An Exploration into the West Henan Large Sliding Structure in the South of the North China Plate

The West Henan large sliding structure is located in the southern part of the North China plate. It is a planar structural feature of a relatively large scale. To its northwest lie the Taihang Mountains, and to the southwest the Funiu Mountain. In the east it extends between the broad plain and hilly land. Formed in the early Indosinian Period, its main sliding surface is the coal seam II|, with the sliding direction from NW to SE, and a sliding area of about 23,000 km2. Affected by the big sliding, the coal seam II|, in West Henan occurs in the state of powder, and thickens to the SE. Some small penetrating sliding structures were developed over II| in the early Yanshanian Period, causing a disorder on the south border of the North China coal-accumulating basin in the late Palaeozoic Era. An exploration into the West Henan large sliding structure is of great importance in the geological study.

Formation of South Tianshan suture and its geological significance

South Tianshan–Solonker suture,is the largest and southernmost suture within the Central Asian orogenic belt(CAOB).It records the ultimate collision between Tarim–North China cratons and Siberia craton,and is commonly interpreted as marking the eventual closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean.South Tianshan suture belongs to the western segment of the suture zone,and its evolutionary features are important for defining the formation age of the South Tianshan–Solonker suture.In this paper,the authors review the geochronological,geochemical,petrographic,and paleontological evidence within South Tianshan suture to delineate its formation era and closure characteristics,and thus further revealing the ultimate evolutionary pattern of the western segment of Paleo-Asian Ocean.This suture records strong plate collision before Late Carboniferous,forming a series of high-pressure metamorphic rocks,characterized by the presence of blue schist,eclogite and mica schist.In Permian,the whole area was under a relatively stable post-orogenic setting,with the formation of bimodal volcanic rocks,post-collisional granites,and terrestrial molasses.Sedimentary facies gradually changed from marine to either lacustrine or fluvial during this period.An Early Permian granite dike crosscuts the HP metamorphic belt,and the HP metamorphic rocks also underwent retrograde metamorphism at this time,indicating the formation of the South Tianshan suture was earlier than Permian.Hence,the western section of Paleo-Asian Ocean closed during Late Carboniferous,and Tarim Craton moved northward to collide with Kazakhstan–Yili Block,leading to the formation of the South Tianshan suture.

青藏高原东部壳幔速度结构和地幔变形场的研究

在青藏高原东部地球动力学问题中,笔者在文中主要考虑与地壳上地幔速度结构和地幔变形场有关的问题,它涉及当前流行的下地壳流动模型和壳-幔的耦合-解耦模型。在2000年完成的穿过川西高原和四川盆地的深地震测深剖面,揭示了川西高原的地壳结构具有地壳增厚(主要是下地壳增厚)、地壳平均速度低等特点,显示地壳的缩短与增厚的碰撞变形特征。根据川西高原上设置各爆炸点的记录截面图共同呈现PmP(莫霍界面反射波)弱能量的特点,推断在川西高原的下地壳介质具有强衰减(Qp=100～300)的性质,支持存在下地壳流动的模型。青藏高原东部和川滇西部地区的上地幔各向异性(SKS波快波偏振方向和快慢波延迟时间)的初步结果表明,这两个地区的壳-幔变形特征是不同的,尽管它们在地理位置上属于同一个板块碰撞带。在青藏高原内部的壳幔变形属于垂直连贯变形,它以缩短为主,而高原外部的地壳(或岩石圈)则相对于其下方地幔运动。在高原内部和外部之间存在一个重要的地幔变形过渡带。然而,高原内部的垂直连贯变形与高原内部存在大范围下地壳流动的模型不一致。笔者在该地区开展了近两年的宽频带流动地震观测,试图从地震记录中确定过渡带的位置和探讨它的流变性质。文中扼要回顾已经取得的结果,并介绍正在进行的研究。

A study on 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in Sichuan -Yunnan region, China

