Quantitative Allocation Analysis of "Raising by Planting" System Combining Fruits and Poultry for Mountainous Region in Headwaters of Dongjiang River

[Objective] The aim was to promote nutrient cycling and utilization in the mountain＇s system combining fruits and poultry and to control non-point source pollution produced from swine raising and navel orange planting in headwaters of Dongjiang River. [Method] The quantitative analysis was mainly conducted for the so called ＂raising by planting＂ which is about material cycle in ＂pig-methane-fruit-fish＂ model and energy cascade utilization, based on relationship between excreted amount by livestock and the utilized quantity in Xinlin Farm in Longtang Town, Dingnan County, Jiangxi Province. [Result] Considering N requirement by fruit trees, a navel orange orchard （1 mu） could support about 2.72 pigs, the equipped biogas pool （1.88 m3） could support 1 166.67 kg of duckweeds and a fish pond could support 25.57 grass carps. In contrast, a satsuma orchard （1 mu） could support about 1.96 pigs, the equipped biogas pool （1.35 m3） could support 841.53 kg duckweeds and the fish pond could support 18.44 grass carps. [Conclusion] The results provided scientific references for quantitative allocation of members in ＂pig-methane-fruit-fish＂ model when popularized in headwaters of Dongjiang River.

Layering Precision Land Leveling and Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed Planting: Productivity and Input Use Efficiency of Irrigated Bread Wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains

Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.

Effects of Different Planting Densities on the Yield of Rice Developed from Seedlings Dry Raised in Plug Trays

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different planting densities on rice tillering dynamics and yield. [Methods]The effects of different planting densities on rice yield were studied based on seedlings dry raised in plug trays. [Results]Planting density had obvious effects on tillering dynamics,number of panicles per unit area,number of grains per panicle and rice yield under the condition of seedlings dry raised in plug trays. Comprehensive analysis showed that the row spacing × hill spacing = 25 cm × 14 cm,that is,the planting density of 2. 85 × 10~5 hills/hm^2,achieved the highest yield,at 9 960 kg/hm^2. [Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing rice cultivation techniques and achieving high yield and high efficiency in rice production.

THE STUDIES OF THE PLANT COLD－RESISTER AND ITS APPLICATION IN RECE SEEDLING RAISING

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Formula for Determining Number of Basic Seedlings at Scattered-Planting with Seedling Dry-Raised on Plastic Trays in Double-Season Rice

The tiller emergence in seedling nursery beds and field, and panicle formation in the field were investigated under scattered-planting with seedling dry-raised on plastic trays in double-season rice. A significant difference was noted in the non-synchronously-emerged tillers （the tillers that formed from latent buds and did not emerge following the normal tillering law on seedling nursery beds and recovered to grow after scattered-planting or transplanting） as well as the percentage of the available synchronously-emerged tillers between seedlings raised on plastic trays under dry-land conditions （DPT） and seedlings raised on nursery beds under wetland conditions （WB）. The seedlings under DPT had some non-synchronously-emerged tillers, but those under WB had not. Therefore, the traditional formula for determining the number of rice seedlings was improved, and the formula for determining the number of basic seedlings under scattered planting with DPT in double-season rice was introduced. For early rice, it was X=Y/{（I＋t1r1）[1＋（N-n-SN）Rr2]＋（SN-3-t1）R2r5}, and for late rice, it was X=Y/{（1＋t1r1）[1＋（N-n-SN）Rr2]＋（N-n-SN-3）Rr2R1r3＋（SN-3-t1）R2r5}. Where, X represents reasonable number of basic seedlings per unit area at scattered-planting; Y, number of fitting panicles per unit area; t1, total number of tillers per plant; r1, percentage of the total available tillers; N, total number of leaves of the main culm; n, total number of elongated internodes in the main culm; SN, seedling leaf ages at scattered-planting; R, percentage of the primary tillers emerged in available node-position; r2, percentage of the available primary tillers; R1, percentage of the secondary tillers in the field （except the secondary tillers of the seedlings）; r3, percentage of the available secondary tillers; R2, percentage of the asynchronously-emerged tillers after scattered-planting; r5, percentage of the available non-synchronously-emerged tillers after scattered-planting.

