Pneumocystis pneumonia in stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma with immune-related acute kidney injury and thoracic radiotherapy:A case report

BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are therapeutic agents for advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)with high clinical antitumor efficacy.However,immune-related adverse events occur in 20%of these patients and often requiring treatment with immunosuppressive agents,such as corticosteroids.Consequently,this may increase the risk of patients to opportunistic infections.Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP),a rare but serious opportunistic infection typically observed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,can also occur in cancer patients undergoing long-term glucocorticoid treatment.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 56-year-old male with squamous NSCLC treated with triplimab combined with paclitaxel,carboplatin,and radical thoracic radiation therapy.Following this regimen,he developed acute kidney injury(AKI)with elevated creatinine levels.After concurrent radical chemoradiotherapy ended,he developed a grade 3 immune-related AKI.High-dose corticosteroids were administered to treat AKI,and renal function gradually recovered.Corticosteroids were reduced to a dose of 10 mg prednisone equivalent daily eight weeks later;however,he developed severe pneumonia with spontaneous pneumothorax.Next-generation sequencing of the bronchoscopic lavage revealed PJP co-infection with herpes simplex virus 1 and cytomegalovirus.The inflammation was more severe in areas exposed to radiation.Piperacillin-tazobactam,acyclovir,sulfamethoxazole,and trimethoprim were used to control the infection.The patient recovered,and immunotherapy was terminated.CONCLUSION PJP is rare but can occur in patients with ICI adverse events and should be differentiated from tumor progression or immune-related adverse events.Thoracic radiation may increase risk,necessitating careful monitoring and prevention.

Do inhaled corticosteroids increase the risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with lung cancer?

Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. It is relatively uncommon in patients with lung cancer. We report a case of PCP in a 59-year-old man with a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with formoterol and a moderate daily dose of inhaled budesonide. He had also advanced stage non-small lung cancer treated with concurrent chemo-radiation with a cisplatin-etoposide containing regimen. The diagnosis of PCP was suspected based on the context of rapidly increasing dyspnea, lymphopenia and the imaging findings. Polymerase chain reaction testing on an induced sputum specimen was positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii. The patient was treated with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and systemic corticotherapy and had showed clinical and radiological improvement. Six months after the PCP diagnosis, he developed a malignant pleural effusion and expired on hospice care. Through this case, we remind the importance of screening for PCP in lung cancer patients under chemotherapeutic regimens and with increasing dyspnea. In addition, we alert to the fact that long-term inhaled corticosteroids may be a risk factor for PCP in patients with lung cancer. Despite intensive treatment, the mortality of PCP remains high, hence the importance of chemoprophylaxis should be considered.

Treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients using a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully elucidated.AIM To explore efficacy of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)and caspofungin for treatment of non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected PJP patients.METHODS A retrospective study enrolled 22 patients with non-HIV-infected PJP treated with TMP-SMX and caspofungin from 2019 to 2021.Clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Five patients presented with comorbidity of autoimmune diseases,seven with lung cancer,four with lymphoma,two with organ transplantation and four with membranous nephropathy associated with use of immunosuppressive agents.The main clinical manifestations of patients were fever,dry cough,and progressive dyspnea.All patients presented with acute onset and respiratory failure.The most common imaging manifestation was ground glass opacity around the hilar,mainly in the upper lobe.All patients were diagnosed using next-generation sequencing,and were treated with a combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin.Among them,17 patients received short-term adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy.All patients recovered well and were discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Non-HIV-infected PJP have rapid disease progression,high risk of respiratory failure,and high mortality.Combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin can effectively treat severe non-HIVinfected PJP patients with respiratory failure.

