Contrast-free air cholangiography-assisted unilateral plastic stenting in malignant hilar biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND:Endoscopic palliation in malignant hilar biliary obstruction requires endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP),whereas contrast injection leads to cholangitis.Contrast-free metal stenting with or without magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has shown encouraging results,but MRCP and metal stents are costly.There have been no reports on the use of air cholangiography.METHODS:We prospectively evaluated the role of air cholangiography-assisted unilateral plastic stenting in 10 patients with type Ⅱ malignant hilar biliary obstruction.A retrospectively analysed group of 10 patients treated with contrast-free unilateral metal stenting served as historical controls.RESULTS:Ten patients with unresectable type Ⅱ malignant hilar biliary obstruction were studied.Air cholangiography detected type Ⅱ obstruction in all patients,similar to MRCP.The patients underwent unilateral stenting.Successful endoscopic drainage was achieved in all patients.The mean patency of the stent was 95.8±17.5 days in the study group and 143.9±115.1 days in the control group (P=0.20).The mean survival was 121.8±41.6 days in the study group and 154.9±122.5 days in the control group (P=0.42).KaplanMeier analysis showed an estimated median survival of 100:95% CI (65.9,134.1) days in the study group and 98:95% CI (84.1,111.9) days in the control group (P=0.62).Cholangitis occurred in none of the patients and there were no 30-day deaths nor major complications.Air cholangiographyassisted unilateral plastic stenting was cheaper than contrastfree unilateral metal stenting.CONCLUSION:Air cholangiography-assisted unilateral plastic stenting is as safe and effective as contrast-free unilateral metal stenting in type Ⅱ malignant hilar biliary obstruction for palliating patients,but it is cheaper.

New anti-reflux plastic stent to reduce the risk of stent-related cholangitis in the treatment of biliary strictures

BACKGROUND There is little data available on the role of new anti-reflux plastic stents(ARPSs).AIM To compare the use of ARPSs with that of traditional plastic stents(TPSs)for patients with biliary strictures.METHODS Consecutive patients with biliary strictures who underwent first endoscopic biliary stenting between February 2016 and May 2019 were included.The onset of stent-related cholangitis,stent patency,clinical success,and other adverse events were evaluated.RESULTS Sixty-seven patients in the ARPS group and 66 patients in the TPS group were included in the final analyses.Fewer patients experienced stent-related cholangitis in the ARPS group than that in the TPS group(8 patients vs 18 patients;P=0.030).The median time till the onset of first stent-related cholangitis was later in the ARPS group than that in the TPS group(128.5 d vs 76 d;P=0.039).The cumulative median stent patency in the ARPS group was 185 d,which was significantly longer than that in the TPS group(133 d;P=0.001).The clinical success rates and other adverse events did not significantly differ between both groups.CONCLUSION Placement of new ARPS might be a safe and effective optional therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of stent-related cholangitis and prolong stent patency.

Late-onset severe biliary bleeding after endoscopic pigtail plastic stent insertion

Here, we report our experience with a case of severe biliary bleeding due to a hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm that had developed 1 year after endoscopic biliary plastic stent insertion. The patient, a 78-year-old woman, presented with hematemesis and obstructive jaundice. Ruptured hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed, which was suspected to have been caused by long-term placement of an endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD) stent. This episode of biliary bleeding was successfully treated by transarterial embolization(TAE). Pseudoaneurysm leading to hemobilia is a rare but potentially fatal complication in patients with long-term placement of ERBD. TAE is a minimally invasive procedure that offers effective treatment for biliary bleeding.