Based on the first arrival P and S data of 4 625 regional earthquakes recorded at 174 stations dispersed in the Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, the 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in the region is determined, incorporating with previous deep geophysical data. In the upper crust, a positive anomaly velocity zone exists in the Sichuan basin, whereas a negative anomaly velocity zone exists in the western Sichuan plateau. The boundary between the positive and negative anomaly zones is the Longmenshan fault zone. The images of lower crust and upper mantle in the Longmenshan fault, Xianshuihe fault, Honghe fault and others show the characteristic of tectonic boundary, indicating that the faults likely penetrate the Moho discontinuity. The negative velocity anomalies at the depth of 50 km in the Tengchong volcanic area and the Panxi tectonic zone appear to be associated with the temperature and composition variations in the upper mantle. The overall features of the crustal and the upper mantle structures in the SichuanYunnan region are the lower average velocity in both crust and uppermost mantle, the large crustal thickness variations, and the existence of high conductivity layer in the crust or/and upper mantle, and higher geothermal value. All these features are closely related to the collision between the India and the Asia plates. The crustal velocity in the SichuanYunnan rhombic block generally shows normal value or positive anomaly, while the negative anomaly exists in the area along the large strike-slip faults as the block boundary. It is conducive to the crustal block side-pressing out along the faults. In the major seismic zones, the seismicity is relative to the negative anomaly velocity. Most strong earthquakes occurred in the upper-mid crust with positive anomaly or normal velocity, where the negative anomaly zone generally exists below.

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation in the Dongsha Islands and Adjacent Sea Area

Dongsha Island and the adjacent sea area locate at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS), and is connected to the east by the Manila Trench. Analyses of seismic stratigraphy and gravity, magnetic and drilling wells data led to the discovery of three post fault sequences (V, VI, VII). Extensive tectonic uplift, magma activity and erosion occurred in Dongsha Island and the adjacent area, where most of the faults in the northeastern SCS were still active during Pliocene and Quaternary. Two groups of faults trending NEE and NW were developed during Late Cenozoic. We conclude that three important tectonic movements, especially Dongsha movement (4.4-5.2 Ma) and Liuhua movement (1.4-1.89 Ma), controlled the structural framework in the Dongsha rise; whose deformation in the east is stronger than that in the west and whose stress field variation suggests that the tectonic uplift in the study area contributed to magmato tectonic events correlated to the main collision phases between the East China and Taiwan 5-3 and 3-0 Ma ago.

Integration of zircon and apatite U–Pb geochronology and geochemical mapping of the Wude basalts(Emeishan large igneous province):A tool for a better understanding of the tectonothermal and geodynamic evolution of the Emeishan LIP

Radiogenic isotopic dating and Lu–Hf isotopic composition using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)of the Wude basalt in Yunnan province from the Emeishan large igneous province(ELIP)yielded timing of formation and post-eruption tectonothermal event.Holistic lithogeochemistry and elements mapping of basaltic rocks were further reevaluated to provide insights into crustal contamination and formation of the ELIP.A zircon U–Pb age of 251.3±2.0 Ma of the Wude basalt recorded the youngest volcanic eruption event and was consistent with the age span of 251-263 Ma for the emplacement of the ELIP.Such zircons hadε_(Hf)(t)values ranging from7.3 to+2.2,identical to those of magmatic zircons from the intrusive rocks of the ELIP,suggesting that crust-mantle interaction occurred during magmatic emplacement,or crust-mantle mixing existed in the deep source region prior to deep melting.The apatite U–Pb age at 53.6±3.4 Ma recorded an early Eocene magmatic superimposition of a regional tectonothermal event,corresponding to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision.Negative Nb,Ta,Ti and P anomalies of the Emeishan basalt may reflect crustal contamination.The uneven Nb/La and Th/Ta values distribution throughout the ELIP supported a mantle plume model origin.Therefore,the ELIP was formed as a result of a mantle plume which was later superimposed by a regional tectonothermal event attributed to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision during early Eocene.

碰生型微地块的分类及其形成机制

碰生型微地块是指受大陆碰撞造山作用触发的相对独立的微小板块或地块。本文通过具体实例从多角度对碰生型微地块进行了分类:按发生碰撞的两侧陆壳性质,可分为陆?陆、弧?陆和弧?弧碰生型微地块;按碰撞方式,可分为追尾式、侧向式、错车式和拥堵式碰生型微地块;根据微地块本身的物质组成,可分为碰生型微洋块和碰生型微陆块。总结了碰生型微地块的形成机制——远程碰撞触发模型:碰撞事件及其远程效应,触发了地幔内部热结构的非稳定性,使板块内部的应力失稳,在大陆内部形成岩石圈尺度的断裂,大块体被分裂为多个刚性块体,并发生差异性裂解、逃逸、挤出、旋转等,形成具有独立运动学特征的微陆块;在大洋内触发了洋中脊拓展式、跃迁式生长,形成独立微洋块。碰生型微地块类型划分为研究碰撞造山的非相邻地质体之间的盆?山效应奠定了基础,为研究“板内”变形机制提供了新依据、新思路。碰生型微洋块的形成记录了大陆碰撞事件的起始时间,是对基于大陆地质研究而确定的碰撞时间的重要补充。