Lack of Response in Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia to Combined Caspofungin and Clindamycin Treatment: a Case Report

PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia (PCP) is among the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first line therapy for that condition given its efficacy,approximately one third of patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity.1 For cases of severe to moderate PCP,if TMP-SMX treatment fails or is contraindicated,primaquine combined with clindamycin or intravenous pentamidine is recommended as second line therapy.2 However,both primaquine and pentamidine are associated with severe adverse reactions and often unavailable at hospitals in China.3 As a result,other treatment options have been explored.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after total hip arthroplasty in a dermatomyositis patient:A case report

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PJP)is a serious opportunistic infection that occurs mostly in patients with immunodeficiency and long-term immunosuppressive therapy.In non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients,the most important risk factor for PJP is the use of glucocorticoids in combination with other immunosuppressive treatments.The management of glucocorticoids during the perioperative period in patients with dermatomyositis requires special care.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of PJP in the perioperative period.A 61-year-old woman with a history of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5(MDA5)-positive dermatomyositis and interstitial pneumonia was administered with long-term oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine.The patient underwent right total hip arthroplasty in the orthopaedic department for bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head.She was given intravenous drip hydrocortisone before anesthesia and on the first day after surgery and resumed oral methylprednisolone on the second postoperative day.On the fifth day after surgery,the patient suddenly developed dyspnea.The computed tomography scan showed diffuse grid shadows and ground glass shadows in both lungs.Polymerase chain reaction testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for Pneumocystis jiroveci.The patient was eventually diagnosed with PJP and was administered with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.At the 6-mo review,there was no recurrence or progression.CONCLUSION Continued perioperative glucocorticoid use in patients with anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis may increase the risk of PJP.

Analysis of 8 chronic kidney disease patients complicated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Objective To study the clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) in patients with chronic kidney diseases.Methods Clinical data of 8 cases of chronic kidney diseases complicated with PCP(excluding renal transplant patients) were examined retrospectively.Results The most common presenting symptoms at admission were fever(100%),cough without or with a little sputum(87.5%),and exertional dyspnea(75%).Beside these,they complained of chest tightness,fatigue,sweating and chills.Six patients(75%) presented with hypoxemia were diagnosed with type 1 respiratory failure during the course of illness.The most common CT feature was bilateral patchy areas of ground-glass opacities.Five patients had peripheral blood lymphocyte count less than 1 ×109/L.Four patients had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3.Serum LDH level was elevated in 5 patients(582±222.55).Among the 8 patients,2 patients died within 20 days of PCP diagnosis.Conclusion Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an opportunistic and serious complication in chronic kidney disease patients treated with immunosuppressants.The disease progression is fast and patients with respiratory failure have a high mortality rate.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for better prognosis.

Next-generation sequencing technology for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunocompetent female:A case report

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.Surprisingly,it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients.However,the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests.This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing(NGS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough.Based on the initial examination results,the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia,and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered.However,due to the undetermined etiology,the patient's condition continued to worsen.She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure.After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin,the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that,for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection,although rare,cannot be ignored.NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

Clinical Analysis of 15 Cases of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Complicated with Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia Treated with R-CHOP Regimen

Objective:To investigate the clinical features of R-CHOP regimen in the treatment of non-Hodgkin^lymphoma with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP)in order to improve the understanding of PCP and the side effects of Rituxan.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 90 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy in our hospital from November 2015 to November 2020,of which 15(16.7%)patients,combined with PCP clinical data,including clinical symptoms,physical signs,chest imaging examination and treatment data were used for to analysis and summarization.Results:The clinical features of R-CHOP chemotherapy combined with PCP were fever,cough,and sputum.Some patients had fewer clinical symptoms.Common imaging manifestations were double lung membrane glass shadow,patchy shadow,and flocculent shadow.It can occur in all clinical stages,and the incidence of late stage is high,and there is no clear correlation with bone marrow suppression.Pneumocystis was found in 2 cases of sputum,and the rest of the patients were clinically diagnosed.The main therapeutic drugs are sulfamethoxazole(8/15),compound sulfamethoxazole(6/15),clindamycin(1/15,sulfa drug allergy),and adrenal cortex hormones(4/15).Fourteen cases were cured and 1 case died.Conclusion:The incidence of R-CHOP in advanced non-Hodgkin^lymphoma of PCP is high.Patients with clinical use of R-CHOP chemotherapy will encounter fever,cough,chest computed tomography(CT)film glass shadow,and diffuse patch shadow.Patients should be alert to the possibility of PCP and take sulfonamides as soon as possible for medical treatment.