New antireflux plastic stent for patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND Endoscopic biliary stenting is a well-established palliative treatment for patients with unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction(MBO). However, the main problem with stent placement is the relatively short duration of stent patency.Although self-expanding metal stents(SEMSs) have a longer patency period than plastic stents(PSs), the higher costs limit the wide use of SEMSs. A PS with an antireflux valve is an attractive idea to prolong stent patency, but no ideal design for an antireflux PS(ARPS) has been proposed. We developed a new ARPS with a "duckbilled" valve attached to the duodenal end of the stent.AIM To compare the patency of ARPSs with that of traditional PSs(TPSs) in patients with unresectable distal MBO.METHODS We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. This study was conducted at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Consecutive patients with extrahepatic MBO were enrolled prospectively. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either an ARPS or a TPS. Patients were followed by clinic visits or telephone interviews every 1-2 mo until stent exchange, death, or the final study follow-up in October 2018. The primary outcome was the duration of stent patency. Secondary outcomes included the rate of technical success, the rate of clinical success,adverse events, and patient survival.RESULTS Between February 2016 and December 2017, 38 patients were randomly assigned to two groups, with 19 patients in each group, to receive ARPSs or TPSs. Stent insertion was technically successful in all patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the rates of clinical success or the rates of early or late adverse events(P = 0.660, 1.000, and 1.000, respectively). The median duration of stent patency in the ARPS group was 285 d [interquartile range(IQR),170], which was significantly longer than that in the TPS group(median, 130 d;IQR, 90, P = 0.005). No significant difference in patient survival was noted between the two groups(P = 0.900).CONCLUSION The new ARPS is safe and effective for the palliation of unresectable distal MBO,and has a significantly longer stent patency than a TPS.

Should a fully covered self-expandable biliary metal stent be anchored with a double-pigtail plastic stent? A retrospective study

BACKGROUND The migration rate of fully covered self-expandable metal stents(FCSEMSs) has been reported to be between 14% to 37%. Anchoring of FCSEMSs using a doublepigtail plastic stent(DPS) may decrease migration.AIM To compare stent migration rates between patients who received FCSEMS alone and those who received both an FCSEMS and anchoring DPS.METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of endoscopy reporting system and medical records of 1366 patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) with FCSEMS placement at the University of Kentucky health care. Between July 2015 and April 2017,203 patients with FCSEMS insertion for the treatment of malignant biliary stricture,benign biliary stricture,post-sphincterotomy bleeding,bile leak,and cholangitis drainage were identified. The review and analysis were conducted through our endoscopy reporting system(ProVation~? MD) and medical records. Categorical data were analyzed using Chi-Square and Fischer exact test and continuous data using nonparametric tests. A regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with increased risk of stent migration. We determinedan FCSEMS migration endoscopically if the stent was no longer visible in the major papilla.RESULTS1366 patients had undergone ERCP by three advanced endoscopists over 21-mo period; among these,203 patients had FCSEMSs placed. 65 patients had FCSEMSs with DPS,and 138 had FCSEMSs alone. 65 patients had FCSEMSs with DPS,and 138 had FCSEMSs alone. 95 patients had a malignant stricture,82 patients had a benign stricture,12 patients had bile leak,12 patients had cholangitis,and nine patients had post-sphincterotomy bleeding. The migration rate in patients with anchored FCSEMSs with DPS was 6%,and those without anchoring DPS was 10%(P = 0.35). Overall,migration was reported in 18 patients with FCSEMSs placement out of 203 patients with an overall migration rate of 9.7%. There was no significant association between anchoring the FCSEMSs with DPS and the risk of stent migration. Only patients with the previous sphincterotomy and begin biliary stricture were found to have a statistically significant difference in the migration rate between patients who had FCSEMS with DPS and FCSEMS alone(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION The risk of migration of biliary FCSEMS was 9.7 %. Anchoring an FCSEMS with DPS does not decrease the risk of stent migration.

Randomized trial in malignant biliary obstruction:Plastic vs partially covered metal stents

AIM:To compare efficacy and complications of par-tially covered self-expandable metal stent(pcSEMS)to plastic stent(PS)in patients treated for malignant,infrahilar biliary obstruction.METHODS:Multicenter prospective randomized clinical trial with treatment allocation to a pcWallstent(SEMS)or a 10 French PS.Palliative patients aged≥18,for infrahilar malignant biliary obstruction and a Karnofsky performance scale index>60%from 6 participating North American university centers.Primary endpoint was time to stent failure,with secondary outcomes of death,adverse events,Karnofsky performance score and short-form-36 scale administered on a three-monthly basis for up to 2 years.Survival analyses were performed for stent failure and death,with Cox proportional hazards regression models to determine significant predictive characteristics.RESULTS:Eighty-five patients were accrued over 37mo,42 were randomized to the SEMS group and 83patients were available for analyses.Time to stent failure was 385.3±52.5 d in the SEMS and 153.3±19.8 d in the PS group,P=0.006.Time to death did not differ between groups(192.3±23.4 d for SEMS vs211.5±28.0 d for PS,P=0.70).The only significant predictor was treatment allocation,relating to the time to stent failure(P=0.01).Amongst other measured outcomes,only cholangitis differed,being more common in the PS group(4.9%vs 24.5%,P=0.029).The small number of patients in follow-up limits longitudinal assessments of performance and quality of life.From an initially planned 120 patients,only 85 patients were recruited.CONCLUSION:Partially covered SEMS result in a longer duration till stent failure without increased complication rates,yet without accompanying measurable benefits in survival,performance,or quality of life.

