Rice Cultivation under Film Mulching Can Improve Soil Environment and Be Beneficial for Rice Production in China

Rice cultivation under film mulching is an integrated management technology that can conserve water, increase soil temperature, improve yield, and enhance water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Despite these advantages, the system does have its drawbacks, such as soil organic matter reduction and microplastic pollution, which impede the widespread adoption of film mulching cultivation in China. Nonetheless, the advent of degradable film, controlled-release fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and film mulching machinery is promoting the development of rice film mulching cultivation. This review outlines the impact of rice cultivation under film mulching on soil moisture, soil temperature, soil fertility, greenhouse gas emissions, weed control, and disease and pest management. It also elucidates the mechanism of changes in rice growth, yield and quality, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency. This paper incorporates a review of published research articles and discusses some uncertainties and shortcomings associated with rice cultivation under film mulching. Consequently, prospective research directions for the technology of rice film mulching cultivation are outlined, and recommendations for future research into rice cultivation under film mulching are proposed.

Growth Characteristics and Yield of Late-Season Rice under No-tillage and Non-flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching

A long-term field experiment （started at 2003） was conducted to determine the effects of different dce cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China （Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province）. The rice cultivation methods included no-tillage and flooded rice cultivation （N-F）, no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching （N-SM）, and no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation without straw mulching （N-ZM）. There was no significant difference in rice grain yield between the N-SM and N-F treatments. However, the rice grain yields in the N-SM and N-F treatments were significantly higher than that in the N-ZM treatment. The late-season rice plants in the N-SM treatment had significantly higher numbers of effective panicles and total grains per hill compared with those in the N-ZM treatment. The above-ground dry matter of late-season rice was similar between the N-SM and N-F treatments. Compared with the N-F treatment, the N-ZM and N-SM treatments significantly decreased the leaf area at the heading stage. Moreover, the N-SM treatment could significantly increase total root length and root tip number at the grain-filling stage compared with the N-ZM treatment.

Effects of Non-flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching on Rice Agronomic Traits and Water Use Efficiency

A field experiment was conducted to study water use efficiency and agronomic traits in rice cultivated in flooded soil and non-flooded soils with and without straw mulching. The total amount of water used by rice under flooded cultivation （FC） was 2.42 and 3.31 times as much as that by rice under the non-flooded cultivation with and without straw mulching, respectively. The average water seepage was 13 560 m^3/ha under the flooded cultivation, 4 750 m^3/ha under the non-flooded cultivation without straw mulching （ZM） and 4 680 m^3/ha under non-flooded cultivation with straw mulching （SM）. The evapotranspiration in the SM treatment was only 38.2% and 63.6% of the FC treatment and ZM treatment, respectively. Compared with the ZM treatment, straw mulching significantly increased leaf area per plant, main root length, gross root length and root dry weight per plant of rice. The highest grain yield under the SM treatment （6 747 kg/ha） was close to the rice cultivated in flooded soil （6 811.5 kg / ha）. However, the yield under the ZM treatment （4 716 kg/ha） was much lower than that under the FS treatment and SM treatment. The order of water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were both as follows： SM〉 ZM〉 FC.

Effects of plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning on seedling growth in tobacco cultivation:Different findings beyond conservation view

Solving high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning in the first week during tobacco cultivation would take much time and effort. In the present study, the growth as well as the leaf sugar and nicotine contents of seedlings with or without leaf burning induced by high-temperature plastic mulching film were tested at two independent sites in 2015 and 2016 to identify the influence of leaf burning on seedling growth. The results showed that the growth of seedlings with leaf burning was improved with increased leaf area, leaf number and plant height compared to those without leaf burning, combined with an increased seedling survival rate at two sites in two years. In seedlings with leaf burning, the contents of fructose and glucose increased and peaked at 11：00 and 13：00 in the leaf and root, respectively, with an increased root nicotine content beginning at 13：00, highlighting the signalling role of sugars. Activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） were all increased in seedlings with leaf burning. More plant biomass was allocated to roots in seedlings with leaf burning with increased root volume compared to control seedlings, which might facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Our findings demonstrate that high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning not inhibited but benefited seedling survival and growth, suggesting that the time and labour-consuming manual plucking of burnt leaves can be avoided during tobacco cultivation.