Pentamidine in Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis in heart transplant recipients

Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic organism, represents an important cause of infections in heart transplantation patients. Almost 2% to 10% of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation have Pneumocystis pneumonia. Prophylaxis is essential after surgery. Various prophylaxis regimes had been defined in past and have different advantages. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) has a key role in prophylaxis against P. jirovecii. Generally, although TMP/SMX is well tolerated, serious side effects have also been reported during its use. Pentamidine is an alternative prophylaxis agent when TMP/SMX cannot be tolerated by the patient. Structurally, pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine compound with antiprotozoal activity. Since it is not effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is frequently administered via the intravenous route. Pentamidine can alternatively be administered through inhalation at a monthly dose in heart transplant recipients. Although, the efficiency and safety of this drug is well studied in other types of solid organ transplantations, there are only few data about pentamidine usage in heart transplantation. We sought to evaluate evidence-based assessment of the use of pentamidine against P. jirovecii after heart transplantation.

Pulmonary coinfection by Pneumocystis jiroveci and Cryptococcus neoformans

We communicate the diagnosis by microscopy of a pulmonary coinfection produced by Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jiroveci,from a respiratory secretion obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of an AIDS patient.Our review of literature identified this coinfection as unusual presentation.Opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection are increasingly recognized.It may occur at an early stage of HIV-infection.Whereas concurrent opportunistic infections may occur,coexisting Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PCP)and disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal pneumonia is uncommon.The lungs of individuals infected with HIV are often affected by opportunistic infections and tumours and over two-thirds of patients have at least one respiratory episode during the course of their disease.Pneumonia is the leading HIV-associated infection.We present the case of a man who presented dual Pneumocystis jiroveci and cryptococcal pneumonia in a patient with HIV.Definitive diagnosis of PCP and Cryptococcus requires demonstration of these organisms in pulmonary tissues or fluid.In patients with<200/microliter CD4-lymphocytes,a bronchoalveolar lavage should be performed.This patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.After 1 week the patient showed clinical and radiologic improvement and was discharged 3 weeks later.

Pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.

实时定量PCR技术诊断PCP的研究进展

肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）是一种由耶氏肺孢子菌引起的致死性肺炎,常见于免疫功能低下人群,早期诊断有助于临床治疗.目前常用的病原学检查漏诊率较高;定性PCR检测虽然敏感,但有时难以区分隐性感染和显性感染.实时定量PCR是近年来发展的一种精确、敏感、污染少的核酸定量技术.本文综述结果表明,实时定量PCR技术能快速、敏感、特异地检测肺孢子菌,可随时跟踪监测PCP的治疗效果,指导临床用药,有助于PCP的流行病学研究及其他基础生物学研究.