Commercial genetically modified corn and soybean are poised following pilot planting in China

"Who will feed China?"This was a question raised by Lester Brown,the director of the World Watch Institute in the United States,in 1994.He predicted that China's grain production would decrease from 340 million tons in 1990 to 272 million tons by 2030,a 20%decrease,while China's population would reach 1.6 billion(Brown,1995).If the dietary structure was not improved,China would need to import 200-369 million tons of grain,equivalent to the global grain trade at the time.He projected the high possibility of a food crisis in China,which might further trigger a global food crisis.However,with the joint efforts of national agricultural researchers,represented by Yuan Longping,and the Chinese government,China's grain production has achieved 18 consecutive increases from 2004 to 2021.In 2022,grain production in China reached 633 million tons(NBS and Statistics,2022),while the population remained stable at 1.4 billion.As a result,China has achieved complete self-sufficiency in its staple food supply and has demonstrated to the international community through practical actions that the Chinese people can feed themselves.

川南丘陵山地种草养畜“长宁模式”初探

种草养畜是农业农村现代化发展中一种结合种植业和养殖业的生态农业模式。四川畜牧业产值占农业总产值的39.4%,全省70%的耕地集中在川东南丘陵地区,分布零散,饲草种植业起步较晚,在川南丘陵区发展区域性种养结合,对于实现土地资源的充分利用、产业振兴、增产增收具有重要意义。本文从川南长宁县2016-2020年间草食家畜结构变化及饲草种植现状入手,从饲草品种选择角度为适宜当地的草田轮作种植模式提出了建议;从养殖规模及市场成本分析发现,建立肉牛饲草供应基地可为养殖户增收近700元/头·年;而从环境保护角度发现,畜禽粪污还田可消纳粪污2~4t/年·667m2,可为川南丘陵地区提升种草养畜发展质量提供参考。

有机固体废物堆肥产品的困境及其原因与出路

针对目前有机固体废物堆肥产品存在着农民施用意愿低、市场萎缩的困境,分析了堆肥产品失去市场的主要原因,最终可归结为:①生产生活方式的变化,导致农民放弃堆肥传统;②堆肥施用的费效比高,导致农民放弃施用堆肥;③有机固体废物堆肥存在安全性和质量问题。从发展种养结合的农业模式和规模化经营模式、制定堆肥安全分类标准及开辟堆肥利用新途径、开发和推广更先进和经济的堆肥化技术等方面提出了推广施用堆肥的建议,旨在为解决堆肥产品的出路问题提供思路。

Research Progress on Energy Plants in Piggery Wastewater Treatment

Large-scale pig-raising can discharge a great deal of wastewater,which contains high content of organic matter,ammonia nitrogen and suspended solids.The improper treatment of the piggery wastewater can lead to serious environmental problems. As a liquid fertilizer,piggery wastewater is relatively low in fertilizer efficiency and high in transportation cost,so it is very necessary to treat it in situ. Energy plants have the advantages of rapid growth,large biomass,strong tillering ability and developed root system. Therefore,energy plants can be used to absorb and transform the pollutants( like nitrogen and phosphorus) in piggery wastewater into the components of plants,as well as form the rhizosphere environment which is conducive to microbial growth,so as to enhance the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The obtained energy plants can be recycled as the raw materials for biogas to increase the production of biogas,which brings economic benefits while solving the environmental problems caused by piggery wastewater.

