绍了木醋液对植物生长的作用机理;概述了木醋液在粮食、水果、蔬菜和其他作物上的增效技术和应用效果,总结出木醋液具有促进种子发芽和植物生长、抑制作物病原菌、提高作物产量和抗逆性以及改良土壤等功能。然而,木醋液在开发和利用方面尚无明确的统一标准,且对植物的增效机制尚不明确。今后,研究重点应主要集中在不同原料和不同工艺制备的木醋液对植物促生的作用机理和土壤的改良机理等方面,研究结果将为木醋液开发、高效利用及农业绿色发展提供参考。

Impact Evaluation of a Project on Alternative Energy ＂Biogas Plants＂ in Sindh, Pakistan

The core purpose of impact study was to collect best practices learnings of project through the reflection of communities or end users. During analysis and interpretation of data, some touch of context is also given to clear the picture of weakness and strengths of project theory in terms of context. The main objective of project under study was to provide alternative energy to the communities living inside forest to reduce wood cutting for domestic purpose. Though there were many short term surveys were conducted during project, such as, average wood consumption at household level, community motivation survey. Instead to all MRDS （Mehran Research ＆ Development Society） felt need to conduct a detailed impact evaluation to see overall impact of project implementation and review on the life of end users or communities. After three years of project exit, MRDS conducted a qualitative impact study of project in the end of 2014. There were three key questions to explore during study： What was the overall impact of project on end users？ What the best practices of project and why？ What are project learnings and how？

炭疽病对油橄榄果实真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】掌握油橄榄果实感染炭疽病后真菌群落结构特征变化,为油橄榄炭疽病病原学研究和生物防治研究提供基础和科学依据。【方法】以健康油橄榄果实、患炭疽病初期和后期油橄榄果实为研究对象,利用高通量测序对比分析果皮和果肉真菌群落结构及多样性差异。【结果】(1)在97%的相似度水平上,从所有样品中获得1596个真菌非重复可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units,OTU),分属于2门9纲17目21科25属,其中,果皮上有939个真菌OTU,果肉中有921个真菌OTU;(2)Chao指数和ACE指数对发病程度均无显著响应(P>0.05);(3)无论是果皮还是果肉,患病果实的真菌多样性均显著少于健康果实(P<0.05);(4)在门、纲、目、科、属、种水平上,排名前5的真菌类群对发病程度均有显著响应(P<0.05);(5)染病后,炭疽病病原菌取代原优势菌群(黑孢霉属和短梗霉属),成为优势菌群。发病初期和后期,病原菌刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)在果皮上的相对丰度分别为86.97%和70.02%,而果肉中的相对丰度分别为72.31%和91.38%;(6)果皮中的假尾孢属(Pseudocercospora)和核盘菌属(Sclerotinia)及果肉中的黑孢霉属(Nigrospora)和短梗霉属(Aureobasidium)为炭疽病病原菌敏感菌,在染病后数量下降明显,也是健康油橄榄果的标志物种;(7)油橄榄果感染炭疽病后期,果皮中其它病原菌菌属,如Bisifusarium属、汉纳酵母属(Hannaella)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)明显增加;(8)共生营养型真菌数量在发病后期显著回升,且显著高于健康果实(P<0.05)。【结论】炭疽病感染显著改变了油橄榄果实真菌群落结构,炭疽病病原菌个体数量急剧增长,改变了菌群间相对丰富度,显著降低了群落多样性;同时,染病后期多种病原菌数量的增长,为炭疽病防治提出了综合防治的要求和方向;另外,炭疽病感染后期数量出现明显回升的共生营养型真菌,可作为炭疽病生防菌筛选的潜在对象。