Anchor-wire technique for multiple plastic biliary stents to prevent stent dislocation

In endoscopic placement of multiple plastic biliary stents (PBSs),we sometimes experience proximal dislocation of the first PBS at the time of subsequent PBS insertion.We describe the case of a 79-year-old male with obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma who needed to receive multiple PBS placements for management of cholangitis.Although proximal dislocation of the first PBS was observed,we prevented the dislocation via our technique of using guidewire inserted from the distal end of the first PBS to the side hole as the anchor-wire.We could complete this technique only by inserting guidewire through the side hole of the first PBS during the process of releasing the first PBS and pulling out the guidewire and the inner sheath.It did not matter whether the anchor-wire went towards the third portion of the duodenum or the duodenal bulb.Here we introduce this "anchor-wire technique",which is useful for the prevention of PBS proximal dislocation in placing multiple PBSs.

Fully covered metal biliary stents: A review of the literature

Fully covered self-expandable metal stents(FCSEMS)represent the latest advancement of metal biliary stents used to endoscopically treat a variety of obstructive biliary pathology.A large stent diameter and synthetic covering over the tubular mesh prolong stent patency and reduce risk for tissue hyperplasia and tumor ingrowth.Additionally,FCSEMS can be easily removed.All these features address issues faced by plastic and uncovered metal stents.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review the application of FCSEMS in benign and malignant biliary strictures,biliary leak,and post-sphincterotomy bleeding.

Endoscopic pancreatic duct and biliary duct stenting in treatment of chronic pancreatitis with distal benign biliary stricture: a single-center experience

BACKGROUND: The development of endoscopic techniques such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and stenting are relatively new alternatives to surgery for the treatment of benign lesions in the biliary duct and pancreas. The objective of this study was to assess the value of stenting in the endoscopic pancreatic duct and biliary duct in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis with distal benign biliary stricture. METHODS: Twenty-two patients diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis with distal benign biliary stricture underwent endoscopic treatment in our center, with ERCP, EST, endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) and endoscopic retrograde pancreatic drainage (ERPD) with stents. A numeric rating scale was used to assess pain intensity. The clinical data on endoscopic therapies and recovery of the patients were recorded and compared. RESULTS: ERCPs were successfully performed in 21 patients and 1 (4.5%) failed because of pancreatic ductal variation. A total of 68 ERCPs were performed with 47 pancreatic duct stents and 39 biliary duct stents. The rate of complications was 13.2% (9/68). The abdominal pain score after endoscopic treatment was significantly reduced. The levels of bilirubin and alanine transaminase in all 21 patients were improved compared to those before endoscopic treatment.CONCLUSION: Endoscopic stent drainage of the pancreatic duct and biliary duct for chronic pancreatitis with distal biliary benign stricture can be selected as a safe, effective and minimally invasive therapeutic method.

胆管癌内镜下逆行胰胆管造影支架植入治疗中金属支架与塑料支架的临床疗效比较

目的比较胆管癌内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)支架植入治疗中金属支架与塑料支架的临床疗效。方法根据植入支架材料的不同将80例胆管癌ERCP支架植入治疗患者分为金属组和塑料组,每组40例,金属组患者采用金属支架,塑料组患者采用塑料支架。比较两组患者的黄疸治疗效果、肝功能指标[总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)]、并发症发生情况及支架使用情况。结果金属组患者的黄疸治疗总有效率为97.50%,与塑料组患者的95.00%比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。支架植入后2周,两组患者TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST水平均低于支架植入前,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),但组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。金属组患者的并发症总发生率为5.00%,与塑料组患者的12.50%比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。金属组患者支架堵塞率、胆管狭窄复发率均低于塑料组,支架通畅时间长于塑料组,支架使用费用高于塑料组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论ERCP支架植入治疗胆管癌时,金属支架、塑料支架均可达到良好的黄疸治疗、肝功能改善效果,但金属支架的支架堵塞率、胆管狭窄复发率更低,支架通畅时间更长。