Green High-yield and High-efficiency Cultivation Techniques of Integrated Management of Water and Fertilizer for Maize under Mulch Drip Irrigation

The green high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of integrated management of water and fertilizer for maize under mulch drip irrigation are described from the aspects of high yield target of maize and its component factor indexes,pre-sowing preparation,sowing,post-sowing management,field management at the seedling stage,integrated management of water and fertilizer for target yield of maize,rational application of micro-fertilizer,comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests,timely harvest,etc.,in order to provide a reference for agricultural technicians,maize farmers and maize industry development in northern Xinjiang.

Effect of Planting in Furrow and Whole Plasticfilm Mulching on Double Ridges on Improvement of Degraded Desert Grassland

[Objective] This study aimed to provide theoretical basis and technologies for the application of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges. [Method] The conventional method was used to re-seed the bunch Gramineous forage in the degraded desert grassland in Yanchi, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Four kinds of conservation treatments, namely, ridging with black film mulching, ridging with transparent film mulching, ridging with no mulching and the flatplanting with no ridging and mulching were conducted to the forage to analyze the effects of each treatment on soil moisture and seedling growth. [Result] From July to November, the moisture contents of ridging with black film mulching, ridging with transparent film mulching, ridging with no mulching and the flatplanting were respectivery 9.88%, 9.24%, 8.75% and 8.13%, showing significant differences among the treatments; the survival rates of re-seeding forage were 96.2% , 93.4% , 45.6% and 28.3% , and the mulching treatment showed significant difference with the unmulching treatments in survival rate. The treatment with black film mulching showed great advantage that its moisture content on ridge top had the buffering effect of ＂load shifting＂, and the soil moisture content of black mulching treatment increased 21.5% than the flatplanting. Black film mulching also had the largest water supplement amount in soil below 1 m. Although mulching cost too much, its overall benefits were higher than that with no mulching. [Conclusion] This study lays the experimental basis for the application of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in improving degraded grassland desertification.

Effects of Warming Seedling Cultivation Technology on Growth, Yield and Quality of Fluecured Tobaccos

An experiment of seedling nursing which used film mulching technology in greenhouse to increase temperature was carried out in the south of Hunan province in 2014. The results showed that the average surface temperature of seedling tray and the average water temperature of nursing pool at 10：00 and 16：00 in treatment1 which used film mulching technology in a greenhouse were higher than that of CK（no film mulching）, suggesting the warming effect of mulching film in a greenhouse is obvious. The growth potential of tobacco seedling is stronger in treatment1 than CK, and tobacco seedling quality index including the fresh and dry weight of stem, leaves and roots increased. Plant height, stem girth and leaves area of the treatment 1 were higher and more than that of CK after transplanting. Squaring,topping and maturity period were slightly earlier in the treatment 1, compared with that of CK. Average yield of treatment 1 was 2 308.8 kg/hm^2, which increased by6.03% and was significantly higher than that of CK,and the output value of the treatment 1 was 50 184.75 yuan/hm^2, which increased by 5.61%.

