Study on plant fiber/plastic composites as the substrate of floorboard

三种 composites (纤维 / 聚丙烯， fiber/Polyethelene， andfiber/Polystyrene ) 被为地板的底层使用热紧迫的过程做，每种 composites 的性质被测试。分别地，没有联合代理人，有联合增加的代理人的 PP/wood 纤维， PS/fiber，和 PE/fibercomposites 的粗腐殖质被 18.4% ， 37.1% ，和 42% 与那些相比提起。在三种纤维 / 塑料 composites 之中， fiber/PP 合成最好的机械性能，和它能满足合格等级产品的优秀标准并且当联合代理人被增加时，达到中国的优秀等级产品。表演用 PE/fiber 或 PS/fiber 做的合成能仅仅与联合超过合格产品等级增加的代理人。

The Effect of Plastic-Covered Ridge and Furrow Planting on the Grain Filling and Hormonal Changes of Winter Wheat

Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two cultivars,Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,and RF and traditional flatten planting（TF,control） with the objective of investigating the effect of RF on wheat grain filling and the possible relationship of hormonal changes in the wheat grains under RF to grain filling.The results indicated that RF significantly increased the grain weight,although the effects on grain filling were different： RF significantly increased the grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior grains,whereas RF had no significant effect on grainfilling rate and grain weight of superior grains.The final grain weight of inferior grains under RF was 39.1 and 50.7 mg for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively,3.6 and 3.4 mg higher than the values under TF.However,the final grain weight of superior grains under RF was only 0.6 and 0.8 mg higher than under TF for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively.RF significantly decreased the ethylene and gibberellic acid content in the inferior grains and increased the indole-3-acetic acid,abscisic acid and zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside content in the inferior grains;however,no significant difference between RF and TF was observed for the hormonal content in the superior grains.Based on these results,we concluded that RF significantly modulated hormonal changes in the inferior grains and,thus,affected the grain filling and grain weight of the inferior grains;in contrast,RF had no significant effect on grain filling,grain weight and hormonal changes in the superior wheat grains.

The Effect of Wastewater Treatment Plants on Retainment of Plastic Microparticles to Enhance Water Quality—A Review

Microplastics, plastic pieces of ≤5 mm in size, are ubiquitous in ther environment and can be found in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This manuscript reviews the literature on the fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment and briefly highlights novel developments in the removal of microplastics from aqueous systems.

Phenotypic plasticity of floral traits and pollination adaption in an alpine plant Pedicularis siphonantha D. Don when transplanted from higher to lower elevation in Eastern Himalaya

Phenotypic plasticity and/or pollinatormediated selection may be responsible for the changes in floral traits of plants when they are forced to live in new conditions. Although the two events could be independent, we hypothesized that phenotypic plasticity in floral traits might help to coordinate plant-pollinator interactions and enhance plant reproductive success in changing habitats. To test this hypothesis, we investigated floral traits and pollination on three natural populations of a lousewort(Pedicularis siphonantha) ranging at different elevations, as well as two downward transplanted populations in Shangeri-La County and Deqin County, northwest Yunnan, China. The results indicated that floral traits, i.e. phenology, longevity,display size, corolla tube length and pollen production differed significantly among populations. Moreover,or the two transplanted populations, floral traits diverged from their original populations, but converged to their host populations. Although the phenotypic plasticity in floral traits might be a rapid response to abiotic factor such as warmer environment, the changes in floral traits were found to be well adapted to pollination environment of the host population. Compared with plants of their original habitats in higher elevation, the transplanted individuals advanced flowering time, shortened flower longevity, reduced floral display size and pollen production, received higher visiting frequency and yielded more seeds. These findings suggested that phenotypic plasticity of floral traits might help plants adjust their resource allocation strategy between preand post-pollination stages in response to harsh or temperate conditions, which might correspondingly meet a pollinator-poor or hyphen rich environment.This would be beneficial for the widely-distributed species to adapt to various environmental changes.