从全球对比探讨华北克拉通早期地质演化与板块构造过程

板块构造理论为 2 0世纪取得的重大科学成就。如何在新世纪发展板块构造、推动大陆动力学研究成为新的挑战。世界古大陆前寒武纪地质研究在花岗岩绿岩带、高级变质区 ,新太古代造山作用 ,早期大洋地质记录与古板块构造 ,以及超级大陆等方面取得新进展。在此全球构造背景下 ,华北早期地质演化的相关重大问题包括 :新太古代典型造山带地质演化、碰撞过程及其盆山耦合作用。围绕新太古代蛇绿岩的研究 ,特别是豆荚状铬铁矿及地幔岩 ,将提供早期大洋岩石圈性质、扩张运移过程的重要线索 ,并提出早期板块边界划分标志及其洋陆作用过程。华北中部造山带及蛇绿岩混杂带的洲际对比 。

Thrust Propagation in the Aqqikkol Lake Area, the East Kunlun Mountains, Northwestern China

The western segment of the East Kunlun Mountains is one of the poorly studied regions in northwestern China. Through a structural analysis of the typical sections, we have the following views: (1) There is a very well developed fault system in the western segment of the East Kunlun Mountains and thrust propagation, normal slip and decoupling are the chief deformation events in this area. (2) Although the thrusting started in the Late Carboniferous and Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, strong activity took place in the Miocene-Quaternary when the Kumkol basin was strongly downwarped. (3) The tectonic pattern of coexistence of N-directed thrust propagation and S-directed normal slip in this area is consistent with the general tectonic pattern of the northern Qinghai-Tibet plateau and also very similar to that of the Himalayan region on the southern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, but their directions between the thrust propagation are opposite and all the strong thrust propagations occurred from the Miocene-Pliocene to Quaternary, a period featuring strong collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate and abrupt uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. This oppositely directed thrust propagation and normal slip reveal such kinematic characteristics as symmetric propagations of deep-seated materials towards the north and south beneath the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and gravitational sliding of superficial materials towards the interior of the plateau. Therefore, the establishment of the fault system in the study area may provide an approach to the study of deep processes of the northern Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the construction of a unified geodynamic model for the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.

塔里木板块周缘晚古生代以来的构造演化

塔里木板块在晚古生代以来,经历了一系列碰撞和拼合事件。受北侧哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块碰撞的影响,南天山石炭纪再生洋盆于早二叠世末隆起,并导致天山山前的前陆盆地形成。这一时期塔里木西部强烈的热活动事件,反映了一次地壳开裂活动,同时进一步推动了塔里木向天山下插的陆内俯冲活动及前陆盆地的形成。中生代时期,特提斯洋盆的活动及先后闭合,推动了羌塘、冈底斯等地块以及印度板块不断向北增生,发生了一系列碰撞和拼合事件。这些事件在塔里木周缘的沉积作用和构造演化中都有明显反映。新生代时期,拼合以后的印度板块继续不断向北推挤,形成了一系列逆掩断层、帕米尔构造结以及塔里木周缘的现代构造面貌。

Isotopic Ages of the Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt and Their Geotectonic Implications

The Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt is the only remaining cover of the Archaean to Early Proterozoic crystalline basement in eastern Shandong. The ages of deposition of the Penglai Group and of its deformation and metamorphism have long been a subject of speculation. Whole-rock Rb-Sr ages, illite-whole-rock pair Rb-Sr ages and illite K-Ar ages recently obtained from the Penglai Group slates are reported and interpreted in this paper. On the basis of structural and metamorphic studies coupled with analyses of illite crystallinity, XRD and SEM , a whole-rock age of 473±32 Ma (Ordovician) is interpreted as the time of termination of burial metamorphism experienced by the Penglai Group. Therefore, the age of the Penghai Group is older than Ordovician. The first-phase folding and syntectonic low greenschist facies metamorphism in the Penglai Group, i.e. the Penglai Movement, took place before 299±4 Ma B.P., i.e in the Late Carboniferous. The Penglai Movement that occurred in the Jiaobei Belt on the southern margin of the North China Plate is attributed to collision between the North China and Yangtze plates along the Jiaonan Collision Belt. This demonstrates that the continent-continent collision between the North China and Yangtze plates east of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone took place in the Late Carboniferous. The collision caused N-S compression and deformation in the southern margin belt of the North China Plate north of the Qinling-Dabieshan-Jiaonan Collision Belt.