Much Improved Water Use Efficiency of Rice under Non-Flooded Mulching Cultivation

Water shortage is increasingly limiting the luxury use of water in rice cultivation. In this study, non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice only consumed a fraction of the water that was needed for traditional flooded cultivation and largely maintained the grain yield. We also investigated the growth and development of rice plants and examined grain yield formation when rice was subjected to non-flooded mulching cultivation. One indica hybrid rice combination was grown in a field experiment and three cultivation methods, traditional flooding （TF）, non-flooded straw mulching cultivation （SM） and non-flooded plastic mulching cultivation （PM）, were conducted during the whole season. Grain yield showed that there was no significant difference between SM and TF rice, but the grain yield of SM cultivation was significantly higher than that of PM. The tiller numbers were inhibited in the early stage under non-flooded mulching cultivation, but the situation was reversed at the later period. Both SM and PM rice reduced dry matter accumulation of shoot, but increased root dry weight, enhanced the remobilization of assimilates from stems to grains and increased the harvest index. During the middle and later grain filling period, mulched plants showed a faster decrease in chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic rates of flag leaves and root activity than TF rice, indicating that non-flooded mulching cultivation enhanced plant senescence. In comparison, SM treatment produced higher grain yield and, more dry matter accumulation and panicle numbers than the PM treatment. The overall results suggest that high yield of non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice can be achieved with much improved irrigaUonal water use efficiency.

Effects of Seedling Cutivation with Mat-fiber Mulch on Quality and Quantity of Early-season Rice

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of tray mat of fiber mulch on quality and yield of early rice-season rice transplanted by machine. [Method] Seedling quality, the rate of leaked rice, density of mechanical transplanting rice, mature rate and yield covered with fiber mulch were compared with groups not covered with mulch. Furthermore, different indices of cultivated rice with and without fiber mulch were analyzed and compared. [Result] The rice yield in the group with fiber mulch improved by 11.9% and rice quality enhanced as wel . What＇s more, rice plants were much easier to be col ected, and the rate of leaked rice lowered by machine. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical references for seedling transplanting and cultivation of early-season rice by machine with tray mats.

基于生命周期评价的东北地区覆膜水稻环境影响分析

为探明覆膜水稻生命周期过程的资源消耗和环境影响,本研究基于2021—2022两年的田间试验对东北地区覆膜水稻进行生命周期评价。结果表明:仅考虑资源消耗、气候变化和环境酸化的情况下,覆PE膜旱直播水稻的环境影响潜值更小,对环境更友好。东北地区覆PE膜育秧移栽水稻能源消耗、水资源消耗、气候变化、环境酸化、富营养化和生态毒性6个环境影响指标对应的环境影响潜值分别为14046.40 MJ、957082.47 kg、1663.15 kg CO_(2)-eq、8.70 kg SO_(2)-eq、1.84 kg PO^(3-)_(4)-eq和57.05 kg 1,4-DCB-eq;东北地区覆PE膜旱直播水稻这6个环境影响指标对应的环境影响潜值分别为11990.32 MJ、312102.92 kg、1071.41 kg CO_(2)-eq、6.85 kg SO_(2)-eq、1.88 kg PO^(3-)_(4)-eq和73.75 kg 1,4-DCB-eq。造成资源消耗和气候变化的主要原因是氮肥和燃油的生产及使用,另外地膜生产和滴灌设备的生产也对环境造成了较大的影响。研究表明,水稻清洁生产的关键在于农资产品生产技术的优化和氮肥的合理施用。在两种覆膜水稻栽培方式中,覆膜旱直播水稻造成的环境影响更低,更适合我国农业绿色低碳发展。

长期覆膜旱作和施用包膜尿素对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分的影响

水稻覆膜旱作栽培(non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation,PM)是以地膜覆盖为核心来实现水稻节水生产的综合集成创新技术。然而,在覆盖地膜后,氮肥只能在移栽前作为基肥一次性施用,导致水稻前期营养生长过盛和生育后期潜在缺氮,从而限制了水稻高产。聚合物包膜尿素(polymer coated urea,CR)是一种控释氮肥,在传统淹水栽培(traditional flooding cultivation,TF)模式下已成为提高作物产量和氮肥利用率的最佳管理措施之一,但尚未在PM模式下进行长期定位试验评估。本研究以高产中熟籼型杂交稻‘两优培九’为供试水稻品种,比较在PM和TF 2种栽培模式下施用CR和普通尿素(urea,UR)对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:与UR相比,在TF和PM模式下施用CR使水稻氮肥利用率分别提高9.2%和15.4%(P<0.05),使水稻产量分别提高8.6%和15.0%(P<0.05)。与TF模式相比,PM模式加速了土壤有机质的分解,降低了土壤全氮、碱解氮含量。与施用UR相比,在PM模式下施用CR能缓解土壤全氮、碱解氮含量的下降,并使经济效益提高16.8%。综上所述,施用CR是解决在PM模式下水稻生育后期缺氮问题的有效途径。