上海大金山岛植被功能组成对草本植物、土壤动物和细菌多样性的影响

揭示植物群落对土壤动物和微生物多样性的上行调控效应有助于理解不同营养级生物多样性的维持机制。以往的研究主要集中在植物物种多样性对土壤动物和微生物多样性的影响,而关于植被功能组成自下而上的影响研究较少。以上海大金山岛13个植物群落为对象,在分析落叶木本植物占比与树木和草本物种多样性,以及土壤动物和细菌多样性的关系基础上,利用结构方程模型区分了落叶木本植物占比对土壤动物和细菌多样性的直接与间接影响效应。结果显示:落叶木本植物占比不仅分别对草本物种多样性和土壤动物多样性分别产生直接正效应和负效应(P<0.01;P<0.05),也会通过草本物种的级联效应间接的降低地下土壤细菌多样性(P<0.10)。然而,木本植物多样性仅与草本物种多样性显著正关联(P<0.10),与土壤动物和细菌多样性无显著关联(P>0.10)。该研究结果表明,相较于木本植物多样性,落叶植物占比在中亚热带北缘森林生态系统不同营养级生物多样性维持格局中扮演着更为重要的角色。

经济林病害的生防菌拮抗与植物精油抑菌机理研究进展

经济林病害影响和制约着我国经济林产业的发展,生物防治因对环境和人类健康友好而备受关注。目前生防菌已被广泛应用于植物病害的生物防治,其通过对病原菌的竞争作用、重寄生作用、拮抗作用和对植物的促生作用、诱导抗性作用达到病害防治的效果。植物精油则通过影响病原菌细胞壁、细胞膜的合成及功能,干扰其呼吸与能量代谢、遗传物质的合成及相关功能调控、生物膜的功能及群体感应系统达到抑制病原菌的效果。综述了经济林病害中生防菌抑制病原菌的拮抗机理与精油抑菌机理,为经济林病害生物防治提供科学依据,并展望了低成本、高效率的植物精油抑菌剂在经济林病害生物防治中的潜力。

京津冀地区常见用材树种木材产量分析

选取6种京津冀地区常见用材树种:杨树、柳树、榆树、刺槐、油松、落叶松等用材树种作为研究对象,首先分不同树种、生长年限确定单株蓄积,进而综合种植密度、出材率、间伐强度等因数,计算不同树种在间伐和主伐时候的木材产量。通过与现地实测数据对比,该计算方法及结果具有一定可行性和参考性。

植物印染工艺融入现代服饰设计的基本原则与实践策略探析

植物印染工艺既是我国传统民间手工艺的重要组成部分,也是中华民族勤劳智慧的重要象征。随着时代的发展与社会的进步,传统的植物印染工艺在现代服饰设计中的应用展现出磅礴动能,这也给设计人员带来了良好契机。文章正是以此为切入点,着重分析了植物印染工艺的特点和优势,探讨了将植物印染工艺融入现代服饰设计的基本原则和实践策略,并提出了相关思考与见解。

植物染工艺在木材染色中的应用

着眼于木材在现代生活中的应用,以传统植物染工艺为基础,尝试使用植物染工艺对木材的改色与装饰进行研究。运用文献法与实验法,以苏木染料与松木木材为研究对象,分别用明矾、小苏打、蓝矾、绿矾、铁浆水、尿素6种媒染剂进行染色,结合防染工艺探索图案与肌理的表现。结果表明,染色时间、媒染剂、装饰表现手法均对木材染色效果产生影响。

3种木醋液化学成分与抑菌活性研究

用GC-MS联用技术分析玉米芯木醋液(Y)、松塔木醋液(S)和核桃枝木醋液(Z)的化学成分,并对木醋液的体外抑菌活性进行研究。结果表明,3种木醋液主要由酸类、酚类、酮类和醛类物质组成,醇类和酯类等含量较少。其共有化合物有38种,占各木醋液总化合物种类60%左右,且共有化合物的相对含量之和占各木醋液总含量的80%左右。3种木醋液对20种供试植物病原菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用。除柿子炭疽病原菌、棉花枯萎病原菌、葡萄炭疽病原菌和白菜黑斑病原菌外,对其他植物病原菌的抑菌活性依次为:Y>S>Z。Y和S对黄瓜炭疽病原菌和柿子炭疽病原菌抑制作用最强,抑制率分别为77.04%和71.61%。