Formula for Determining Number of Basic Seedlings at Scattered-Planting with Seedling Dry-Raised on Plastic Trays in Double-Season Rice

The tiller emergence in seedling nursery beds and field, and panicle formation in the field were investigated under scattered-planting with seedling dry-raised on plastic trays in double-season rice. A significant difference was noted in the non-synchronously-emerged tillers （the tillers that formed from latent buds and did not emerge following the normal tillering law on seedling nursery beds and recovered to grow after scattered-planting or transplanting） as well as the percentage of the available synchronously-emerged tillers between seedlings raised on plastic trays under dry-land conditions （DPT） and seedlings raised on nursery beds under wetland conditions （WB）. The seedlings under DPT had some non-synchronously-emerged tillers, but those under WB had not. Therefore, the traditional formula for determining the number of rice seedlings was improved, and the formula for determining the number of basic seedlings under scattered planting with DPT in double-season rice was introduced. For early rice, it was X=Y/{（I＋t1r1）[1＋（N-n-SN）Rr2]＋（SN-3-t1）R2r5}, and for late rice, it was X=Y/{（1＋t1r1）[1＋（N-n-SN）Rr2]＋（N-n-SN-3）Rr2R1r3＋（SN-3-t1）R2r5}. Where, X represents reasonable number of basic seedlings per unit area at scattered-planting; Y, number of fitting panicles per unit area; t1, total number of tillers per plant; r1, percentage of the total available tillers; N, total number of leaves of the main culm; n, total number of elongated internodes in the main culm; SN, seedling leaf ages at scattered-planting; R, percentage of the primary tillers emerged in available node-position; r2, percentage of the available primary tillers; R1, percentage of the secondary tillers in the field （except the secondary tillers of the seedlings）; r3, percentage of the available secondary tillers; R2, percentage of the asynchronously-emerged tillers after scattered-planting; r5, percentage of the available non-synchronously-emerged tillers after scattered-planting.

Macroplastics on Soil-Plant System: Inhibiting Effects of Macroplastics on the Growth of Green Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus viridis</i>)

In recent time Bangladesh faces a serious problem of soil pollution due to plastic contamination. However, the degree of the extent to which the effects of plastics on plant growth occur is not properly identified. An experiment was conducted to measure the effects of mixed plastic (polyethylene and disposable plastic glass) on the growth of Amaranthus viridis. Different doses of mixed plastics (T0, T1, T2, and T3) were applied with a fixed amount of soil for each of the treatments e.g., T0 (control), T1 (10 gm mixed plastics/3kg soil), T2 (15 gm mixed plastics/3kg soil) and T3 (20 gm mixed plastic/3kg soil), and the growth response of Amaranthus viridis against plastic was observed for six consecutive weeks. The growth was measured in terms of plant height and girth diameter. The results showed that the presence of mixed plastic had a significant effect on the growth of Amaranthus viridis and particularly in treatment T3 (3 kg soil/20gm mixed plastic), the plants showed a slower growth response compared to control and the rest of the treatments applied in case of both plant height as well as girth diameter. The statistical analysis (one-way Analysis of Variance) also proved the significance of the treatments (p-values < 0.05) for six consecutive weeks. The experiment was successfully able to set an index on which plastics had their effects on the growth of green amaranth. In addition, the obtained data will be helpful in future research of the study in determining the possible effects of plastic on plant growth viz. green amaranth.