艳山姜茎叶渣覆盖对冬种莴苣田杂草、土壤及生长的影响

为筛选适合应用于杂草控制及莴苣生长最适叶渣覆盖量,以富含化感物质的艳山姜修剪茎叶为材料,根据覆盖栽培理论和化感作用控草原理,通过在莴苣田行间覆盖不同量艳山姜茎叶渣,评价田间杂草、莴苣生长及土壤理化性质变化。结果显示,随着艳山姜茎叶渣覆盖量的增加,其对莴苣田杂草的抑制效果增强。其中,与对照组相比,用1200 g/m^(2)艳山姜茎叶渣覆盖处理后,莴苣田间杂草的种类、数量和多样性降低,杂草生物量(鲜重、干重)分别降低了87.93%、90.54%。同时,莴苣叶片叶绿素含量和单株平均鲜重最高,品质最优。此外,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效磷含量增高。当覆盖量大于1600 g/m^(2)时,土壤理化性状呈现不同变化趋势,莴苣生长受到抑制,但品质总体有提升。总体而言,在四川宜宾地区冬春莴苣生产中,使用1200 g/m^(2)的艳山姜茎叶渣覆盖处理能够最有效地抑制田间杂草生长、改善土壤环境并促进莴苣生长发育。

水稻覆膜栽培技术应用研究现状与展望

我国水稻在实现持续丰产的过程中,仍然面临着农药、肥料和灌溉水的高投入,以及产量、品质和效益协同性偏差等问题。以生物可降解地膜为材料、机械化覆膜为途径的水稻覆膜栽培技术是实现水稻优质丰产高效协同生产、促进稻田绿色可持续发展的有效途径之一。本文在简要介绍覆膜栽培技术发展的基础上,系统综述了水稻覆膜栽培技术在节水保墒、保肥增效、防草减药和增温保湿方面的作用及对水稻产量、品质和效益等的影响,并总结了覆膜栽培技术在水稻生产上应用存在的问题,展望了下一步研究的方向。

银黑膜覆盖与揭膜时间对土壤温湿度和烟叶品质的影响

为了探明银黑膜覆盖与揭膜时间对烤烟生长的影响,为长沙烟区烤烟生产提供科学依据,于2021年在长沙烟区开展大田试验,设置移栽前30 d盖银黑膜+移栽后40 d揭膜培土(T1)、移栽后60 d揭膜(T2)、不揭膜(T3),移栽前7 d盖银黑膜+移栽后40 d揭膜培土(T4)、移栽后60 d揭膜(T5)、不揭膜(T6)及不覆盖银黑膜(CK)共7个处理,探究不同银黑膜覆盖与揭膜时间处理对土壤温、湿度和烤烟生长及经济效益的影响。结果表明:T3与T6处理土壤的温度、相对湿度、烤烟根系生长和干物质积累在整个生育期内都显著高于CK处理,烟叶产量分别较CK提高23.13%和23.49%,产值分别提高26.09%和26.93%,但移栽前30 d盖膜和移栽前7 d盖膜在烤烟生长及经济效益等方面无显著差异。长沙烟区银黑膜覆盖能够有效保持土壤温度和相对湿度,促进烤烟根系发育和干物质积累,提高下部叶总糖和还原糖含量,显著提高烤烟产量和产值,且揭膜时间越晚的处理增产提质效果越好。