ENDOSCOPIC STENT FOR PALLIATING MALIGNANT AND BENIGN BILIARY OBSTRUCTION

To study the techniques of placement of memory alloy plating gold biliary stent and plastic stent for palliation of malignant and benign biliary obstruction, and to assess its clinical effectiveness. Methods: The patients in plastic stent group included paplilla of duodenum inflamational strictures (n=24), common bile duct inflammational inferior segment strictures (n=4), choledocholithiasis (n=5), bile leak (n=11), bile duct surgery injurey (n=7) and pancreatic carcinoma (n=1). The patients in plating gold stent group included common bile duct carcinoma (n=5) and pancreatic carcinoma (n=6). Under fluoroscopic guidance the stent was inserted into biliary obstruction sites from oral cavity in all cases. Complications, liver function and blood serum amylase were investigated during the study period. Results: Successful stent placement was achieved in all cases. After operation of 7 days, in gold biliary stent groups, the rates of decrease of blood serum total bilirubin, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, r-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were 67.16%, 58.37%, 40.63% and 41.54% respectively. In plastic stent group, the rates of decrease of STB, ALT, r-GT and AKP were 53.24%, 55.03%, 37.15%, 34.12% respectively. Early complication included post-ERCP pancreatitis and cholangititis. Occlusion of stent was the major late complication. Conclusion: Memory alloy plating gold biliary stent and plastic stent were safe and efficacious methods for malignant and benign biliary obstruction, and could improve patient抯 living quality. Plastic stent was an efficient complement for therapy of bile leak and bile duct injury.

Metallic ureteral stent in restoring kidney function: Nine case reports

BACKGROUND Retroperitoneal fibrosis is an exceptionally rare disease characterized by proliferation of fibrous tissue and inflammation in the retroperitoneum.It features many symptoms in the kidneys and in other organs and usually leads to ureteral obstruction.CASE SUMMARY Here we present 9 consecutive cases of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis(IRPF)in patients who presented to the Department of Nephrology or Department of Rheumatology,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing,China,between January 2012 and June 2017 with ureteral obstruction due to external compression of the ureter that led to hydronephrosis and kidney dysfunction.Computed tomography imaging was used to identify hydronephrosis and ureteral obstruction and to evaluate kidney function.Each patient was diagnosed with IRPF based on clinical observation and computed tomography examination results.To restore kidney function,a retrograde metallic stent was placed in the ureter under X-ray guidance 2 d after each patient’s admission.No perioperative complications occurred in any patient,but postoperative complications occurred in two patients as follows:Patient 2 had stent migration and repeated metallic stent infections that resolved with treatment;and patient 4 had postoperative hematuria because he resumed normal activities too soon after stent placement(contrary to instruction).Placement of the metallic ureteral stents provided relief from ureteral obstruction and restored kidney function in all patients.CONCLUSION Our 9-case series underscores the utility and efficacy of applying the Resonance®metallic ureteral stent to treat ureteral obstruction in patients with IRPF.For all retroperitoneal fibrosis cases in our series,ureteral stents provided effective relief and were shown to reduce the incidence rate of perioperative and postoperative complications.

Outcome of stenting in biliary and pancreatic benign and malignant diseases:A comprehensive review

Endoscopic stenting has become a widely method for the management of various malignant and benign pancreatico-biliary disorders. Biliary and pancreatic stents are devices made of plastic or metal used primarily to establish patency of an obstructed bile or pancreatic duct and may also be used to treat biliary or pancreatic leaks,pancreatic fluid collections and to prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. In this review,relevant literature search and expert opinions have been used to evaluate the outcome of stenting in biliary and pancreatic benign and malignant diseases.

Management of endoscopic biliary stenting for choledocholithiasis: Evaluation of stent-exchange intervals

AIM To evaluate the best management of plastic stents in patients with choledocholithiasis who were unfit for endoscopic stone removal or surgery. METHODS Between April 2007 and September 2017, 87 patients(median age 83.7 years) with symptomatic choledocholithiasis were treated with insertion of 7-Fr plastic stents because complete endoscopic stone retrieval was difficult, and their general condition was not suitable for surgery. Seventy of these patients agreed to regular stent management and stent exchange was carried out at every 6 mo(Group A, n = 35) or every 12 mo(Group B, n = 35). The remaining 17 patients did not accept regular stent exchange, and stents were replaced when clinical symptoms appeared(Group C). We evaluated the frequency of biliary complication and stent patency rate during follow-up periods. RESULTS The patency rate of biliary plastic stents was 91.4% at 6 mo(Group A) and 88.6% at 12 mo(Group B), respectively. Acute cholangitis occurred in 2.9% of Group A patients and in 8.6% of Group B patients. In Group C, median stent patency was 16.3 mo, and stent exchange was carried out in 70.6% of cases because of acute cholangitis or obstructive jaundice. Although a high incidence of acute cholangitis occurred, there was no biliary-related mortality. CONCLUSION Plastic stent exchange at 12-mo intervals is considered a safe procedure for patients with choledocholithiasis. Long-term biliary stenting increases biliary complications, but it can be an acceptable option for select patients who are medically unfit for further invasive procedures.