遮荫对花生形态结构可塑性的影响

明确花生植株形态和叶片结构可塑性对不同程度遮荫的适应性,以期为缓解作物遮荫胁迫和黄河下游间套作栽培质效提升提供参考依据。以花育36为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,研究无遮荫(CK)、中度遮荫(S1,遮光40%)和重度遮荫(S2,遮光80%)下花生植株形态与叶片结构的可塑性。结果表明:S1和S2较CK显著提高主茎高度(30.59%和51.87%)、第一对侧枝长度(21.83%和36.40%)和比叶面积(32.86%和59.22%),显著降低分枝数(19.81%和47.17%)、单株叶面积(20.87%和41.52%)、产量(39.06%和66.95%)、生物量(36.45%和59.25%)和叶片气孔密度(9.19%和18.53%),但对主茎节数无显著影响;S1和S2处理花生叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度均显著低于CK,且表现出S2<S1<CK的趋势;S1和S2处理的每细胞叶绿体个数与CK差异不显著,但S1处理较S2处理显著提高21.44%;S1处理叶片细胞叶绿体呈稍扁平化,基粒片层数增加且分布密集;S2处理叶绿体被膜部分破损缺失,基粒片层模糊不清,淀粉粒数量明显减少,嗜锇颗粒数量则呈增加趋势。花生的植株形态和叶片结构均表现出较高的可塑性,可塑性指数排名前十的指标依次为分枝数、叶面积、比叶面积、主茎高度、叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、第一对侧枝长、叶绿体宽度、栅栏组织厚度和气孔面积。由此可见,花生植株形态和叶片结构的差异是其对遮荫胁迫的表型适应性与可塑性反应,表达了花生在不同程度遮荫环境下的生存策略。

微纳米塑料在土壤-植物系统中的迁移机制及毒性效应研究进展

微塑料是指粒径小于5 mm的塑料碎屑和颗粒,其中粒径小于100 nm为纳米塑料。微纳米塑料作为一种新型污染物,具有难以降解、容易发生积累和可长距离迁移等特点,进而对生态环境产生影响。但是,与其他环境中的微纳米塑料相比,人们对土壤环境中的微纳米塑料的认识与了解还比较少。所以,本文详细阐明了微纳米塑料在土壤环境中的生物和非生物迁移过程与机制,系统总结了微纳米塑料从土壤到植物的转运过程,并探讨了微纳米塑料对植物种子萌发和根系发育产生的直接毒性效应,通过改变土壤理化性质和吸附重金属、有机污染物进而成为污染物传输载体而对植物产生的间接毒性作用。最后,提出了土壤-植物系统中微纳米塑料污染目前还需要进一步研究和处理的问题。本文可为土壤-植物系统中微纳米塑料污染的生态风险评估提供科学参考。

云南不同入侵地区的加拿大一枝黄花表型观测分析

旨在明确加拿大一枝黄花在云南省11个不同发生地区的生态适应性。在同质园条件下分别观测其植物性状及差异。试验可以看出,不同入侵地区发生的加拿大一枝黄花,在同质园条件下进一步的生长、繁殖特征差异显著,其中根萌芽性状指数的变异幅度达到了54.23%,茎秆直径、叶宽和叶形指数变异幅度为23.63%~26.31%。在生物量分配比中,花生物量分配占比最高的植株来自文山州丘北县,叶生物量分配占比最高的植株来自昆明西山区,茎秆生物量分配占比最高的植株来自昆明盘龙区,根部生物量分配占比最高的同样来自昆明盘龙区。进一步测定加拿大一枝黄花POD、SOD、CAT、MDA酶活,来自11个不同入侵地区和生境的植株群体表现出显著差异,其中以文山州丘北点和昆明盘龙点的加拿大一枝黄花植株的茎秆、株高和酶活等性状表现较为突出。通过聚类分析发现植物性状中叶表现出一定差异性,但在气候因子的偏相关性分析中发现,原始地的气候因子对加拿大一枝黄花的影响较小。结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花的植物性状基本稳定一致,但不同入侵地区由于环境条件的不同,表型具有一定差异和可塑性。研究结果对明确该加拿大一枝黄花在云南省的生态适应性奠定重要科学基础,同时为预警、监测及防范该入侵植物的扩展提供科学依据。