胸部低剂量CT在AIDS合并PCP体质量正常患者影像诊断中的临床应用

目的研究低剂量CT扫描在获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS)合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)正常体质量111例患者的临床应用,评价其可行性,并建立相应的扫描方案。方法使用美国通用电气(GE)公司FII双排螺旋CT机,其管电压值固定为120kV,分别采用常规扫描(自动调制mAs)与低剂量扫描,低剂量扫描随机分为50mAs组(所用管电流为50mAs)、40mAs组(所用管电流为40mAs)、30mAs组(所用管电流为30mAs),将其影像学图像质量、辐射剂量进行分析,制定其相应的低剂量扫描方案。结果常规扫描与50mAs组优质片率各占70.3%、62.2%,良级片率分别为29.7%、37.8%,两者均未出现差级片;常规扫描与40mAs组优质片率各占67.6%、56.8%,良级片率分别为32.4%、43.2%,两者均未出现差级片;常规扫描与30mAs组:优质片各占70.3%、56.8%,良级片分别为29.7%、43.2%,两者均未出现差级片。图像质量均以优和良为主,在达到诊断要求方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。常规剂量与低剂量扫描(50mAs、40mAs、30mAs),辐射剂量分别为:7.6、2.6、2.1、1.5mGy,以30mAs组最低,剂量为原来的19.8%。111例患者采用常规扫描与低剂量扫描均达到影像学诊断要求,无1例漏诊、误诊。结论胸部低剂量CT扫描在AIDS合并PCP体质量正常患者影像学表现中完全能满足临床诊治要求,切实可行;同时,为确保图像质量的稳定性,可以采用首次常规剂量扫描,复查中进行低剂量CT扫描;胸部低剂量CT扫描电压固定为120kV,电流采用30mAs。

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Objective To investigate the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).Methods The data of 98patients with suspected pulmonary infection after alloHSCT who underwent pathogen detection from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between June 2016 and August 2023 at Nanfang Hospital were analyzed.

复方磺胺甲恶唑片联合胸腺肽治疗AIDS合并PCP的临床疗效及其对血清炎性因子和乳酸脱氢酶的影响

目的探讨复方磺胺甲恶唑片联合胸腺肽治疗获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)合并肺孢子菌肺炎(pneumocystis pneumonia,PCP)的临床疗效及其对血清炎性因子和乳酸脱氢酶(serum lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)表达水平的影响。方法选取本院2016年2月至2017年2月收治的临床资料完整的130例AIDS合并PCP患者为研究对象,按随机数表法将其分为对照组与观察组,每组各65例。两组患者均给予平衡电解质、高蛋白饮食、吸氧等常规治疗。对照组患者在常规治疗基础上给予复方磺胺甲恶唑片治疗,观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上联合胸腺肽治疗,两组患者均连续治疗14天。比较两组患者的临床疗效、不良反应发生情况、LDH及血清炎性因子表达水平。结果观察组患者治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者不良反应发生率比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。治疗后7天和14天,两组患者血清LDH、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1、IL-6、IL-10表达水平均显著低于治疗前(P<0.01),且观察组患者上述指标表达水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.01);治疗后14天,两组患者上述指标表达水平均显著低于治疗后7天(P<0.01)。结论复方磺胺甲恶唑片联合胸腺肽治疗AIDS合并PCP,可明显减轻患者机体炎性反应,治疗效果好,安全性高。

外周血T淋巴细胞亚群在AIDS合并PCP患者中的表达及与复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的关系

目的:观察获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的表达,并分析其与复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的关系。方法:回顾性收集2018-2020年该院收治的AIDS合并PCP患者的资料,全部患者均接受复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗3周,采用倾向性评分匹配按2∶1匹配后,纳入治疗有效组88例、无效组38例,共126例作为观察组;另收集同期于该院就诊的63例AIDS未合并PCP的患者资料,作为对照组;查阅患者病历资料,统计患者基线资料、实验室指标等,重点分析AIDS合并PCP患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))的表达,及其与复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的关系。结果:对照组患者系统抗人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)治疗占比最高,其次为有效组,无效组最低,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);无效组患者治疗前血清LDH、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比最高,其次为有效组,对照组最低;对照组患者CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平最高,其次为有效组,无效组最低,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);组间其他资料、指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Logistics回归分析结果显示,治疗前LDH水平高、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比高是AIDS合并PCP患者复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗无效的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),系统抗HIV治疗、CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比高、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平高是其保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05);绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)预测AIDS合并PCP患者复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的AUC>0.70,具有一定的预测价值。结论:CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)在AIDS合并PCP患者中呈异常表达,且与复方磺胺甲噁唑的治疗效果有关。