一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架在恶性胆道疾病中的应用效果

目的探讨一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架在恶性胆道梗阻疾病治疗中的应用时效性和安全性。方法回顾性收集2019年1月-2022年5月于该院行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的恶性胆道梗阻患者81例。其中,25例置入一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架(一体支架组),23例置入普通塑料支架(普通支架组),33例置入金属覆膜支架(金属支架组)。比较3组患者的肝功能变化、支架通畅时间、反流发生率、术后胰腺炎发生率、单次住院时间和住院费用。结果3组患者置入支架前肝功能比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);一体支架组和金属支架组较普通支架组总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)指标下降趋势更为明显,且一体支架组DBIL指标下降程度较金属支架组明显(P<0.05)。金属支架组支架通畅时间最长,为(184.70±16.40)d,一体支架组次之,为(118.64±16.00)d,普通支架组通畅时间最短,为(96.43±15.85)d,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。一体支架组反流发生率最低,金属支架组其次,普通支架组反流发生率最高,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组患者胰腺炎发生率和单次住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。金属支架组住院费用较一体支架组和普通支架组高,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论相比金属覆膜支架和普通塑料支架,一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架置入术后,肝功能恢复较好,支架通畅时间相对较长,反流发生率较低,住院费用少,且安全有效,是恶性胆道梗阻患者的最优选择。

经内镜胆道支架治疗胆道良恶性梗阻的临床研究

目的探讨胆道良恶性梗阻时塑料和镍钛记忆合金镀金支架内镜置入的操作技术及其临床疗效.方法该组塑料支架组52例,包括十二指肠乳头炎性狭窄24例,胆总管下段炎性狭窄4例,老年胆总管巨大结石5例,胆漏11例,胆管外科损伤狭窄7例,胰腺癌1例;镀金支架组28例,包括中下段胆管癌11例,肝门部胆管癌6例,十二指肠乳头癌5例,胰腺癌6例.所有病人均行ERCP以证实狭窄部位及其程度,选择合适的支架.经十二指肠镜插入导丝至梗阻远端,狭窄明显者沿导丝进行球囊扩张;在X线监视下沿导丝用支架推送器将支架送至狭窄远端2 cm.术后观察病人黄疸改善情况,同时观察肝功能、血清淀粉酶变化,并随访3～6个月.结果该组支架均一次置入成功,成功率100%.镀金支架置入后1周,患者血清总胆红素(STB)下降67.16%,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)下降58.37%,r-谷胺酰转肽酶(r-GT)下降40.63%,碱性磷酸酶(AlP)下降41.54%;塑料支架置入后1周,STB下降53.24%,ALT下降55.03%,r-GT下降37.15%,AlP下降34.12%.早期并发症包括:高淀粉酶血症、ERCP术后胰腺炎、胆管炎,晚期并发症有支架堵塞.镀金支架组随访期间有4例(14.29%)死于肿瘤进展.结论经内镜塑料和镍钛记忆合金镀金支架治疗胆道良恶性梗阻安全、有效、并发症少;塑料支架在胆漏及胆道损伤治疗中的应用为肝胆外科手术并发症的治疗提供了较好的弥补手段.