重庆市城口县地源饲料资源现状

开发应用非常规饲料和地源饲料,是行业内当前研究和实践的一个热点。重庆市城口县地源性饲料丰富,城口老腊肉是“巴味渝珍”区域性品牌,城口山地鸡养殖已成规模,农户秉承城口中华蜜蜂养殖传统,畜牧业生态特点明显。文章调研分析了城口县农作物和森林作物种植中所伴生的饲用资源情况,以期为我国西南地区山地现代畜牧业的发展提供参考。

橡胶树大筒苗培育方法Ⅵ——籽苗轻基质的筛选

【目的】为了筛选出能促使橡胶树籽苗芽接大筒苗的生长、提高苗木质量的轻基质配方,以便解决传统容器育苗基质的质量重、运输难、成本高等难题,进而给橡胶树优质种苗的培育提供数据支撑和技术指导。【方法】以泥炭、椰糠和表土为基质原料,按其体积比配制成6种育苗基质,以每种基质处理作为1个试验处理,其处理编号分别为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、CK,以大型育苗筒为容器进行橡胶树大筒苗的培育试验,观测了以不同配比育苗基质培育的大筒苗的株高、茎粗、鲜质量、叶蓬数等生长指标值与出圃定植参数和叶片中各种矿质养分元素含量,并采用隶属函数评估法对6种育苗基质中各种养分元素含量进行了综合评价。【结果】6种基质均呈酸性,其pH值为4.82~5.57。综合评价结果表明,未添加表土的轻基质处理T1(椰糠)、T2(泥炭)、T3(泥炭∶椰糠=1∶1)所用基质中各种养分元素的含量均较高,添加了表土的重基质质量为轻基质质量的2~4倍;对基质中各种养分元素含量与橡胶树大筒苗的生长参数、出圃参数和叶片中各种矿质养分元素含量的逐步回归分析结果表明,基质中全磷和速效磷的含量直接影响着大筒苗株高的生长,而其速效磷、铵态氮的含量和pH值直接影响着大筒苗的出圃率;以不同配比基质培育的橡胶树大筒苗主要生长参数和叶片中各种养分元素含量的隶属函数平均值的大小顺序为:T2>T3>T1>T5>T4>CK。【结论】橡胶树大筒苗的茎粗、叶蓬数、鲜质量、出圃率、定植成活率、壮苗指数及其叶片中氮、磷、钙的含量,T2处理(育苗基质为泥炭)的均居6种育苗基质处理的第1位,可以选取泥炭为培育橡胶树籽苗芽接大筒苗的轻基质。

园艺植保学课程思政探索与实践

教育承载着立德树人的根本任务,将思想政治教育融入课堂教学与改革的各环节中,实现全方位、全过程育人,以激活课程的德育价值属性,发挥课程的育人作用。以园艺植保学为例,从提高思想认识、课程思政目标、课程思政的资源挖掘及课程思政的实施等方面进行分析总结,为高校专业课的课程思政建设提供参考。

稻田养小龙虾的研究进展、存在问题及对策建议

稻田养殖小龙虾在稻渔种养模式中占据重要地位,为发展最迅速的一种生产模式,有着明显的经济、生态和社会效益。稻田养虾历经几十年的发展,已由稻田试养、散养模式发展为稻虾轮作、稻虾共生、一稻三虾和稻虾+其他养殖动物等多种种养模式。本文综述了稻田养虾的发展历程、发展特征、主要种养模式以及稻田养虾模式下水稻生长、经济、生态和社会效应等相关基础理论的研究进展,从田间工程改造、重虾轻稻与粗放管理、品种退化与病害防治、种养风险与产业体系等方面论述稻田养虾存在的问题,并从坚持因地制宜与标准规范发展、强化技术培训与抵御种养风险、建立健全苗种培育体系和优化稻虾产业发展体系等方面提出了发展建议,以期充分挖掘稻田养虾的生产潜力,为稻虾产业可持续发展提供相关理论支撑。

我国抽水蓄能电站隧洞开挖机械化施工发展现状及展望

结合隧道开挖机械的典型工程案例,总结我国抽水蓄能电站隧洞开挖机械化发展的现状:1)凿岩台车在钻爆法地下洞室施工普遍使用;2)悬臂掘进机得到初步应用;3)全断面岩石隧道掘进机(TBM)在小断面平洞试点成功并有序推广;4)大断面TBM平洞试点开挖完成;5)反井钻机在斜井和竖井施工得到广泛应用;6)竖井掘进机得到试点验证;7)斜井TBM开始试点掘进。在此基础上,分析当前抽水蓄能电站隧洞开挖机械化过程中存在的问题和成因,包括大型成套设备施工成本高、推广困难,部分机械设备普适性不强、应用案例缺乏,成熟体系难打破、观念保守,设备操作人员少、综合素质不高等。最后,结合当前技术水平和市场现状,提出抽水蓄能电站隧洞开挖装备必将向绿色、自动化、智能化方向发展,TBM和竖井掘进机施工技术得到进一步推广,并提出新型开挖装备研发需求,期望推动我国抽水蓄能电站隧洞开挖技术的进步和机械化水平的提高。