不同生境光梗蒺藜草对非生物胁迫的生理响应研究

光梗蒺藜草(Cenchrus incertus)是我国北方主要外来入侵植物之一,对入侵地的生态环境及农牧业造成严重威胁。本研究对市区绿化林、农田和沙地3个不同生境的光梗蒺藜草种子进行采样,利用同质园实验方法培养获得光梗蒺藜草植株,对不同生境的光梗蒺藜草在各发育时期以及非生物胁迫条件下的生长状况及生理特征进行了分析。实验结果表明,不同生境的光梗蒺藜草在幼苗期、营养期、繁殖期的鲜重、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、超氧阴离子含量、过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性及脯氨酸含量均存在不同的变化趋势。在干旱胁迫和盐胁迫条件下,不同生境光梗蒺藜草的过氧化氢酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于正常生长条件下的酶活性。隶属函数分析结果显示,市区绿化林光梗蒺藜草的抗旱性最高,而农田光梗蒺藜草的耐盐性最高。研究结果表明,光梗蒺藜草在适应不同生境的过程中形成了入侵生理可塑性,该生理可塑性可以通过调控抗氧化酶系统在其响应非生物胁迫过程中发挥作用,有助于光梗蒺藜草适应不同的入侵生境。

熔融沉积法3D打印天然植物纤维/可降解塑料复合材料的进展

近年来,3D打印技术在国内外得到了广泛关注。熔融沉积成型(FDM)为目前3D打印技术中最常用的一种工艺方法,可降解塑料为FDM使用较多的原材料。但是,单一的可降解塑料材料的成本较高,存在性能缺陷,限制了其在3D打印技术领域中的进一步发展。利用天然植物纤维与可降解塑料进行复合,用于FDM 3D打印,不仅能降低材料的成本,还可以改善材料的部分性能,因此,该类复合材料越来越多地被应用于FDM 3D打印领域,可以替代单纯的可降解塑料。对该领域的最新研究进展进行了综述,重点阐述了各类植物纤维与聚乳酸等可降解塑料复合后,在FDM 3D打印工艺中的研究及应用。

野外白刺引种至同质园叶片功能性状变异研究

为探究环境和遗传变异在白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)叶片功能性状变异中的相对作用,了解白刺生态适应性,本文采用野外调查和同质园引种试验的方法,分析了不同种源野外与同质园白刺叶片功能性状的差异。结果表明:白刺叶片肉质化程度和含水量相对稳定,且无论在野外还是同质园内,肉质化程度和含水量均表现出极显著相关关系。野外白刺叶片生长受氮和磷共同限制,而同质园白刺只受氮限制,且野外白刺碳、氮、磷与其他性状之间的相关性在同质园中消失,同质园中白刺叶片表型可塑性指数均低于野外。RDA分析表明,温度是影响野外白刺叶片功能性状的主要因子,而降水是影响同质园白刺叶片功能性状的决定性环境因子。总之,白刺在适应环境的过程中,其叶片性状存在着适应性分化,遗传因素决定其肉质化程度和含水量,环境变化会改变其组织密度和对氮、磷元素的利用方式,同质园环境对于白刺叶片性状的可塑性表达具有抑制作用。