内蒙古敖汉旗鸡冠子山二长花岗岩地球化学特征及构造环境

鸡冠子山二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS单颗粒锆石U-Pb测试年龄为245±1 Ma,说明其形成于早三叠世.岩石地球化学研究表明,岩体具有高Si、富K、贫Ti、Ca、Fe、Mg的特点;A/KNC＞1.1,显示出S型花岗岩特点;固结指数（SI）为1.68 ～ 1.88,分异指数（DI）为93.94 ～94.25,说明岩体经历了较高程度的分异演化作用;稀土元素总量较低（∑×REE=80.10×10-6 ～145.06×10-6）,轻稀土明显富集,重稀土相对亏损,Eu负异常,大离子亲石元素Rb、K较富集,表明鸡冠子山二长花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性、过铝质S型花岗岩.结合前人相关的研究成果,推测鸡冠子山二长花岗岩是华北板块和西伯利亚板块碰撞作用形成的同碰撞型花岗岩.

地壳对接消减带和叠接消减带与陆-陆碰撞造山和俯冲增生造山:来自侵入岩构造组合的记录

从地壳对接消减带与地壳叠接消减带的概念出发,讨论了板块构造岩浆旋回,俯冲增生造山和陆-陆碰撞造山分别对应于板块会聚构造的第一次和第二次造山作用;讨论了俯冲增生造山的结构样式,主要由俯冲增生杂岩和岩浆弧构成;陆-陆碰撞造山指相意义的S型花岗岩类的鉴别标志,以及指示板块构造岩浆旋回结束的后造山过碱性A型花岗岩类的识别标志。最后主要基于中国侵入岩大地构造图(1∶250万)及其说明书的成果,简要地讨论了中国三个克拉通性质的陆块区以及与西伯利亚克拉通、印度克拉通之间的大洋区的洋陆转换形成的俯冲增生造山和随后的陆-陆碰撞造山,认为:(1)塔里木克拉通西北缘与西伯利亚克拉通西南缘陆-陆碰撞可能发生在石炭纪,早二叠世可能完成;(2)中国三个克拉通的陆-陆碰撞可能分别发生在早—中三叠世,晚三叠世完成拼合,形成中国主体大陆;(3)早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世完成中国主体大陆与西伯利亚大陆的最终拼合;(4)新生代中国大陆与印度大陆拼合,碰撞造山仍在进行。

吉林中部红旗岭北沟花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及其地质意义

对华北板块北缘碰撞造山带东段吉林中部红旗岭北沟花岗岩岩体进行了岩相学、地球化学和LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究。锆石测年结果显示红旗岭北沟花岗岩的结晶年龄为263 Ma,形成于中二叠世晚期。北沟花岗岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩类,富集轻稀土(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs,Cs、Ba、K和Sr),亏损重稀土(HREEs)和高场强元素(HFSEs,Nb、Ta和Ti),同时显示埃达克岩的地球化学特征,为加厚镁铁质下地壳部分熔融的产物。花岗岩的侵位暗示了中二叠世晚期在吉林中部可能已经发生了华北板块北缘东段与松嫩地块的初始碰撞。

内蒙古中部察哈尔右翼后旗中二叠世石英二长岩锆石U-Pb定年及地球化学特征

为探讨内蒙古中部察哈尔右翼后旗一带晚古生代构造--岩浆事件演化背景和过程,对该地区石英二长岩进行了岩相学、地球化学和年代学研究。结果显示,石英二长岩年龄为(269.1±4.6)Ma,属中二叠世,并可进一步分为高钾钙碱性系列和钾玄岩系列。前者主要为粗粒--似斑状石英二长岩,富集FeO^(T)、MgO、CaO、P_(2)O_(5)、Th、U和轻稀土元素(LREE),极度富Sr、F,亏损Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE)、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素(HREE),具弱到中等负Eu异常;钾玄岩系列主要为中粗粒石英二长岩,富K、Rb、Th和轻稀土元素,贫FeO^(T)、MgO、CaO,亏损Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ti、U等高场强元素和重稀土元素,极度亏损P、Sr,具较强的Eu负异常。上述特征显示,察哈尔右翼后旗石英二长岩属伸展背景下的后碰撞花岗岩,与华北板块北缘加厚地壳的底侵拆沉等壳幔相互作用有关,并为区内古亚洲洋早—中二叠世闭合提供了约束。