城固县林下重楼栽植技术

为提高和规范城固县林下重楼栽植技术,在实践和调查基础上,总结提出了城固县重楼栽植技术,包括育苗和栽植地选择,种子与根茎育苗技术,播种技术,苗床管理技术,林下栽植管理技术,药用根茎采挖年限等。

污水处理厂提标扩量协同增效的实践应用

针对采用“前置缺氧-百乐克(BIOLAK)-曝气生物滤池(BAF)-活性砂滤池”工艺的城镇污水厂,通过工程技改、设施大修与运行优化等组合措施,实现一级A向准Ⅳ类提标与扩量双增效目标,并有效应对CSO环境风险。通过载体吸附、曝气充氧系统强化、化学辅助除磷等两级协同工程强化手段与技术验证储备,以强化污染物的高标极限去除,实现长效达标。基于达标稳定性、运行经济性的双原则,污染物消减与节能降耗成效显著。开展生化需氧曝气、内外碳源调配优化、内外回流调控、生化高效絮凝助沉强化等精细化运行,并预留应对未来尾水水质进一步趋严需求。

小麦垄作栽培的田间小气候效应及对植株发育和产量的影响

小麦垄作栽培是在克服了传统栽培 (平作 )许多不利因素的基础上发展起来的一种耕作栽培方式。与传统栽培方式相比 ,小麦垄作栽培可降低田间湿度 10 %左右 ,改善群体内部的通风透光条件 (透光率较平作增加5 %～ 15 % ,光能利用率较平作增加 10 %～ 13.8% ) ,倒伏程度及纹枯病和白粉病等发病程度均较传统栽培方式有明显降低 ,植株发育健壮。小麦垄作栽培可较传统平作增产 10 %～ 13.4 %。

垄作栽培对小麦植株形态和产量性状的影响

与传统平作相比,垄作栽培使小麦植株的基部节间缩短,株高显著降低;旗叶和倒2叶叶面积变小,而倒5叶叶面积变大,有利于构建“松塔型”理想株型;株型构成指数改善,有利于优化叶片的空间分布;冠层绿叶干重明显增加;穗粒数增加、千粒重提高,显著增产。

黄河流域棉区高密度垄作对棉花的增产效应

【目的】垄作栽培与合理密植作为单项技术措施用于棉花生产已有较多研究报道,但两者配合运用的研究较少。本文旨在明确种植方式与密度的互作效应,使合理密植与种植方式有机结合,实现棉花增产增效。【方法】2010—2011年以K638为试验材料,采用裂区设计,在山东临清市研究了种植方式(平作和垄作)和密度(3、6和9株/m2)对棉花干物质积累与分配、叶面积变化动态、蕾铃脱落、产量及产量构成的影响。【结果】种植方式和密度对棉花产量有显著的互作效应,平作情况下以中密度(6株/m2)的产量最高;垄作条件下以高密度(9株/m2)的产量最高,中、低密度(3—6株/m2)的产量较低,高密度垄作较传统的中等密度平作平均增产皮棉13.6%。与平作比较,垄作可增加铃数,提高早熟性,铃重随密度升高有降低趋势;垄作栽培提高了群体干物质积累量、叶面积指数,盛铃期和始絮期高密度垄作较中密度平作的叶面积指数分别高24.2%和22.1%,烂铃率和脱落率显著降低。【结论】种植方式和密度可以单独或协同影响生物产量、经济系数和产量结构,从而影响经济产量。高密度垄作是黄河流域棉区棉花增产的重要栽培模式。