覆膜砂质农田土壤水分和CO_(2)分布特征及玉米根叶衰老响应

干旱区新垦绿洲沙地灌溉强度大,农田覆膜后往往出现春玉米早衰现象。为探讨土壤水分和通气性是否是引发早衰的原因,本研究在河西走廊绿洲春玉米农田设置不覆膜(NM)和覆膜(PFM)处理,探求覆膜条件下土壤水分和CO_(2)分压(pCO_(2))对玉米根系生长、绿叶面积衰减、光合生理以及籽粒产量与品质的影响。覆膜处理中,覆膜区域的土壤pCO_(2)较未覆膜区域高40%以上;未覆膜处理中,对应区域的土壤pCO_(2)差异为13.9%~24.0%。相比不覆膜处理的对应区域,覆膜处理覆膜区域过高的土壤pCO_(2)使玉米花期根系活力下降19.7%,但非覆膜区根长密度和根系活力分别增加22.7%和9.6%。覆膜提高了春玉米拔节期叶片光合速率(20.0%)和蒸腾速率(8.5%),但抑制了花后叶片光合速率(−40.0%)和蒸腾速率(−18.0%);覆膜处理相对绿叶面积衰减启动时间和衰减最大速率时间分别提前1.7 d和7.1 d,而平均衰减速率和最大衰减速率分别增加6.7%和21.7%。覆膜的上述效应未显著影响玉米籽粒产量,但使籽粒淀粉含量和蛋白质含量分别降低20.1%和22.1%。以上结果表明,在干旱区新垦绿洲沙地,覆膜根区土壤pCO_(2)过高可能是导致玉米花后早衰和籽粒品质下降的重要原因,后期建议开展适时揭膜、控制灌溉(如亏缺灌溉、分根交替灌溉)或加气灌溉对覆膜新垦绿洲农田土壤通气性的改善研究。

不同生境下剑叶耳草叶片功能性状及其可塑性对植物生长的影响

关于植物适应环境变化的研究通常基于功能性状的物种均值,然而同一物种在不同生境中可能具有不同的适应策略。因此,探究植物功能性状的变异及可塑性对于理解物种对生境异质性的适应机制至关重要。本研究选取广西大瑶山地区4种生境(草地、灌草地、林缘及林下)下的药用植物剑叶耳草Hedyotis caudatifolia为试材,通过测定叶片形态、气孔特征和叶片解剖学性状,以及植株高度和生物量等指标,分析不同生境下剑叶耳草的叶片功能性状及其可塑性,以及这些指标对植物生长的影响。结果显示,不同生境下剑叶耳草的叶片功能性状存在差异,其中潜在气孔导度指数的变异系数最高,而叶片碳含量、叶片疏松度、海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度的变异系数相对较低。潜在气孔导度指数的可塑性指数最高,其次为单位质量叶绿素含量、叶面积、比叶面积、栅/海比等。主成分分析表明,叶片功能性状在不同生境下的变异与光能利用、水分传导和养分策略密切相关,以光适应为主导。叶片解剖性状对生物量变异的贡献率为36%,气孔特征、形态性状和化学性状的贡献率分别为24%、22%和18%。剑叶耳草叶片功能性状间的相关组合及其变化,使其能充分利用不同生境的光照、水分等资源,以应对逆境条件,维持植株生长和生物量的积累。该研究结果可为剑叶耳草在生境退化状况下的生存状态和安全风险评估提供依据。

马铃薯闽薯1号在仙游县种植表现与地膜覆盖栽培技术

马铃薯闽薯1号系龙岩市农业科学研究所与福建省农业科学院作物研究所共同选育的鲜食型马铃薯品种。2021—2022年在仙游县稻后作示范种植,表现长势旺、产量高与商品性好等特点。根据闽薯1号在仙游县稻后作的表现,针对地膜覆盖栽培的特点,从整地、种薯处理、地膜覆盖、科学施肥、合理灌溉、中耕培土、绿色防控、防冻减灾与适时收获等方面总结了仙游县稻后马铃薯的栽培技术。

Differences in leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species

This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits and phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species. Leaf width of exotic plants was significantly lower than that of native species. Leaf length, specific leaf area(SLA), single-leaf wet and dry weights, leaf moisture, and leaf thickness of exotic plants were also lower than those of native species but not significantly. The leaf shape index of exotic plants was higher than that of native species but not significantly. This implies that the relatively low leaf construction cost for exotic plants may play an important role in the success of their invasions. The higher leaf shape index and lower leaf width of exotic plants can enhance the efficiency of resource capture(especially sunlight capture) via adjustments to leaf shape and size, thereby increasing the survival of exotic plants. The plasticity indices of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants were significantly lower than those of native species. The lower phenotypic plasticity of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants may be the result of a cost to plasticity. That is, if the plasticity is too high, the fitness of plant species might be reduced sharply under unfavorable environments. Thus, lower plasticity of leaf functional traits may compensate for the negative impact of adverse environments and stabilize leaf construction costs for exotic plants. Moreover, reduced phenotypic plasticity might be one of the key competitive strategies by which exotic plants successfully invade new habitats. Overall, exotic plants did not always exhibit higher values of leaf functional traits or increased phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits compared with native species.