华北板块北缘东段中元古代造山带地质特征及构造演化

研究区内的中元古代魏家沟岩群原岩为一套碳酸盐岩、陆缘碎屑岩及火山岩建造,形成于大陆裂谷—活动大陆边缘阶段,并于1036 Ma左右遭受变质变形.通过岩浆岩形成构造环境的判别,研究区中元古代岩浆活动贯穿于板块碰撞前、同碰撞及碰撞后.伴随着造山带的演化,本区中元古代经历了3期韧性变形,分别形成于大陆裂谷、活动大陆边缘及碰撞造山阶段.通过上述研究,确定了本区中元古代造山带的存在,并经历了大陆裂谷—被动大陆边缘—活动大陆边缘—碰撞造山的地质演化过程,证实了格林维尔造山运动在华北板块北缘的存在和对中元古代末期Rodinia超大陆拼合的响应.

The Cretaceous Songliao Basin:Volcanogenic Succession,Sedimentary Sequence and Tectonic Evolution,NE China

The Songliao basin （SB） is a superposed basin with two different kinds of basin fills. The lower one is characterized by a fault-bounded volcanogenic succession comprising of intercalated volcanic, pyrodastic and epiclastic rocks. The volcanic rocks, dating from 110 Ma to 130 Ma, are of geochemically active continental margin type. Fast northward migration of the SB block occurred during the major episodes of the volcanism inferred from their paleomagnetic information. The upper one of the basin fill is dominated by non-marine sag-style sedimentary sequence of silicidastics and minor carbonates. The basin center shifted westwards from the early to late Cretaceous revealed by the GGT seismic velocity structure suggesting dynamic change in the basin evolution. Thus, a superposed basin model is proposed. Evolution of the SB involves three periods including （1） Alptian and pre- Aptian： a retroarc basin and range system of Andes type related to Mongolia-Okhotsk collisional belt （MOCB）; （2） Albian to Companian： a sag-like strike-slip basin under transtension related to oblique subduction of the Pacific plate along the eastern margin of the Eurasian plate; （3） since Maastrichtian： a tectonic inverse basin under compression related to normal subduction of the Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate, characterized by overthrust, westward migration of the depocenter and eastward uplifting of the basin margin.

西拉木伦河北岸新发现地质资料及其构造意义

在内蒙古赤峰北部双井及其附近地区进行１／５万区调过程中，于西拉木伦河北岸发现了一些重要的地质资料：双井古陆及其物质组成；早二叠世早期复理石建造；石炭纪一早二叠世早期的蛇绿岩及其构造侵位；侵位于双井古陆的早二叠世同碰撞Ⅰ型、Ｓ型二长花岗岩；早二叠世晚期的磨拉石建造；早二叠世末西拉木伦河断裂带的韧性右行走滑及小苇塘岩片的构造侵位等。这些资料为加深对西拉木伦河断裂带的认识提供了可靠的依据。从而认为西拉木伦河断裂带为古蒙古洋板块与中朝板块最终碰撞缝合的位置。

Three-dimensional viscoelastic LDDA method and its application in geoscience

A three-dimensional viscoelastic LDDA method is put forward on the basis of the two-dimensional elastic LDDA method and a corresponding computer program is developed. Both the method and the program, verified by a numerical frictional experiment composed of two blocks, are correct and reliable. Simultaneously, using this program, the present velocity field of the eastern Asia area, which is induced by the collision of the Indian shield against the Asian plate, is investigated. The primary result shows that the velocity field in magnitude is largest near the colliding boundary and attenuates fast away from it. The Tibet plateau moves northeast, the North China plain and the southeastern Asia moves eastward and southeastward, respectively. The attenuation of the velocity field across Qilianshan is nonlinear, its direction changes from the northeast nearly to the east, its gradient is 0.05 mma-1km-1 and 0.007 mma-1km-1 to the southwest and the northeast of Qilianshan, respectively. The attenuation of the velocity field is almost linear across the Longmenshan fault, its gradient is 0.01 mma-1km-1 and its direction is toward the southeast. The remarkable deformation caused by collision extends to the east longitude 115 and to the north latitude 45. The velocity field obtained by the method is basically consistent with the data from the Global Positioning System. The relative slip rate along the Bangong-Nujiang-Lancangjiang fault is 0.5 mm/a, the Jinshajiang fault, 0.8 mm/a, while the Tanlu fault hardly moves. It is shown that the method proposed in this paper could be employed to study the geodynamic problems with faults.

Collision of Two Plates——Market Movement Analysis into Home Made and Imported Cars

China’s car market consists of two plates——domestic made (A) and imported (B) cars. The market has experienced a transition process from the past "B strong v.s. A weak" to today’s "A strong v.s. B weak".