集束化护理在艾滋病并发PCP重症患者中的应用效果

目的探讨集束化护理在艾滋病并发肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)重症患者中的应用效果。方法采用随机对照方法,将40例AIDS合并PCP重症患者分为试验组(18例)和对照组(22例),比较两组的平均住院天数、7 d好转率及住院费用。结果试验组的平均住院天数、住院费用及7 d好转率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论集束化护理能优化护理流程,提高护理人员准确执行治疗护理措施的依从性,还可以缩短患者平均住院日,降低住院费用。

异基因造血干细胞移植后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎临床特征分析

目的:总结异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后合并耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PJP)患者的临床特征。方法:回顾性分析2018年7月至2023年7月在苏州大学附属第一医院和苏州弘慈血液病医院诊断的21例allo-HSCT后PJP患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学表现及治疗转归。结果:在21例患者中,男女比例为2.5∶1,中位年龄为36(15-62)岁,移植后并发PJP的中位时间为225 d。临床表现缺乏特异性,主要临床症状为呼吸道症状(呼吸困难、咳嗽、咳痰等)和发热;实验室检查发现15例患者外周血淋巴细胞计数降低,19例患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞绝对值<200/μl,20例患者的C反应蛋白水平明显升高,14例患者的乳酸脱氢酶升高,14例患者的1,3-β-D葡聚糖试验水平升高;胸部CT表现分为磨玻璃型、结节型、混合型3种,其中磨玻璃型发生率最高(18/21),结节型2例、混合型1例。通过mNGS技术均检测出耶氏肺孢子菌序列数在15-57570之间,11例患者为混合感染。根据患者具体病情予以TMP-SMX、卡泊芬净、甲基强的松龙等个体化治疗,17例患者病情获得好转,4例死亡,均死于呼吸衰竭。结论:PJP是allo-HSCT后危急重症,诊断不易,早期诊断与及时治疗可取得更好的预后。mNGS诊断PJP的敏感性高,为临床提供早期精准诊断治疗可能,值得应用和推广。

A 60-Year-Male Post Corneal Transplantation with Acute Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a common complication in organ transplantation patients. Multiple respiratory pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are potentially coexisted. A 60-year-old male with left eye post corneal transplantation developed acute severe pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (PJP) coinfection with Nocardia spp. and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). He was hospitalized due to acute respiratory failure. Chest radiographs and chest Computed Tomography (CT) revealed extensive ground-glass opacities. PJP was diagnosed from Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF). The pneumonia was persistent despite of receiving intravenous cotrimoxazole. Tracheal aspirate showed faint gram-positive filamentous beaded branching organisms. Consequently Nocardia spp. was proven. Intravenous cotrimoxazole was continued and intravenous imipenem was added. After a course of dual antibiotics, pneumonia was gradually improved. A week after, he developed the worsened acute respiratory failure. The bronchoscopy was performed. The new pathogens were not detected from BALF microbiology. The BALF cytology was unremarkable. PJP was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from BALF. CMV antigenemia was detected from BALF and blood. Intravenous ganciclovir was given. This report describes PJP coinfected with Nocardia spp. and CMV in post corneal transplantation patient suffering from severe pneumonia. Multiple respiratory pathogens are common among transplantation patients representing host immunosuppression and inadequate antimicorbial prophylaxis.

对耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者进行复方磺胺甲唑治疗药物监测的重要性研究

耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,PJP)是人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodefi-ciency virus,HIV)患者较为常见和严重的机会性感染之一。随着免疫抑制剂及化疗药物等的使用,目前国内报道PJP多数为非HIV免疫抑制患者。复方磺胺甲唑(sulfamethoxazole complex,SMZco)是治疗PJP的一线药物,其药动学存在广泛的个体差异。本文通过引用1例药物监测下SMZco治疗PJP的病例,从SMZco的药代动力学、剂量相关不良反应以及最佳治疗剂量研究等方面进行系统综述,旨在表明对PJP患者进行SMZco治疗药物监测的重要性,通过药物监测以确保患者达到有效治疗浓度,减少不良反应的发生。