Morphological Features of Plants and Yield of Sunflower Hybrids Cultivated in the Northern Part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

In Ukraine, a sunflower is the main oil crop from which more than 90% of vegetable fats are produced. An increase in production is due to the expansion of cultivation area, which necessitates research on sunflower hybrids adaptability in the northern regions of Ukraine, where in recent decades, there has been a significant change of weather conditions and which may be favorable for its cultivation. The research was carried out in the Northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on light loam chernozems. Reaction to growing conditions of four hybrids was studied by establishing the stability and plasticity of hybrids in terms of yield formation due to changes in morphological characteristics of plants. Yield potential realization is high enough, which is provided by sufficient amounts of positive, active, effective temperatures and precipitation. Calculation of the coefficients of plasticity and stability allows identifying stable sunflower hybrids, hybrids with a high level of plasticity, and recommending them to production. The yield of early-maturing hybrid Ukrainskyi F1 increases rectilinearly with plant density increasing (r = 0.977 - 0.998), while hybrids P63LL06 (r = 0.651 - 0.882);NK Ferti (r = 0.589 - 0.846), and NK Brio (r = 0.689 - 0.804) form a higher yield at standing densities up to 60 thousand plants per hectare, and with further thickening, the yield decreases. With the thickening of sowings, the height of all hybrids plants increases (r = 0.97 - 0.99), and there is a decrease in the number of seeds per anthode, and the weight of 1000 seeds. Sunflower hybrids can be divided into the groups according to the peculiarities of yield formation due to morphological features: 1) yield increases only due to sowings’ thickening— Ukrainskyi F1;2) combined efficiency-increasing sowings’ density to 60 thousand plants/ha and generative organs formation—NCKBrio;3) hybrids of intermediate type—NK Ferti and P63LL06.

Do Plants Have a Choice of Traits to Be Modulated? Evidence from an Invasive Plant <i>Mikania micrantha</i>Kunth in Different Urban Environments

The successful establishment of an invasive plant in a novel environment has been attributed to the phenotypic plasticity of plant traits, with most studies focussing on vegetative trait plasticity in either experimental and/or natural habitat conditions. This study explores the role of phenotypic plasticity, in both vegetative and reproductive traits, of an invasive plant Mikania micrantha growing as a ground cover in diverse urban areas in the city of Kolkata, India. Quadrat based plant and soil sampling was conducted in three habitat types, namely roadsides, natural areas and abandoned plots, from four regions within the city. The above ground biomass and fitness related vegetative and seed traits were estimated from the plant samples whereas soil macro-and micro-nutrients as well as soil health (in terms of organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon) were estimated from the soil samples. Habitat-specific selection of traits in M. micrantha was observed in this study. In roadside population which has more chances of long distance dispersal, the excessive production of reproductive biomass as a compensatory response to the low germination ability of the seeds was evident. In natural areas which are more prone to anthropogenic disturbance and where the plant has greater chances of local spread, modulation of both vegetative (higher SLA) and reproductive traits (lighter seeds with faster germination ability) helped the plant to maintain its population. In abandoned plots where there was more number of associated species, the longer span of germination and increased population height ensured the survivability of M. micrantha in the community. Thus, a continuous monitoring program to check for M. micrantha growth should be prioritized in urban areas due to its immense trait plasticity in different habitat conditions where uncontrolled growth can lead to its establishment and spread, thereby making its control more difficult.