内镜下同期放置双侧金属支架或双侧塑料支架治疗肝门部恶性胆道梗阻

目的比较经内镜同期置入双侧金属支架或双侧塑料支架治疗肝门部恶性胆道梗阻(MHBO)的疗效及安全性。方法选取2007年5月至2011年12月需要进行双侧胆道引流的142例MHBO患者,其中32例采用双侧金属支架胆道引流(双金属支架组),110例采用双侧塑料支架胆道引流(双塑料支架组),统计内镜操作成功率、术后减黄有效率、内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)术后并发症及支架通畅期。结果全组操作成功率为100%。双金属支架组和双塑料支架组术后减黄有效率分别为96.9%(31/32)和88.2%(97/110),组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。双金属支架组和双塑料支架组ERCP术后分别出现2例和6例胆管炎,经抗炎对症、更换支架或置入鼻胆管处理后症状缓解;双塑料支架组出现2例支架部分滑脱。两组均未发生胰腺炎、消化道出血、穿孔及ERCP相关性死亡病例。至研究终点,双金属支架组和双塑料支架组分别有2例和4例因其他原因死亡,死亡时胆道内支架均通畅;双金属支架组和双塑料支架组分别有8例和29例再发梗阻性黄疸,予以重新置入或更换塑料支架处理。两组ERCP术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。双金属支架组的中位通畅期为(248.53±138.61)d,双塑料支架组的中位通畅期为(101.76±38.53)d,经Log-rank检验差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论对于BismuthⅡ型或双侧胆管均已受侵、无法手术的MHBO,如果胆道引流范围许可、患者的预计生存期>3个月,双金属支架行胆道引流更具优势。

胆道支架介入治疗恶性胆道梗阻136例临床分析

目的探讨胆道支架(金属支架、塑料支架)介入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的应用价值。方法2005年8月～2008年5月,对136例不宜行手术治疗的恶性胆道梗阻患者,通过内镜途径或经皮经肝途径行胆道支架置入术。结果内镜成功128例,不成功的8例行经皮经肝穿刺。放置金属支架71例,塑料支架65例。放置胆道内支架1周后,血清总胆红素、ALT、AST均明显下降(P<0.01),临床症状显著改善。71例放置胆道金属支架者中,11例术后2个月内支架阻塞,再次放置塑料支架后引流通畅;余60例支架通畅时间270～286d,平均275d。65例放置塑料内支架者中,9例术后1～4周支架移位和梗阻,重新置入塑料支架;余56例支架通畅时间110～128d,平均118d。经皮经肝途径术后发生胆汁性腹膜炎1例,经保守治疗治愈。其余病例无严重并发症。随访生存时间1.5～28个月,存活3个月以上者92例。结论胆道支架介入治疗恶性胆道梗阻疗效确切,适用于不宜手术者,对于解除晚期恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸、缓解症状、提高患者生存质量具有满意效果。估计生存期>3个月者,宜选择金属支架;估计生存期<3个月或经济条件不充许者,可选用塑料支架。

内镜下肝门部胆管癌单、双支架引流随机对照研究

目的比较内镜下单、双支架引流治疗不能切除肝门部胆管癌的临床疗效,探讨肝门部胆管癌内镜治疗的最佳模式。方法将102例肝门部胆管癌患者随机分为单支架引流组(52例)和双支架引流组(50例),比较术后疗效包括支架放置成功率、有效引流率、早期并发症发生率、支架通畅时间及生存时间。结果双支架组操作成功率低于单支架组,但术后黄疸消退较快,有效引流率较高,亦发生了较高的术后早期并发症。支架中位通畅期双支架组明显优于单支架组,而生存期两治疗组没有差异。结论对肝门部胆管癌的内镜治疗,进行有效操作,放置双支架较单支架更有效降低黄疸,延长支架通畅期,减少患者病程中入院次数,提高生活质量。

内镜下多塑料支架置入治疗活体肝移植术后胆管狭窄

目的探讨内镜下多塑料支架置入治疗活体肝移植术后胆管狭窄的安全性与长期疗效。方法 2005年6月至2012年6月,共31例活体肝移植术后胆管狭窄患者接受内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)及多塑料支架置入治疗,记录内镜治疗技术成功率和ERCP相关并发症,对患者进行随访并观察支架维持时间、狭窄消除率和狭窄持续消除率。结果 ERCP证实单纯胆管吻合口狭窄22例,胆管吻合口狭窄合并胆漏9例。27例成功置入塑料支架,内镜治疗技术成功率为87.1%(27/31)。ERCP并发症包括急性胰腺炎1例,急性胆管炎2例,支架部分移位2例,无操作相关死亡发生,支架中位维持时间为9.6个月,狭窄消除率为95%(19/20),狭窄持续消除率为88.2%(15/17;随访5～43个月,中位随访期38个月)。结论内镜下多塑料支架置入治疗活体肝移植术后胆管狭窄是安全、有效的方法,其长期疗效满意,可成为活体肝移植术后胆管狭窄的一线治疗方法。