高邮市水稻生物降解地膜覆盖机插种植技术应用试验研究

2021年高邮市开展了水稻生物降解地膜覆盖机插种植技术应用试验,试验结果表明,不论是常规施肥还是一次性基施缓混肥,该技术都有促进水稻分蘖、抑制杂草生长、降低人工成本、减少农药使用量以及提高水稻产量等优点,覆膜后膜内温度高,促进水稻生长与灌浆,且覆膜有利于减少水分蒸发,节水抗旱。但在使用该项技术的过程中发现,该项技术应用还存在成本增加较多、对于田块整地要求比较高等不足。

浙江省新垦耕地土壤培肥和覆膜节水栽培对土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响

新垦耕地存在土壤肥力差、生产力低等突出问题。本研究通过多年多点田间试验,探究了适宜浙江省新垦耕地改造的水稻高产栽培技术。结果表明,受新垦农田肥力影响,参加水稻品种筛选试验的8个品种中,旱优73较适合在新垦耕地种植,产量较高;在新垦耕地施用有机物料可以有效提升土壤地力水平,增加水稻产量;在新垦农田采用覆膜节水栽培并施用有机物料明显提升水稻产量,其中,覆膜+施用巴贝蚕沙(11.25 t/hm2)处理下,旱优73的产量比不施肥+不覆膜处理显著增加36.76%。可见,在新垦耕地上种植水稻,通过施用有机物料培肥和覆膜节水栽培,能达到提高土壤肥力和水稻产量的目的。

春玉米大垄双行覆膜栽培技术

北方春季有效积温不足、多干旱、多风,对玉米出苗、苗期生长及产量影响很大。发展覆膜栽培技术是促进北方春玉米丰产的一种有效途径。该文介绍了覆膜栽培促进玉米增产增收的原理,并从选地与整地、种子处理、品种选择、覆膜播种、放苗、水肥管理及病虫害防治几个方面对春玉米大垄双行覆膜栽培技术进行了阐述。

不同类型地膜覆盖和环境条件对蔬菜土壤温度的影响

本文以不覆盖地膜为对照,选用普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜和黑色生物降解膜进行覆盖,研究其在露地、单体大棚、连栋大棚等不同环境条件下对蔬菜土壤温度的影响。结果表明:黑色生物降解膜和普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜的增温效果接近,露地和单体大棚内二者的平均土壤温度比不使用地膜高1℃左右,连栋大棚内增温效果稍差。在露地条件下,普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜覆盖下的土壤温度变化较大,白天增温快,夜晚则下降到与黑色生物降解膜相近的温度;而黑色生物降解膜覆盖下土壤温度变化幅度比较小,在昼夜温差大的天气,夜间最低温比普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜覆盖高2℃左右。由此可见,在露地条件下,黑色生物降解膜夜间保温效果要好于普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜,更适合在露地早春作物上应用,可有效抑制杂草生长。

马铃薯闽薯1号在仙游县种植表现与地膜覆盖栽培技术

马铃薯闽薯1号系龙岩市农业科学研究所与福建省农业科学院作物研究所共同选育的鲜食型马铃薯品种。2021—2022年在仙游县稻后作示范种植,表现长势旺、产量高与商品性好等特点。根据闽薯1号在仙游县稻后作的表现,针对地膜覆盖栽培的特点,从整地、种薯处理、地膜覆盖、科学施肥、合理灌溉、中耕培土、绿色防控、防冻减灾与适时收获等方面总结了仙游县稻后马铃薯的栽培技术。

莱阳市春播花生地膜覆盖高产栽培技术要点

从良种选择、种子处理、整地施肥、适时早播、地膜覆盖、破膜放苗、查苗补苗、田间灌溉、看苗施追肥、病虫害防控、适时收获等方面论述了春播花生地膜覆盖高产栽培技术,系统地归纳了技术要点,为花生高产栽培提供技术指导。